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Clinical Parasitology Lec > SECTION 1 > Flashcards

SECTION 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of organisms that live on and obtain their nutrients from another organism

A

PARASITOLOGY

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2
Q
  • a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its host
A

Parasites

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3
Q

parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), and the arthropods

A

Parasites

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4
Q
  • concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance; Importance In human communities
A

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

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5
Q

the association of two living organisms, each of a different species

A

SYMBIOSIS

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6
Q

Ex. Clown fish w/ sea anemone – neutral; w/o benefit

A

SYMBIOSIS

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7
Q

association of two different species of organisms that are beneficial to one and neutral to the other

A

COMMENSALISM

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8
Q

Ex. Birds and trees

A

COMMENSALISM

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9
Q

association of two different species of organisms that are beneficial to both

A

MUTUALISM

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10
Q

association of two different species of organisms that are beneficial to one at the other’s expense

A

PARASITISM

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11
Q

a parasite that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease

A

PATHOGENIC

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12
Q

a parasite that cannot survive outside of a host

A

OBLIGATORY PARASITE

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13
Q

Ex. Tapeworm – once released, it will not survive outside the host; depends on the host to complete its life cycle; requires the infective stage

A

OBLIGATORY PARASITE

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14
Q

a parasite that is capable of existing Independently of a host

A

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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15
Q

Ex. Acanthamoeba, w/c infects the eyes – free-living outside the host; can survive the outside environment

A

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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16
Q

a parasite living inside the body of a host

A

ENDOPARASITE

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17
Q

Ex. Lice (infection)

A

ENDOPARASITE

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18
Q

a parasite living outside the body of a host

A

ECTOPARASITE

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19
Q

Ex. Fleas and ticks (infestation)

A

ECTOPARASITE

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20
Q

a parasite found in an organ that is not in its usual habitat

A

ERRATIC PARASITE

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21
Q

Ex. Ascaris lumbricoides, w/c lives in the GIT but (?) in the lungs

A

ERRATIC PARASITE

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22
Q

a parasite that.establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

A

ACCIDENTAL (INCIDENTAL) PARASITE

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23
Q

Ex. Dwarf tapeworm – only infects dogs and cats, only a cyst in humans

A

ACCIDENTAL (INCIDENTAL) PARASITE

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24
Q

a parasite that remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

A

PERMANENT PARASITE

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25
Q

a parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time

A

TEMPORARY PARASITE

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26
Q

a parasite that is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

SPURIOUS PARASITE

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27
Q

Ex. Chicken w/ intestinal parasite releases dung → Dog eats dung and releases parasite as well

A

SPURIOUS PARASITE

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28
Q

Host other than the normal one that is harboring a parasite

A

ACCIDENTAL OR INCIDENTAL HOST

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29
Q

Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs

A

DEFINITIVE (FINAL) HOST

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30
Q

Ex. Humans

A

DEFINITIVE (FINAL) HOST

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31
Q

Host in which the larval asexual phase of parasite development occurs

A

INTERMEDIATE HOST

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32
Q

Ex. Cattle, sheep, goat, pigs (Taenia), and snail (Schistosoma) with 2 IH

A

INTERMEDIATE HOST

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33
Q

Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans may become infected

A

RESERVOIR HOST

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34
Q

Ex. Pigs (Balantidium coli), rats, cats

A

RESERVOIR HOST

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35
Q

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

A

TRANSPORT HOST

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36
Q

Parasite-harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others

A

CARRIER

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37
Q

host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages

A

PARATENIC HOST

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38
Q

Ex. Meat eaten by human – alive parasite in the host develops when passed

A

PARATENIC HOST

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39
Q

the process of inoculating an infective agent

A

EXPOSURE

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40
Q

connotes the establishment of the Infective agent in the host

A

INFECTION

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41
Q

the period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

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42
Q

the period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence of demonstration of infection

A

PRE-PATENT PERIOD

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43
Q

when an infected individual becomes his own. Direct source of Infection

A

AUTOINFECTION

44
Q

Ex. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm/social worm) – “hand-to-mouth infection”

A

AUTOINFECTION

45
Q

happens when the already Inrected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

A

SUPERINFECTION (HYPERINFECTION)

46
Q

Ex. Trichuris trichiura – rectal prolapse

A

SUPERINFECTION (HYPERINFECTION)

47
Q

Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiura, Strongyloides, Hookworn (Night soil
worm using human feces)

A

SOIL

48
Q

Cyst of Amoeba and flagellates

A

WATER

49
Q

Tapeworm and flukes (undercooked food)

A

FOOD

50
Q

Mosquito, ticks, malaria, dengue

A

ARTHROPODS

51
Q

contact w/ an infected person or
animal, directly from the source
to the susceptible host without
involving an intermediate object

A

Direct

52
Q

involves an intermediate object

A

Indirect

53
Q

Droplet spread

A

Direct

54
Q

Sexual intercourse – pingpong disease (Trichomanas vaginalis)

A

Direct

55
Q

Kissing – Amoeba (gingivalis)

