ENERGY & LIFE

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the human body

Question 2

Two major types of metabolic reactions

Answer 2

Endergonic, exergonic

Question 3

Anabolic reactions are-

Answer 3

Endergonic (require energy)
-DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing, translation

Question 4

Catabolic reactions are-

Answer 4

Exergonic (release energy)
-They release energy from food molecules to make ATP & GTP molecules
-Cellular respiration
-Release useful energy that drives anabolic reactions

Question 5

Anabolic

Answer 5

Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy required

Question 6

Catabolic

Answer 6

Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy released

Question 7

Autotrophs

Answer 7

-Self feeding bc they make carbohydrates directly from CO2

Question 8

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Answer 8

-Capture sunlight and use its energy to make energy rich ATP & NADPH molecules (these molecules energize the enzymes that convert CO2 to carbohydrate)

Question 9

Some autotrophs use ______ to convert CO2 molecules into carbohydrates

Answer 9

Chemosynthesis
-They use inorganic chemicals such as H2S, H2, to make the energy rich ATP & NADH molecules that energize the enzymes that convert the CO2 molecules into carbs

Question 10

Heterotrophs

Answer 10

-Feed on others
-Species that cannot perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
-They must eat autotrophs & other heterotrophs to obtain food
-They require an external source of food molecules

Question 11

All cells use _____ to fuel endergonic reactions

Answer 11

ATP & GTP

Question 12

What bond in ATP & GTP stores useful energy?

Answer 12

The PO4 to PO4 bond

Question 13

What molecules supply the energy to make ATP & GTP

Answer 13

Food molecules

Question 14

ATP is a _______ molecule

Answer 14

Signaling

Question 15

ATP is the ____ in RNA

Answer 15

“A”

Question 16

GTP is the ___ in RNA

Answer 16

“G”

Question 17

Cells use ______ ________ to release and capture the energy stored in the PO4-PO4 bond of ATP

Answer 17

ATPase enzymes

Question 18

ATPases add a ____ molecules to the bond between the 2nd & 3rd PO4 groups of ATP to hydrolyze ATP

Answer 18

H20

Question 19

ATPases linked the released energy to

Answer 19

Endergonic reactions

Question 20

ATPase enzymes require _____ ions as a _____ to hydrolyze the ATP molecule

Answer 20

Magnesium, cofactor
-The enzyme is inactive w/out Mg cofactor
-Mg ions are cofactors for ~300 cellular reactions

Question 21

Cells require a continuous supply of ___ molecules to satisfy their significant energy demands

Answer 21

ATP
-Each human cells consumes > billion ATP molecules/second
-Each ATP molecule is consumed & resynthesized ~10,000x daily
-The human body contains ~50-250 grams of ATP molecules at any point in time

Question 22

The circulatory system continuously delivers the raw materials (O2, glucose) that your cells need to make ___ so you can live

Answer 22

ATP
-Your cells must constantly synthesize ATP to satisfy their energy demands

Question 23

What are the 3 locations where eukaryotic cells synthesize ATP?

Answer 23

-Cytosol (glycolysis)
-Mitochondrion (requires O2)
-Nucleus (NUDIX5 enzyme converts ADP-Ribose to ATP)

Question 24

All cells must complete each _____ reaction to an _____ reaction that releases energy

Answer 24

Endergonic to exergonic

Question 25

Inefficient ATP synthesis disrupts multiple cellular processes and has significant medical consequences

Answer 25

-Pellagra: nutritional disorder due to insufficient dietary Niacin B3 intake, reduces ATP synthesis (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea)