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Pharmacology > Fluids And Electrolytes (45) > Flashcards

Fluids And Electrolytes (45) Flashcards

1
Q

___% of adult human body is water

A

60

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2
Q

Three main components of TBW

A

Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma volume

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3
Q

Percentage of Intracellular fluid

A

67%

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4
Q

Percentage of Extracellular fluid

A

33%

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5
Q

Make up of Extracellular fluid in percentages

A

Interstitial fluid 25%

Plasma volume 8%

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6
Q

Distribution of fluid in ECF is determined by

A

Bulk flow
(Startling forces)

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7
Q

What are the two main pressures

A

-hydrostatic pressure
-colloid osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pushing fluid OUT
-blood pressure

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9
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Pushing fluid IN
-plasma proteins

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10
Q

Water intake should equal

A

Water loss

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11
Q

Examples of fluid out of balance

A

-edema (increased fluid and blood pressure)
-dehydration and fluid loss

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12
Q

When are some people meant to receive IV fluid administration

A

-dehydration
-electrolyte imbalances
-blood component deficiencies
-nutrition

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13
Q

Crystalloids contain water plus…

A

Electrolytes and small molecules

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14
Q

Crystalloids do NOT contain

A

Proteins/large molecules

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15
Q

0.9% sodium chloride

A

Normal saline or NS
-isotonic solution

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16
Q

The 0.9% in NS stands for

A

0.9g of NaCl in 100mL

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17
Q

What are the most abundant particles in ECF

A

Na and Cl

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18
Q

0.45% of sodium chloride

A

Half NS
-hypotonic solution

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19
Q

Osmolarity of normal saline (Na/Cl)

A

Na- 154 Cl-154

ISOTONIC

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20
Q

Hypertonic saline osmolarity (Na/Cl)

A

Na- 513 Cl-513

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21
Q

Lactated ringer osmolarity

A

Na- 130 Cl-109 K-4

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22
Q

D5W osmolarity

A

K- 1

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23
Q

Examples of Crystalloids

A

-normal saline
-half normal saline
-hypertonic saline
-lactated ringers
-d5w
-normosol/plasmalyte