A

Direct

56
Q

Holding hands – Enterobius vermicularis

A

Direct

57
Q

Transplacental / Vertical - mother to fetus

A

Direct

58
Q

 Malaria
 Toxoplasma gondii
 Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Transplacental / Vertical - mother to fetus

59
Q

Ingestion of contaminated food & drink

A

Indirect

60
Q

Contact w/ contaminated soil

A

Indirect

61
Q

Bite of an infected arthropod (vector)

A

Indirect

62
Q

Through fomites

A

Indirect

63
Q

LIFE CYCLE

A
  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Morphologic form
64
Q

2 Morphologic form

A

Infective stage

diagnostic stage

65
Q

: capable of invading the host

A

Infective stage

66
Q

: seen in the sample

A

diagnostic stage

67
Q

2 PHASES OF LIFE CYCLE

A
  1. Route a parasite follows independ on to the human
  2. Route a parasite follows independently of the human body
68
Q

Major body areas associated with parasitic disease:

A
  1. GIT/UGT
  2. Blood and Tissue
  3. Liver, Lung, and other major organs
  4. Miscellaneous location: CSF, eye, skin, extremities (up to only 2 parasite can infect)
69
Q

Symptoms Associated with Parasitic Disease Processes

A

Diarrhea
Fever
Chills
Abdominal pain
Abdominal cramping
Elephantiasis - most common symptom; enlargement of arms, breast, legs,a nd sex organs
Anemia
Vitamin deficiency
Bowel obstruction
Edema
Enlargement of major organs
Skin lesions
Blindness

70
Q

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

 Development and Implementation of
 Use of insecticides and
 Use of protective
 Use of protective netting
 Proper
 Good
 Proper
 Proper handling, cooking, and
 Avoidance of unprotected

A

parasite awareness (education programs

other chemicals

clothing

netting

water treatment

personal hygiene

sanitation practices

protection of food

sexual relations

71
Q

3 FACTORS INFLUENCING PARASITIC INFECTION

A
  1. Source of Infection (causative agent)
  2. Mode of Transmission (ingestion, percutaneous, inhalation)
  3. Presence of Susceptible host
72
Q
  • for intestinal protozoans, nematodes and helminthes
A

Stool

73
Q
  • for the recovery of Trichomonas vaginalis and Schistosoma haematobium
A

Urine

74
Q

Urine Collection:

A

mid- stream catch

75
Q
  • Paragonimus westermani, larvae of nematodes
A

Sputum

76
Q

Sputum
• Must be digested using

A

4-5% sodium hydroxide (acts as a fixative)

77
Q
  • for malarial parasites, filarial worms, Leishmania and Trypanosoma (mosquito, ticks, flies)
A

Blood

78
Q
  • Acanthamoeba species (present in stagnant water;enters from from the nose to the brain)
A

Cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid Collection:

A

lumbar tap

80
Q

Liver aspirate

A

hydatid cyst and liver amoebic abscess

81
Q

Duodenal aspirate

A

-Giardiasis and Strongyloidiasis infection

82
Q

• Duodenal aspirate Collection:

A

endoscopy

83
Q

: duodenal contents collected for Giardia and Strongylodes

A

• Duodenal drainage or “String test”

84
Q

: Schistosomiasis, Amoebiasis, Balantidiasis and Shigellosis (Large intestines)

A

• Sigmoidoscopy

85
Q

Broncho-alveolar lavage–

A

Paragonimus westermani

86
Q
  • with gelatin capsule to easily ingest the string
A

Duodenal drainage or “String test”

87
Q

: Schistosomiasis, Amoebiasis. Balantidiasis and Shigellosis (Large intestines)

A

*Sigmoidoscopy

88
Q

2 Orifice swab

A

Vaginal swab

Perianal swab

89
Q

Vaginal swab-

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

90
Q

Perianal swab -

A

Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia

91
Q

Tissue Biopsy

A

Muscle

Rectal

92
Q

Muscle-

A

Trichinella spiralis

93
Q

Rectal - granulomas secondary to

A

Schistosomiasis

94
Q

(only present in muscle)

A

Trichinella spiralis

95
Q

– for diagnosis of Trypanosomes and microfilaria
(motile stage)

A

Fresh water smears

96
Q

– for the study of the morphology of the parasites and the blood cells

A

Thin Dry smears

97
Q

 edge of blood tube must be at least 1 cm; 1 drop of blood to the slide

A

Thin Dry smears

98
Q

 For species identification

A

Thin Dry smears

99
Q

 specify

A

Thin Dry smears

100
Q

 gold standard for malarial diagnosis (species
identification)

A

Thin Dry smears

101
Q

– used for malaria survey among patients with chronic infections or who are undergoing anti- malaria therapy

A

Thick Dry smears

102
Q

 edge of blood tube must be at least 1 cm; 1 drop of blood to the slide

A

Thick Dry smears

103
Q

 to check for the presence of parasite

A

Thick Dry smears

104
Q

 identify

A

Thick Dry smears

105
Q

 for rapid diagnosis for malarial infection

A

Thick Dry smears

106
Q
  1. Thick film
    a. Obtain a (?)
    b. Add a drop of (?) (to dehemoglobinize)
    c. Puddle to (?) (to avoid peeling from the slide when dried)
A

large drop

water

defibrinize

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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