TRANSLATION

Question 1

Translation

Answer 1

The synthesis of proteins by the ribosomes

Question 2

The translation of the mature mRNA made in the nucleus occurs in the

Answer 2

Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Question 3

Mature mRNA molecules made in the nucleus must move from the nucleus to the

Answer 3

Cytoplasm to be translated by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 4

mRNA molecules made in the chloroplast and mitochondrion are

Answer 4

Translated by the ribosomes within these organelles

Question 5

The ______ is the complex, multi functional, dynamic structure that translates mRNA to make a protein

Answer 5

Ribosome

Question 6

Each ribosome consists of

Answer 6

One large subunit
One small subunit

Question 7

Each ribosomal subunit consists of

Answer 7

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

Question 8

Some antibiotics harm bacteria by

Answer 8

Inhibiting the 70 S ribosome

Question 9

The ribosome reads the linear sequence of codons in the mRNA to make a

Answer 9

Protein

Question 10

Each codon is a sequence of

Answer 10

3 consecutive nucleotides

Question 11

The linear sequence of ______ in mRNA corresponds to the linear sequence of ______ ______ in the protein

Answer 11

Codons; amino acids

Question 12

How many codons code for amino acids?

Answer 12

61

Question 13

The start codon codes for

Answer 13

The translation start site and for the amino acid, Methionine

Question 14

How many stop codons?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

Three stop codons code for

Answer 15

The translation stop site

Question 16

What must be delivered to ribosomes during translation?

Answer 16

A continuous supply of the 20 types of amino acids
-tRNAs deliver the amino acids
-One or more tRNAs deliver each type of amino acid

Question 17

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the proper _____ _____ to the proper ______

Answer 17

Amino acid; tRNA

Question 18

How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes that attach each of the 20 types of amino acids to the correct tRNAs?

Answer 18

20 aminoacyl-tRNAs

Question 19

The initiation phase ______, _______, and ________ all the components required for the ribosome to begin translation at the start codon

Answer 19

Assembles, aligns, and activates

Question 20

Initiation phase

Answer 20

-The small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5’ G Cap
-The tRNA that recognizes the start codon binds to start codon
-The large ribosomal subunit binds to form the translation initiation complex that is positioned to begin translation as the start codon

Question 21

What is required to form the translation initiation complex?

Answer 21

GTP molecule

Question 22

The initiation factors help

Answer 22

Assemble and align the tRNA, small and large ribosomal subunit at the start codon to form the translation initiation complex

Question 23

What are initiation factors?

Answer 23

Proteins

Question 24

Initiation Factors

Answer 24

-One helps the ribosome scan the mRNA to locate the first start codon in mRNA
-One is a helicase enzyme that unwinds the knotted mRNA into a linear form that the ribosome can translate

Question 25

Each tRNA contains the

Answer 25

Anti Codon that recognizes the corresponding codon in mRNA

Question 26

The anti codon sequence of each tRNA is

Answer 26

Complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its corresponding codon in mRNA

Question 27

Elongation cycle

Answer 27

Consists of a precise sequence of events that link the amino acids together in the correct order -The ribosome reads the linear sequence of codons in mRNA -GTP supplies the energy

Question 28

The elongation factors are proteins that -

Answer 28

-Ensure the correct tRNA enters the ribosome -Reposition the ribosome so it can read the next codon in mRNA

Question 29

The large ribosomal subunit contains the enzyme that

Answer 29

Joins the amino acids together at a rate of ~3-10 reactions per second

Question 30

What is the enzyme that links the amino acids together during the elongation cycle?

Answer 30

Peptidyl transferase

Question 31

The termination phase

Answer 31

Occurs when the release factor enters the ribosome and interacts with the stop codon -The ribosome contacts the stop codon -The release factor is the protein that enters the ribosome, interacts with the stop codon, and stops translation -The newly made protein and the two ribosomal subunits are released -GTP supplies the energy to disassemble the translation complex

Question 32

Proteins made by the ribosomes must be delivered to

Answer 32

The cellular location or the extracellular location where their function is required

Question 33

Proteins contain amino acid sequences called

Answer 33

Signal sequences that direct each protein to its required location

Question 34

Defective protein sorting causes

Answer 34

Medical problems

Question 35

Some antibiotics inhibit

Answer 35

The bacteria 70 S ribosome to eliminate protein synthesis