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BIOLOGY 1 > EXAM 2 LECTURE QUESTIONS > Flashcards

EXAM 2 LECTURE QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two types of biological molecules serve as the enzymes that catalyze and accelerate the chemical reactions in your cells?

A

Proteins and RNA (Ribozymes)

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2
Q

Which part of each enzyme catalyzes a specific chemical reaction?

A

Active site

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3
Q

Which molecule has its existing chemical bonds modified within the enzyme’s active site?

A

Substrate

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4
Q

The activation energy is the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Which catalysts in your cells reduce the activation energy for cellular reactions?

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

The active site of an enzyme enables the substrate to enter its energetic, reactive phase. This reactive phase, which is ready to form product, is called the:

A

Transition State

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6
Q

Your cells use a sequence of enzymes to synthesize the amino acid, serine. This sequence of reactions is an example of a:

A

Biochemical pathway

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7
Q

Your cell will activate the enzyme required to make the amino acid, Glycine, when your cell needs:

A

More glycine

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8
Q

Your cell has the proper quantity of the amino acid, glutamate. The inhibitor molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme to inhibit its activity. This inhibitor is a:

A

Competitive inhibitor

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9
Q

What are some practical uses of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, animal venoms with medical uses, food preservatives

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10
Q

Which family of regulatory enzymes controls the activity of other enzymes by removing a phosphate group?

A

Phosphatase

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11
Q

The human body’s average core is 37C. What is the optimal temperature for the blood clotting enzymes in your blood stream to function?

A

37-41C

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12
Q

Calcium must bind to an enzyme for this enzyme to convert a substrate to a product. Calcium must be a:

A

Cofactor

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13
Q

The most elemental biological unit that satisfies all the criteria required to be “alive” is the-

A

Cell

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14
Q

The principle that every cell was produced by the reproduction of a pre-existing parent cell is part of the-

A

Cell theory

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15
Q

In order to function as a coherent biological system, each of your cells may need to perform how many types of chemical reactions?

A

~1,000,000

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16
Q

In a multicellular species like us, each type of cell -

A

Performs a unique set of functions in the body

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17
Q

The single most defining feature of the prokaryotic cell is the absence of -

A

A nucleus

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18
Q

The typical microcompartment in a prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a -

A

Layer of proteins called a protein shell

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19
Q

A bacterium that has a round shape would be described as -

A

Coccus

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20
Q

The stunning variety of prokaryotic species includes species with -

A

One cell, two or more cells, different cell types with distinct functions

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21
Q

The single most defining feature of the eukaryotic cell is the presence of -

A

A nucleus

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22
Q

Most eukaryotic species consist of -

A

One cell

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23
Q

The specialized internal compartments in eukaryotic cells that perform essential cellular functions are -

A

Organelles (little organs)

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24
Q

The portion of your eukaryotic cells in which all the organelles, structures, and particles are suspended in is the -

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains -

A

DNA in the form of chromatin, DNA polymerases, DNA repair enzymes, enzymes that make deoxyribonucleotides

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26
Q

Some functions of the ER include -

A

Lipid synthesis, protein modification, detoxification

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27
Q

Some functions of the golgi apparatus include -

A

Protein modification + sorting, cell membrane materials synthesis

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28
Q

The majority of ATP made in your eukaryotic cells is synthesized in the -

A

Mitochondrion

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29
Q

All the molecules and enzymes that perform photosynthesis in algal cells and plant cells are in -

A

Chloroplasts

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30
Q

Some functions of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells include -

A

Enabling internal movement of substances, providing structural support, providing attachment sites for substances, enabling cells to adjust their shape

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31
Q

What is a critical function of the peroxisomes?

A

Metabolism, biosynthesis, detoxification

32
Q

The contents of the eukaryotic cell located between the nucleus and cell membrane form the -

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

Each type of organelle in a eukaryotic cell can perform a unique set of essential cellular functions due to a unique set of -

A

Chemicals, enzymes, biochemical reactions

34
Q

Stem cells are defined by their:

A

Ability to reproduce (divide) in a highly controlled manner

35
Q

Which type of stem cell has the remarkable ability to develop into the human body?

A

Totipotent

36
Q

The pluripotent stem cells can develop into:

A

All 220 human cell types

37
Q

What is a source of pluripotent stem cells?

A

Umbilical cord blood

38
Q

Which type of stem cell is produced using genetic engineering technology?

A

Induced pluripotent (iPS)

39
Q

What are practical uses of human mini organs?

A

Study tumor development, study anti-cancer drugs, study organ development, optimize patient specific drug treatment

40
Q

Which type of stem cell in your body can develop into one (unipotent) or a few cell types (multipotent) only?

A

Adul t(somatic)

41
Q

Which type of stem cell in your body provides the new cells required to repair an injury?

A

Adult (somatic)

42
Q

Which type of stem cells in your body support new growth, renewal, repair, and defense?

