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Pharmacology > Treatment Of Viral Infections (97, 98) > Flashcards

Treatment Of Viral Infections (97, 98) Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses

A

Tiny microorganisms that infect and replicate inside host cells

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2
Q

How do viruses replicate and survive

A

Cannot replicate on its own, and use cell machinery to synthesize protein, DNA and RNA

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3
Q

Virus =

A

Severe active respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARSC2)

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4
Q

Disease =

A

Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID19)

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5
Q

Problems with viral treatments

A

Viruses are difficult to kill because they live inside host cells
-any drug that kills a virus may also kill cells

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6
Q

Viral infections are often initially

A

asymptomatic
-delay of treatment until infection is well established

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7
Q

A competent immune system has the ability to

A

-respond best to viral infections
-eliminates or effectively destroy virus replication
-work synergistically with the drug

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8
Q

Who is at risk to frequent viral infections

A

Immunocompromised

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9
Q

Examples of patients who are susceptible to viral infections

A

-cancer patients, leukaemia or lymphoma
-immunosuppressants
-AIDS

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10
Q

How do most antiviral drugs work

A

Inhibiting replication of virus inside host cell
-don’t directly destroy mature visions

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11
Q

What kind of viruses are currently able to be controlled by antiviral therapy

A

-cytomegalovirus
-hepatitis viruses
-herpes viruses
-human immunodeficiency virus
-influenza viruses
-respiratory syncytial virus

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12
Q

Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat

A

Infections caused by HIV
-the virus at causes AIDS

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13
Q

Antiviral drugs are used to treat

A

Infections caused by viruses
-generally every other virus other than HIV

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14
Q

Host cells produce ___ into ___

A

DNA into RNA

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15
Q

Retroviral cells produce __ into ___

A

RNA into DNA

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16
Q

HIV

A

Leads to AIDS
-retrovirus family
-sexually, IV drug use, mother to fetus

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17
Q

Protozoal opportunistic infections in HIV patients

A

Toxoplasmosis of the brain + others

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18
Q

Fungal opportunistic infections in HIV patients

A

-candidiasis of the lungs, esophagus, trachea
-pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, others

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19
Q

Viral opportunistic infections in HIV patients

A

CMV, HSV, others

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20
Q

Bacterial opportunistic infections in HIV patients

A

Various mycobacterial infections, extrapulmonary TB

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21
Q

opportunistic neoplasias infections in HIV patients

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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22
Q

There are four groups of antiretrovirals, what are the three we are focusing on

A

-reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-protease inhibitors
-integrase inhibitors

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23
Q

Antivirals for HIV

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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24
Q

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

Block activity of the enzyme reverse transcriptase
-prevents production of new DNA from viral RNA

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25
Q

Subclasses of Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

Nucleosides RTIs and non-nucleoside RTIs

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26
Q

Nucleoside RTIs

A

Competes with cell nucleosides for DNA synthesis

-look similar to nucleoside bases and are able to join in the construction halting the furthering of DNA

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27
Q

Zidovudine

A

Nucleoside RTIs
-reverse transcriptase inhibitor
-for HIV
-milestone drug

28
Q

Adverse effects of Nucleoside RTIs

A

Bone marrow suppression, anemia and neutropenia

29
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Inhibit the retroviral protease enzyme which prevents viral protein preparation

Protease is needed to chop up amino acid chains to make into proteins, inhibiting this stops protein prep

30
Q

A viral enzyme means a good..

A

Drug target

31
Q

Protease inhibitors adverse effects

A

Hyperglycemia to the point of new/exacerbate diabetes

32
Q

Ritonavir

A

Protease inhibitor
-many drug to drug interactions
-CYP450 inhibitor and inducer (can make it tricky with multiple drugs)

33
Q

HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI)

A

Inhibit insertion of HIV DNA into CD4 (T helper) cell DNA
-by inhibiting integrase (enzyme)

34
Q

Combination therapy is essential for

A

HIV treatment
-antiviral resistance is increasing bc HIV has so many random mutations

35
Q

HAART or Highly active antiretroviral therapy

A

-goal is to reduce HIV in plasma - viral load
=no aids development
=cannot pass virus to others

36
Q

Drug combinations

A

-2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI
-2 NRTIs + 1/2 protease inhibitors
-BIKTARVY

37
Q

BIKTARVY

A

Single tab treatment of HIV 1 infection (inc drug adherence)
-integrase inhibitor + 2 NRTIs

38
Q

PrEP or pre exposure prophylaxis

A

Take daily if at risk for contracting
Example- if ur partner has HIV

-Tenofovir and emtricitabine
-2 RTI combination

39
Q

To prevent acquisition of HIV infection by uninflected persons..

A

Daily drug regime of PrEP

40
Q

PEP or post exposure prophylaxis

A

Drugs taken very soon after possible exposure to HIV
-start within 3 days lasts 28

41
Q

Example of a PEP

A

Raltegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine

42
Q

Most common form of influenza virus

A

A
~96%

43
Q

Most common hepatitis

A

B and C
-also the only chronic conditions

44
Q

Influenza virus A surface proteins

A

H and N
-H1N1 and H3N2

45
Q

Non nucleoside RTIs

A

Do not reseamble a nucelotide and rather stop the enzyme from working than join the DNA synthesis

46
Q

Non nucleoside RTIs

A

Do not reseamble a nucelotide and rather stop the enzyme from working than join the DNA synthesis

47
Q

Three viruses apart of the herpesvirus group

A

-varicella zoster virus
-herpes simplex virus
-cytomegalovirus

48
Q

Varicella zoster virus includes

A

-chickenpox (varicella)
-shingles (herpes zoster)

49
Q

Herpes simplex viruses includes

A

-HSV 1 (oral herpes)
-HSV 2 (genital herpes)

50
Q

Neuraminidase inhibtors

A

Prevent release of virus from host cell
-treat influenza virus
-treatment begins within 2 days of symptoms

51
Q

Example of neuraminidase inhibtiors

A

Oseltamivir

52
Q

Oseltamivir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor
-active against influenza A and B virus
-adverse effects= nausea and vomiting

53
Q

Neuraminidase inhibtors can be used

A

Prophylactically when vaccination is not possible or in early stages of infection
-usually stock piled to use in swine flu

54
Q

Neuraminidase inhibtiors can reduce recovery time when used

A

Therapeutically

55
Q

Baloxavir (DO NOT STUDY)

A

Newer flu drug
-single dose regime
-equal effectiveness to oseltamivir

56
Q

DNA polymerase inhibtors

A

Synthetic nucleoside analogues
-stops viral DNA synthesis

57
Q

Example of DNA polymerase inhibtiors

A

Acyclovir

58
Q

Acyclovir

A

Used to suppress replication of herpes virus
-good for initial and recurrent episodes
-oral, topical, parenteral forms

59
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Member of herpesvirus family
-asymptomatic (risky in immunocompromised patients)
-spread by bodily fluids

60
Q

Ganciclovir

A

DNA polymerase inhibitor
-synthetic nucleoside analogue

61
Q

Ganciclovir

A

DNA polymerase inhibitor
-synthetic nucleoside analogue

62
Q

Ganciclovir is used to treat

A

-Cytomegalovirus (which affects brain, eye, lung, GI)
-CMV retinitis (ophthalmic eyes)

63
Q

Ganciclovir is available in

A

Oral and parenteral forms

64
Q

Ribavirin

A

Synthetic nucleoside
-mechanisms are unclear

65
Q

Ribavirin is used to treat

A

-respiratory syncytial virus
-hep C

66
Q

Ribavirin is taken

A

Via nasal inhalation
-hospitalized infants with RSV

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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