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BIOLOGY 1 > CELL SIGNALING > Flashcards

CELL SIGNALING Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell to cell communication enables the body to coordinate…

A

-Growth & development
-Repair
-Renewal (replacement)
-Defense
-Response to environmental stimuli

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2
Q

What two factors enable cell to cell communication?

A

Signals (ligands) and receptors

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3
Q

A signal is a

A

Ligand

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4
Q

Types of receptor molecules

A

-G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
-Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (RTK)
-Histidine Kinase Receptors
-Ligand gated ion channel receptors
-Riboswitches (RNA molecules)

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5
Q

______ recognize the ligand.

A

Receptors

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6
Q

G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) enable your cells to…

A

Recognize Go-Signals and other signal types

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7
Q

GPCRs are required for…

A

-Cell cycle regulation
-Immunity
-Sensory stimuli
-Hormone and neurotransmitter perception

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8
Q

What are the steps after the signal binds to the GPCR?

A
  1. signal binds to the GPCR
  2. G Protein is activated
  3. Activated G Protein initiates the cellular response
  4. The G Protein must be deactivated to prevent abnormal signaling
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9
Q

~30-60% of all pharmaceuticals adjust….

A

G Protein activity

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10
Q

G Protein function is essential for

A

Cell signaling and human health

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11
Q

Many cancers are due to _________ G Proteins

A

Constitutive (always activated - the cell doesn’t stop dividing)

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12
Q

Your cells use ______ to recognize Go-Signals and other signal molecules

A

RTKs (tyrosine kinase receptors)

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13
Q

Signal binding to two RTKs activates…

A

Their kinase enzyme part

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14
Q

Two activated RTKs interact and phosphorylate each other to…

A

Initiate the cellular response

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15
Q

The activated RTKs must ______ to prevent abnormal cell signaling

A

Deactivate

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16
Q

RTK phosphatases ____________ the RTKs

A

Dephosphorylation (PO4 group removal)

17
Q

Active RTKs are _______ and _______ in the lysosome

A

Imported and degraded
Stops signal response

18
Q

RTK abnormalities cause some cancers

A

-Constitutive (always on) RTK receptors
-Excess number of RTK receptors in the cell membrane

19
Q

Cells must recognize ______ and _______ signals

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic signals

20
Q

Hydrophilic signal molecules

A

-Cannot pass through the cell membrane
-Located in the surrounding extracellular fluid/cell surface
-Cells use receptors embedded in the cell membrane to recognize external hydrophilic signals

21
Q

Hydrophobic signal molecules

A

-Directly pass through the cell membrane
-Cells use an intracellular receptor to recognize external hydrophobic signals

22
Q

Signal transduction pathways enable the cell to

A

Respond to a signal recognized by a receptor

23
Q

After the signal binds to the receptor…

A

The activated receptor stimulates the signal transduction pathway in the cell

24
Q

What is the signal transduction pathway?

A

It is the sequence of biochemical events induced in the cell after signal recognition
It connects signal perception to the proper cellular responses

25
Q

The signal transduction pathway instructs the cell to…

A

Produce the proteins required to respond to the signal

26
Q

The kinase phosphorylation cascade

A

A series of phosphorylation reactions that forms many signal transduction pathways

27
Q

The activated receptor induces the

A

Kinase phosphorylation cascade in the cell

28
Q

The kinase phosphorylation cascade magnifies

A

Signal perception within the cell to increase the probability of the proper cell response

29
Q

Scaffolding proteins position

A

All the receptors and signal transduction proteins to enable efficient cell signaling

30
Q

Scaffolding proteins organize all

A

Signaling components into a functional cellular complex

BIOLOGY 1 (22 decks)

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