A

Adult (somatic)

43
Q

The cell experiences a precise sequence of events from the time it is produced until the time it reproduces by mitotic cell division. This is called the-

A

Cell cycle

44
Q

The adult stem cell must make all the preparations required to divide (reproduce) by mitotic cell division during M phase. This preparation occurs during -

A

Interphase

45
Q

The failure of the human body to regulate the precise mitotic division of its adult stem cells can result in-

A

Abnormal growth, benign tumors, malignant tumors, cancer

46
Q

In response to aerobic exercise, your body needs an adult stem cell in the lung in the “resting” G0 phase to reproduce. This cell will re-enter the cell cycle at which phase?

A

G1

47
Q

An adult stem cell in your lung does not need to divide. This adult stem cell in the G1 phase will enter the quiescent (non-dividing) phase. This “resting phase” is known as -

A

G0

48
Q

During the G0 phase, the adult stem cells and other human cell types are -

A

Not preparing to divide, performing their unique, genetically programmed functions in the body, contributing to overall body function

49
Q

The DNA polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA in the nucleus are most active during which cell cycle phase?

A

S

50
Q

What are the events that occur during the G2 phase?

A

Remaining organelles are duplicated, the repair of defective biological molecules and injured organelles occurs, the cell finishes doubling in size

51
Q

During the M phase, the adult stem cell physically separates into two identical daughter cells during -

A

Cytokinesis

52
Q

The reliability and accuracy of the cell cycle control system are essential to ensure-

A

Normal body growth, normal body repair, normal body renewal, significantly reduced risk of cancer

53
Q

The cell cycle control system regulates the cell cycle and the mitotic division of your adult stem cells. This quality control system consists of-

A

Go-Signal molecules, at least three cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis

54
Q

Cancer can result from the inactivation of one or more-

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

55
Q

The activated checkpoint detected and repaired a critical biochemical event. After cell repair, the activated checkpoint will release a signal that instructs this adult stem cell to-

A

Advance to the next phase of the cell cycle

56
Q

The activated cell cycle checkpoint cannot coordinate the repair of a critical biochemical error. This will cause the defective adult stem cell to-

A

Self destruct by apoptosis

57
Q

Your research team seeks to culture human adult stem cells in the laboratory. Which regulatory molecules are required to induce mitotic cell division in these adult stem cells?

A

Go-Signals

58
Q

If an adult stem cell in the G1 phase does not recognize the required Go-Signal, the adult stem cell will-

A

Exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase (resting phase)

59
Q

The checkpoint sensor verifies the absence of biochemical errors (DNA mutations) during the S phase. The adult stem cell will respond by-

A

Advancing to the next cell cycle phase (M)

60
Q

The G2/M cell cycle checkpoint will be activated by-

A

Mutations in DNA

61
Q

Which dynamic structure coordinates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis?

A

Spindle

62
Q

The spindle microtubules did not attach to some of the chromosomes. Which cell cycle checkpoint will be activated?

A

M phase (spindle/metaphase)

63
Q

Each type of receptor recognizes a specific signal. A signal recognized by a receptor is also called a-

A

Ligand

64
Q

What are some intracellular signals that your cells must recognize, and respond to, in the proper manner?

A

Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, molecules produced by a virus or other foreign invader, denatured/harmful proteins

65
Q

For one of your cells to respond to a signal (ligand), the signal must be recognized by a-

A

Receptor

66
Q

The receptors your cells use to recognize signals (ligands) are-

A

Mostly proteins and some RNA molecules

67
Q

A G protein coupled receptor recognized a Go-Signal molecule. Which protein will the receptor immediately activate to enable the adult stem cell to respond to the Go-Signal?

A

G-Protein

68
Q

~30-60% of all the pharmaceuticals that you will prescribe to your patients restore cellular function by modifying-

A

G Protein activity

69
Q

Some cancers are caused by abnormal G proteins that are-

A

Constitutive (constantly activated)

70
Q

Two tyrosine kinase receptors each recognize the same type of go-signal molecule. Which part of each receptor will be activated to alert the adult stem cell that a signal has been detected?

A

Kinase enzyme part

71
Q

Your adult stem cells must recognize the hydrophilic Go-Signal, human growth hormone, located outside of the cell. Where is its receptor located?

A

Cell membrane/cell surface

72
Q

Many of your cells respond to the hydrophobic thyroid hormones. Where is the receptor that recognizes these hydrophobic hormone molecules?

A

Within the cell (intracellular receptor)

73
Q

Some human cell types cannot respond to estrogen. These cell types do not have the-

A

Estrogen receptor

74
Q

Your cell cannot respond to a signal recognized by a receptor. Your cell must have a defective-

A

Signal transduction pathway

75
Q

The kinase phosphorylation cascade increases the ability of your WBC to eliminate a single-

A

Flu virus, SARS-CoVo2, pathogenic bacterium, harmful particles

76
Q

All the molecules required for cell signaling must be properly positioned in the cell to enable the cell to respond to a signal recognized by a receptor. Which family of proteins organizes all these molecules?

A

Scaffolding proteins

BIOLOGY 1 (13 decks)

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