ORGANELLES

Question 1

The nuclear pore:

Answer 1

Regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 2

The nuclear envelope/membrane:

Answer 2

Consists of two membrane layers that encloses the nuclear genome

Question 3

The nuclear lamina:

Answer 3

Consists of protein filaments called intermediate filaments

Question 4

The nuclear lamina provides…

Answer 4

-Mechanical support
-Participates in DNA replication, cell division, chromatin organization
-Anchors the nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope

Question 5

Endoplasmic is what?

Answer 5

Internal net

Question 6

ER:

Answer 6

-Protein modification
-Biosynthesis
-Stores calcium
-Detoxification (eliminates defective proteins, breaks down proteins that could cause cancer)
-Renatures denatured proteins
-Attachment site for organelles and other subcellular structures

Question 7

Protein modification of the ER:

Answer 7

Oligosaccharides are added to membrane proteins and secretory proteins

Question 8

Biosynthesis of the ER:

Answer 8

-Phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides
-It enlarges to increase the cell’s capacity for steroid synthesis and protein synthesis

Question 9

Where are ribosomes attached to?

Answer 9

The rough ER

Question 10

Smooth ER:

Answer 10

Performs lipid synthesis and detoxifies toxins

Question 11

The ER extends from _______ to the ________

Answer 11

Nucleus to the cell membrane

Question 12

The golgi apparatus:

Answer 12

-Distribution center (sorts → delivers)
-Protein modification
-Protein sorting and delivery
-Delivers new cell membrane materials to the cell membrane

Question 13

Protein modification of the golgi apparatus:

Answer 13

Oligosaccharides are added to membrane proteins and secretory proteins

Question 14

Protein sorting and delivery of the golgi apparatus:

Answer 14

-It delivers proteins to the locations where their function is required
-It is the cell’s post office/distribution center

Question 15

The mitochondria:

Answer 15

-Makes ATP using the energy in food molecules
-Biosynthesis
-Contains DNA that codes for proteins and specialized RNA molecules
-Stores calcium
-Apoptosis of defective cells
-Heat production

Question 16

Biosynthesis of the mitochondria:

Answer 16

-Nucleotides
-Fatty acids
-Cholesterol
-Amino acids
-Glucose
-Heme

Question 17

The chloroplast:

Answer 17

-The light reactions of photosynthesis
-Contains chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments that absorb some types of sunlight
-Uses absorbed sunlight energy to make energy rich ATP and NADPH molecules
-The calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis
-Uses energy rich ATP and NADPH molecules to convert CO2 to carbohydrates
-Biosynthesis

Question 18

Biosynthesis of the chloroplast:

Answer 18

-Amino acids
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleotides
-Starch

Question 19

The cytoskeleton:

Answer 19

-Cell structural support system
-Physical support
-Cell shape
-Change cell shape
-Motility
-Intracellular transport
-Attachment site for some organelles and ribosomes
-Muscle cell contraction
-Mitotic and meiotic cell division

Question 20

What comprises the cytoskeleton?

Answer 20

-Actin filaments
-Microtubules
-Intermediate filaments

Question 21

The lysosome:

Answer 21

-Digestion (foreign invaders, damaged molecules)
-Autophagy of damaged organelles (waste disposal)
-Apoptosis of defective cells
-Cell signaling

Question 22

Lysosomal disorders are due to….

Answer 22

The absence of one or more digestive enzymes in the lysosome

Question 23

The peroxisome:

Answer 23

-Contain ~50 types of enzymes
-Metabolism (degrade molecules, break down substances)
-Fatty acid digestion , D-Amino acid breakdown, nucleotide (purine) breakdown
-Biosynthesis (phospholipids, steroids, heme)
-Detoxification