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BIOLOGY 1 > TRANSLATION > Flashcards

TRANSLATION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Translation

A

The synthesis of proteins by the ribosomes

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2
Q

The translation of the mature mRNA made in the nucleus occurs in the

A

Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Mature mRNA molecules made in the nucleus must move from the nucleus to the

A

Cytoplasm to be translated by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

mRNA molecules made in the chloroplast and mitochondrion are

A

Translated by the ribosomes within these organelles

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5
Q

The ______ is the complex, multi functional, dynamic structure that translates mRNA to make a protein

A

Ribosome

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6
Q

Each ribosome consists of

A

One large subunit
One small subunit

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7
Q

Each ribosomal subunit consists of

A

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

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8
Q

Some antibiotics harm bacteria by

A

Inhibiting the 70 S ribosome

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9
Q

The ribosome reads the linear sequence of codons in the mRNA to make a

A

Protein

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10
Q

Each codon is a sequence of

A

3 consecutive nucleotides

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11
Q

The linear sequence of ______ in mRNA corresponds to the linear sequence of ______ ______ in the protein

A

Codons; amino acids

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12
Q

How many codons code for amino acids?

A

61

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13
Q

The start codon codes for

A

The translation start site and for the amino acid, Methionine

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14
Q

How many stop codons?

A

3

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15
Q

Three stop codons code for

A

The translation stop site

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16
Q

What must be delivered to ribosomes during translation?

A

A continuous supply of the 20 types of amino acids
-tRNAs deliver the amino acids
-One or more tRNAs deliver each type of amino acid

17
Q

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the proper _____ _____ to the proper ______

A

Amino acid; tRNA

18
Q

How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes that attach each of the 20 types of amino acids to the correct tRNAs?

A

20 aminoacyl-tRNAs

19
Q

The initiation phase ______, _______, and ________ all the components required for the ribosome to begin translation at the start codon

A

Assembles, aligns, and activates

20
Q

Initiation phase

A

-The small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5’ G Cap
-The tRNA that recognizes the start codon binds to start codon
-The large ribosomal subunit binds to form the translation initiation complex that is positioned to begin translation as the start codon

21
Q

What is required to form the translation initiation complex?

A

GTP molecule

22
Q

The initiation factors help

A

Assemble and align the tRNA, small and large ribosomal subunit at the start codon to form the translation initiation complex

23
Q

What are initiation factors?

A

Proteins

24
Q

Initiation Factors

A

-One helps the ribosome scan the mRNA to locate the first start codon in mRNA
-One is a helicase enzyme that unwinds the knotted mRNA into a linear form that the ribosome can translate

25
Q

Each tRNA contains the

A

Anti Codon that recognizes the corresponding codon in mRNA

26
Q

The anti codon sequence of each tRNA is

A

Complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its corresponding codon in mRNA

27
Q

Elongation cycle

A

Consists of a precise sequence of events that link the amino acids together in the correct order
-The ribosome reads the linear sequence of codons in mRNA
-GTP supplies the energy

28
Q

The elongation factors are proteins that -

A

-Ensure the correct tRNA enters the ribosome
-Reposition the ribosome so it can read the next codon in mRNA

29
Q

The large ribosomal subunit contains the enzyme that

A

Joins the amino acids together at a rate of ~3-10 reactions per second

30
Q

What is the enzyme that links the amino acids together during the elongation cycle?

A

Peptidyl transferase

31
Q

The termination phase

A

Occurs when the release factor enters the ribosome and interacts with the stop codon
-The ribosome contacts the stop codon
-The release factor is the protein that enters the ribosome, interacts with the stop codon, and stops translation
-The newly made protein and the two ribosomal subunits are released
-GTP supplies the energy to disassemble the translation complex

32
Q

Proteins made by the ribosomes must be delivered to

A

The cellular location or the extracellular location where their function is required

33
Q

Proteins contain amino acid sequences called

A

Signal sequences that direct each protein to its required location

34
Q

Defective protein sorting causes

A

Medical problems

35
Q

Some antibiotics inhibit

A

The bacteria 70 S ribosome to eliminate protein synthesis

BIOLOGY 1 (22 decks)

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