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BIOLOGY 1 > MITOTIC CELL DIVISION > Flashcards

MITOTIC CELL DIVISION Flashcards

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1
Q

Your 46 nuclear DNA molecules interact with histone proteins to form

A

46 chromatin molecules

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2
Q

The benefits of packaging DNA in chromatin molecules:

A

-Reducing DNA molecule length so DNA can fit in the nucleus
-Reducing the rate of mutation
-Enabling more precise gene expression

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3
Q

After DNA replication in the S phase of the cell cycle, the nucleus contains…

A

92 DNA molecules in the form of chromatin

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4
Q

The spindle during mitosis

A

Separates each pair of duplicated chromosomes, which are shortened chromatin molecules called sister chromatids
This ensures that each daughter cell inherits a nucleus with 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

The spindle coordinates _________ _________ during the mitosis part of mitotic cell division

A

Chromosome movement

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6
Q

What is the spindle formed by?

A

Protein filaments called microtubules

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7
Q

Each microtubule is formed from

A

The polymerization of tubulin proteins

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8
Q

The spindle microtubules attach to a structure on each chromosome called the

A

Kinetochore

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9
Q

The kinetochore is formed from

A

Specific proteins that bind to a nucleotide sequence called the centromere

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Formed from microtubules

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11
Q

_________ proteins in the kinetochore enable each sister chromatid to move along the spindle’s microtubules

A

Motor

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12
Q

Mitotic cell division enables all eukaryotic cells to _________ and copy themselves

A

Reproduce (divide)

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13
Q

Single cell eukaryotic species use mitotic cell division to

A

-Reproduce asexually
-Purge toxins
-Eliminate defective organelles

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14
Q

Mitotic cell division supplies the new cells that enable your body to

A

-Grow
-Repair
-Renew (replace)
-Produce hair
-Defend itself (immune system)

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15
Q

When does mitotic cell division occur?

A

During the Mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle

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16
Q

M phase

A

-Generates two, independent, function daughter cells with 46 chromosomes in the nucleus
-A complete set of organelles and other cellular structures
-Exact size required to carry out functions

17
Q

Two major processes of mitotic cell division

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis

18
Q

Mitosis produces…

A

Two nuclei in the adult stem cell to ensure that each daughter cell inherits a nucleus with 46 chromosomes

19
Q

After mitosis, the adult stem cell briefly has…

A

Two nuclei that each contain 46 chromosomes

20
Q

Mitosis enables the cell to….

A

“Duplicate the nucleus”

21
Q

First phase of mitosis

A

Prophase

22
Q

Prophase:

A

-Chromatin molecules condense into shorter chromosomes that are easier for the spindle to move
-The spindle becomes functional
-Large organelles and the cytoskeleton disassemble

23
Q

Second stage of mitosis:

A

Prometaphase

24
Q

Prometaphase

A

-The kinetochore forms at the centromere of each sister chromatid
-The spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore
-The spindle moves all 46 pairs of sister chromatids towards the cell center

25
Q

Third stage of mitosis

A

Metaphase

26
Q

Metaphase

A

-The spindle positions all 46 pairs of sister chromatids at the cell’s centre (equator) to form the metaphase plate
-The mitotic phase (spindle) checkpoint verifies the attachment of spindle microtubules to every kinetochore

27
Q

Fourth stage of mitosis

A

Anaphase

28
Q

Anaphase

A

-Ensures that 46 chromosomes are delivered to opposite ends of the adult stem cell
-Each sister chromatid is attached to a different half of the spindle to ensure that 46 chromosomes are delivered to opposite ends of the cell

29
Q

Anaphase A

A

Motor proteins in the kinetochore pull each sister chromatid to opposite ends of the cell

30
Q

Anaphase B

A

The two halves of the spindle move apart

31
Q

Fifth and final stage of mitosis

A

Telophase

32
Q

Telophase

A

-Each chromosome unwinds into its longer chromatin form
-The nuclear envelope reforms around the 46 chromatin molecules at opposite ends of the cell to form two nuclei
-The golgi apparatus and ER reform
-The spindle disassembles and its released tubulin proteins are used to rebuild the cytoskeleton

33
Q

_________ begins after mitosis is complete

A

Cytokinesis

34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell physically separates to produce two daughter cells

35
Q

The medical consequences of M phase (spindle) checkpoint failure

A

-The spindle cannot separate one or more pairs of sister chromatids → nondisjunction → causes aneuploidy → suppress the immune system, increase risk of cancer, increase risk of agin

36
Q

Many aneuploid cells…

A

Self destruct by apoptosis

37
Q

Aneuploidy is

A

Abnormal chromosome number in the nucleus

BIOLOGY 1 (22 decks)

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