Respiratory Tract Drugs: Antihistamines And Antitussives (80) Flashcards by Ella Thorsteinson

Histamine effects

Make mast cells release histamine and other substances

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Mast cells make people feel what symptoms

Allergic reactions

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Antihistamines are

Histamine receptor antagonists

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Histamine receptor antagonists are

Drugs that compete with histamine for receptor site

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Two histamine receptor subtypes

-H1

-H2

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H1 antagonists are

Antihistamines

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Some H1 antagonists also act as

Anticholinergic drugs

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H2 blockers or H2 antagonists are used to…

Reduce gastric acid in PUD

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Generally H2 blockers or antagonists are not referred to as

Antihistamines

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What percentage of the general population is sensitive to various environmental allergies

10 to 20%

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Histamine mediated disorders

-allergic rhinitis
-anaphylaxis
-Angioedema
-drug fevers
-insect bite reactions
-urticaria

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How to antihistamines work?

Competitive inhibitor blocks binding site and prevents histamine from bindng to receptor

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Antihistamines block

H1 receptors prevent the adverse consequences of histamine receptor stimulation

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Blocking H1 receptors causes what symptoms

-vasodilation
-increased GI and respiratory secretion
-increased capillary permeability

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Histamine action on cardiovascular-small blood vessels

Dilation and increased permeability
-swelling with fluid from plasma into IF

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Antihistamine effect on cardiovascular-small blood vessels

Reduces dilation of blood vessels and reduces increased permeability of blood vessels

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Histamine action on exocrine glands

Stimulate salivary, lacrimal and bronchial secretions

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Antihistamine effects on exocrine glands

Rescue salivary, lacrimal and bronchial secretions

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Other uses of antihistamines

skin

-reduce capillary permeability
-wheal and flare formation
-itching

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Indications of antihistamines

-palliative, not curative treatment of nasal or seasonal allergies, perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic reactions

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Other indications of antihistamines

Motion sickness, sleep disorders

Two major types of antihistamines and when they originated

-traditional (1950s)

-nonsedating/peripherally acting (1980s)

Traditional antihistamines

Older drugs that are antagonists of H1 receptors

Traditional antihistamines peripheral and central actions

Peripheral - reduce respiratory, eye symptoms

Centrally - CNS: cause sedation

Traditional antihistamines have a ___ effect

Anticholinergic effects

Traditional antihistamines are used in ____ relief

Nighttime

Example of traditional antihistamines

Diphenhydramine also known as Benadryl

What is the Anticholinergic effect of traditional antihistamines

Ach on cell cholinergic receptors -parasympathetic NS action -CNS

Anticholenergic effect also has a ___ effect causing…

Drying effect that reduces -nasal, lacrimal gland secretions, salivary

Adverse effects of traditional antihistamines

Anticholinergic effects -dry mouth -difficulty urinating -constipation -changes in vision

Nonsedating and peripherally acting antihistamines were developed to

Eliminate unwanted adverse effects -mainly sedation

Nonsedating and peripherally acting antihistamines work

Peripherally -causing fewer CNS adverse effects

Nonsedating and peripherally acting antihistamines have a longer

Duration of actions -increasing adherence

Examples of Nonsedating and peripherally acting antihistamines

Loratadine -desloratadine, fexofenadine, cetirizine

Nursing implications in use of traditional antihistamines

-client should report excessive sedation, confusion or hypotension’s -avoid driving or operating heavy machinery

Very important to not…. When taking traditional antihistamines

To not consume alcohol or other CNS depressants

Respiratory secretion and reign objects are naturally removed from

Cough reflex -induces coming and expectoration -initiated by irritation of sensory receptors in respiratory tract

Two basic types of cough

Productive (congested) or nonproductive (dry)

Most of the time coughing is beneficial, when is coughing harmful

Such as after hernia repair surgery

Antitussives are used to

Stop or reduce coughing

Antitussives are used only for

Non productive coughs

Antitussives mechanism of actions

Opioids- suppress the cough reflex, acting in the centre of medulla

Examples of opioid Antitussives

Codeine

Common OTC Antitussives

Dextromethorphan

Synthetic opioid like compound -does not produce morphine like effects

Non opioid Antitussives drug examples

Diphenhydramine

Indications of Antitussives

Used to stop cough reflex when the cough is nonproductive and/or harmful

Adverse effects of codeine as an Antitussives

Sedation, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, constipation -typical opioid effects

Adverse effects of dextromethorphan as an Antitussives

Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea -much less than CNS effects of codeine

Nursing implications: things to report on Antitussives mediations

Report: persistent over a week cough, headache, fever, rash

VERY IMPROTANT Antitussives agents are for

NONPRODUCTIVE COUGHS