ORGANELLES Flashcards
The nuclear pore:
Regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
The nuclear envelope/membrane:
Consists of two membrane layers that encloses the nuclear genome
The nuclear lamina:
Consists of protein filaments called intermediate filaments
The nuclear lamina provides…
-Mechanical support
-Participates in DNA replication, cell division, chromatin organization
-Anchors the nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic is what?
Internal net
ER:
-Protein modification
-Biosynthesis
-Stores calcium
-Detoxification (eliminates defective proteins, breaks down proteins that could cause cancer)
-Renatures denatured proteins
-Attachment site for organelles and other subcellular structures
Protein modification of the ER:
Oligosaccharides are added to membrane proteins and secretory proteins
Biosynthesis of the ER:
-Phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides
-It enlarges to increase the cell’s capacity for steroid synthesis and protein synthesis
Where are ribosomes attached to?
The rough ER
Smooth ER:
Performs lipid synthesis and detoxifies toxins
The ER extends from _______ to the ________
Nucleus to the cell membrane
The golgi apparatus:
-Distribution center (sorts → delivers)
-Protein modification
-Protein sorting and delivery
-Delivers new cell membrane materials to the cell membrane
Protein modification of the golgi apparatus:
Oligosaccharides are added to membrane proteins and secretory proteins
Protein sorting and delivery of the golgi apparatus:
-It delivers proteins to the locations where their function is required
-It is the cell’s post office/distribution center
The mitochondria:
-Makes ATP using the energy in food molecules
-Biosynthesis
-Contains DNA that codes for proteins and specialized RNA molecules
-Stores calcium
-Apoptosis of defective cells
-Heat production
Biosynthesis of the mitochondria:
-Nucleotides
-Fatty acids
-Cholesterol
-Amino acids
-Glucose
-Heme
The chloroplast:
-The light reactions of photosynthesis
-Contains chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments that absorb some types of sunlight
-Uses absorbed sunlight energy to make energy rich ATP and NADPH molecules
-The calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis
-Uses energy rich ATP and NADPH molecules to convert CO2 to carbohydrates
-Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of the chloroplast:
-Amino acids
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleotides
-Starch
The cytoskeleton:
-Cell structural support system
-Physical support
-Cell shape
-Change cell shape
-Motility
-Intracellular transport
-Attachment site for some organelles and ribosomes
-Muscle cell contraction
-Mitotic and meiotic cell division
What comprises the cytoskeleton?
-Actin filaments
-Microtubules
-Intermediate filaments
The lysosome:
-Digestion (foreign invaders, damaged molecules)
-Autophagy of damaged organelles (waste disposal)
-Apoptosis of defective cells
-Cell signaling
Lysosomal disorders are due to….
The absence of one or more digestive enzymes in the lysosome
The peroxisome:
-Contain ~50 types of enzymes
-Metabolism (degrade molecules, break down substances)
-Fatty acid digestion , D-Amino acid breakdown, nucleotide (purine) breakdown
-Biosynthesis (phospholipids, steroids, heme)
-Detoxification