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24
Q

Crystalloids are used to treat

A

Dehydration
-volume loss or maintenance

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25
Crystalloids are used as
Replacement or maintenance of fluids
26
Examples of use for crystalloids in replacement and maintenance of fluids
-compensate for insensible fluid losses -replace fluids -manage specific fluids and electrolyte disturbances -promote urinary flow -expand plasma volume
27
Compensating for insensible fluid losses example
NS
28
To replace fluids example
NS
29
To manage specific fluid and electrolyte disturbances example
Ringers lactate
30
Promote urinary flow example
NS
31
Expand plasma volume example
3% NaCl
32
Example of vomiting and diarrhea
Removing a chunk of ECF not affecting the overall toxicity
33
Example of sweating
The body sweats out more water than ECF -body is left hypertonic as there are more salts left
34
How would one treat intense sweating
Treatment with water, to even out the hypertonic solution
35
How would someone treat intense diarrhea and vomiting
Since its a loss of volume, and leaves the solution at the same tonicity -would give NS as it is isotonic
36
Indications of crystalloids
-acute liver failure -acute nephrosis -burns -hypovolemic shock -renal dialysis
37
What is the only fluid used with administration of blood cell products
NS
38
Adverse effects of crystalloids
Edema, dilute plasma proteins, short lived effects
39
Colloids
Move fluid from interstitial compartment to plasma compartment -expand plasma volume
40
Plasma volume increasing due to colloids equals
BP increasing
41
Colloids increase
Colloid osmotic pressure
42
In colloids particles are
Large -too big to leave
43
Examples of colloids
-dextran -hetastarch -modified gelatin -albumin
44
Albumin as a colloids
Only comes from human donors -donated and separated then suspended in water
45
Indications of colloids
Generally a fall in blood pressure -trauma -burns -sepsis -hypovolaemic shock
46
Colloids vs crystalloids
Colloids - more expensive and difficult to prepare Both increase plasma and blood pressure
47
Adverse effects of colloids
Usually safe -altered coagulation -no oxygen carrying capacity
48
Colloids need to be given
Slowly -dont want bounding BP
49
What are the most expensive fluid/electrolytes
Blood and blood products -least available bc they require human donors
50
Examples of blood and blood products
-whole blood -RBC products carry oxygen -inc supply of various products -platelets
51
Whole blood
Nothing is changes -in situations of intense bleeds
52
RBC products carrying oxygen
Just separate RBC -cancer chemo like bone marrow anaemia
53
Indications of blood products
-packed RBCs -fresh frozen plasma -cryoprecipitate and plasma protein factors
54
Packed RBCs and whole blood
Increase oxygen carrying capacity -anemia -substantial hemoglobin deficits
55
What percentage of blood loss are packed RBCs and whole blood used for
Blood loss greater than 25% of total blood volume
56
Fresh frozen plasma
Increase the clotting factor levels in clients with demonstrated deficiency creating COAGULATION
57
Example of fresh frozen plasma
Disseminated intramuscular coagulation
58
Cryoprecipiate and plasma protein factors example
Fibrinogen, factor VIII, prothrombin complex concentrates
59
Adverse effects of blood products
-transfusion reaction -transmission of pathogens to recipient
60
Client care: administer colloids
Slowly
61
Client care: monitor for ___ overload and possible __ failure
Fluid overload, heart failure
62
Client care: monitor closely for signs of ___ reactions
Transfusion
63
Advantages of crystalloids
Few side effects, low cost, wide availability
64
Disadvantages of crystalloids
Short duration of action, may cause edema
65
Advantages of colloids
Longer duration of action, less fluid required to correct hypovolaemia
66
Disadvantages of colloids
Higher cost, may cause volume overload, could interfere with clotting, risk of anaphylactic reactions
67
Principal ECF electrolytes
Sodium and chloride
68
Principal ICF electrolyte
Potassium
69
What is the most abundant postively charged electrolyte inside cells
Potassium
70
Potassium is responsible for
-skeletal muscle contraction -transmission of nerve impulses -regulation of heartbeat -maintenance of acid base balance
71
Normal ECF levels of potassium
3.5 to 5 mmol/L
72
Hypokalemia causes
-loop and thiazide diuretics -vomiting -diarrhea
73
Symptoms of hypokalemia
Muscle weakness, cardiac dyrthmnias, irregular pulse
74
Parenteral infusions of potassium must be
Monitored closely
75
Rate o potassium should never exceed
10 mmol/hour
76
Potassium should NEVER be given as an
IV bonus or undiluted
77
Sodium is the most abundant ___ charged electrolyte outside cells
Postively
78
Normal concentration outside cells is
135 to 145 mmol/L
79
Dietary intake of sodium chloride
Salt, fish, meats
80
Sodium is responsible for
-control of water distribution -fluid and electrolyte balance -osmotic pressure of body fluids -participates in acid base balance
81
Hypo stream is
Sodium loss of deficiency <135 mmol/L
82
Symptoms of hyponatremia
Lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting
83
What causes hyponatremia
Prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, renal disorders
84
Hypernatremia
Sodium excess >145 mmol/L
85
Symptoms of hypernatremia
Edema, hypertension, red flushed skin, sticky mucous
86
Hypernatremia causes
Kidney malfunction
87
Mild treatment of sodium depletion
Treated with oral sodium chloride or fluid restriction
88
Severe treatment fo prevention of sodium depletion
If normal saline or lactated ringers solution
89
Oral administration of Sodium
Nausea, vomiting, cramps
90
IV administration of sodium
Venous phlebitis
91
Client care: monitor what during therapy
Serum electrolyte levels

Pharmacology (37 decks)

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