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BIOLOGY 1 > STEM CELLS > Flashcards

STEM CELLS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells that reproduce (divide) by mitotic cell division in a highly regulated manner

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2
Q

Stem cell divides →

A

Produces 2 daughter cells
One daughter cell remains a self renewing stem cell to maintain the stem cell population in the body
One daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell that differentiates into the cell type the body needs

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3
Q

Types of stem cells:

A

-Totipotent
-Pluripotent
-Induced pluripotent (iPSC)
-Adult (somatic)

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4
Q

Totipotent

A

Develop into the human body

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5
Q

Totipotent sources

A

-Zygote (fertilized egg)
-2 cell embryo stage
-4 cell embryo stage
-8 cell embryo stage

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6
Q

Pluripotent

A

Develop into all ≥220 human cell types
Cannot develop into the human body

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7
Q

Pluripotent sources

A

-16 cell embryo stage
-32 cell embryo stage
-Placenta
-Umbilical cord blood

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8
Q

Engineered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

A

Can develop into all ≥220 human cell types
Four genes are introduced to the genome of mature skin cells to convert the skin cells to iPSCs in 3-4 weeks

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9
Q

iPSCs can develop into

A

Clusters of cells called organoids that express some organ characteristics

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10
Q

Adult (somatic) develop into

A

Unipotent or multipotent

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11
Q

Where are adult stem cells located?

A

Located in areas of growth, sites of renewal, and regions that experience injury

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12
Q

Why is our body completely dependent on adult stem cells?

A

They supply the body with new cells
-Growth, repair, renewal, immunity

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13
Q

Locations of somatic stem cells in the body

A

-Blood vessels
-Teeth
-Skin
-Heart
-Gut
-Liver
-Bone marrow
-Skeletal muscle
-Brain

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14
Q

Adult stem cell therapy could be used to…

A

Replace cells lost due to infection, injury, genetic disorders, or cancer

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15
Q

Human adult stem cells are used to produce ______ human organs in other mammals

A

Chimeric human organs

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16
Q

Chimeric organs could _____ the supply of organs for transplantation

A

Increase

17
Q

Cells of the chimeric organs ideally would express only human ____________ on their surface to reduce the risk of inducing a destructive ________ response in the human donor

A

Oligosaccharides
Immune response

18
Q

Parabiosis

A

The practice of connecting the circulatory system of an older animal to a younger animal
Young blood restores, old blood inhibits

BIOLOGY 1 (22 decks)

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