EXAM 2 LECTURE QUESTIONS

Question 1

Which two types of biological molecules serve as the enzymes that catalyze and accelerate the chemical reactions in your cells?

Answer 1

Proteins and RNA (Ribozymes)

Question 2

Which part of each enzyme catalyzes a specific chemical reaction?

Answer 2

Active site

Question 3

Which molecule has its existing chemical bonds modified within the enzyme’s active site?

Answer 3

Substrate

Question 4

The activation energy is the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. Which catalysts in your cells reduce the activation energy for cellular reactions?

Answer 4

Enzymes

Question 5

The active site of an enzyme enables the substrate to enter its energetic, reactive phase. This reactive phase, which is ready to form product, is called the:

Answer 5

Transition State

Question 6

Your cells use a sequence of enzymes to synthesize the amino acid, serine. This sequence of reactions is an example of a:

Answer 6

Biochemical pathway

Question 7

Your cell will activate the enzyme required to make the amino acid, Glycine, when your cell needs:

Answer 7

More glycine

Question 8

Your cell has the proper quantity of the amino acid, glutamate. The inhibitor molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme to inhibit its activity. This inhibitor is a:

Answer 8

Competitive inhibitor

Question 9

What are some practical uses of enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 9

Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, animal venoms with medical uses, food preservatives

Question 10

Which family of regulatory enzymes controls the activity of other enzymes by removing a phosphate group?

Answer 10

Phosphatase

Question 11

The human body’s average core is 37C. What is the optimal temperature for the blood clotting enzymes in your blood stream to function?

Answer 11

37-41C

Question 12

Calcium must bind to an enzyme for this enzyme to convert a substrate to a product. Calcium must be a:

Answer 12

Cofactor

Question 13

The most elemental biological unit that satisfies all the criteria required to be “alive” is the-

Answer 13

Cell

Question 14

The principle that every cell was produced by the reproduction of a pre-existing parent cell is part of the-

Answer 14

Cell theory

Question 15

In order to function as a coherent biological system, each of your cells may need to perform how many types of chemical reactions?

Answer 15

~1,000,000

Question 16

In a multicellular species like us, each type of cell -

Answer 16

Performs a unique set of functions in the body

Question 17

The single most defining feature of the prokaryotic cell is the absence of -

Answer 17

A nucleus

Question 18

The typical microcompartment in a prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a -

Answer 18

Layer of proteins called a protein shell

Question 19

A bacterium that has a round shape would be described as -

Answer 19

Coccus

Question 20

The stunning variety of prokaryotic species includes species with -

Answer 20

One cell, two or more cells, different cell types with distinct functions

Question 21

The single most defining feature of the eukaryotic cell is the presence of -

Answer 21

A nucleus

Question 22

Most eukaryotic species consist of -

Answer 22

One cell

Question 23

The specialized internal compartments in eukaryotic cells that perform essential cellular functions are -

Answer 23

Organelles (little organs)

Question 24

The portion of your eukaryotic cells in which all the organelles, structures, and particles are suspended in is the -

Answer 24

Cytosol

Question 25

The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains -

Answer 25

DNA in the form of chromatin, DNA polymerases, DNA repair enzymes, enzymes that make deoxyribonucleotides

Question 26

Some functions of the ER include -

Answer 26

Lipid synthesis, protein modification, detoxification

Question 27

Some functions of the golgi apparatus include -

Answer 27

Protein modification + sorting, cell membrane materials synthesis

Question 28

The majority of ATP made in your eukaryotic cells is synthesized in the -

Answer 28

Mitochondrion

Question 29

All the molecules and enzymes that perform photosynthesis in algal cells and plant cells are in -

Answer 29

Chloroplasts

Question 30

Some functions of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells include -

Answer 30

Enabling internal movement of substances, providing structural support, providing attachment sites for substances, enabling cells to adjust their shape

Question 31

What is a critical function of the peroxisomes?

Answer 31

Metabolism, biosynthesis, detoxification

Question 32

The contents of the eukaryotic cell located between the nucleus and cell membrane form the -

Answer 32

Cytoplasm

Question 33

Each type of organelle in a eukaryotic cell can perform a unique set of essential cellular functions due to a unique set of -

Answer 33

Chemicals, enzymes, biochemical reactions

Question 34

Stem cells are defined by their:

Answer 34

Ability to reproduce (divide) in a highly controlled manner

Question 35

Which type of stem cell has the remarkable ability to develop into the human body?

Answer 35

Totipotent

Question 36

The pluripotent stem cells can develop into:

Answer 36

All 220 human cell types

Question 37

What is a source of pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 37

Umbilical cord blood

Question 38

Which type of stem cell is produced using genetic engineering technology?

Answer 38

Induced pluripotent (iPS)

Question 39

What are practical uses of human mini organs?

Answer 39

Study tumor development, study anti-cancer drugs, study organ development, optimize patient specific drug treatment

Question 40

Which type of stem cell in your body can develop into one (unipotent) or a few cell types (multipotent) only?

Answer 40

Adul t(somatic)

Question 41

Which type of stem cell in your body provides the new cells required to repair an injury?

Answer 41

Adult (somatic)

Question 42

Which type of stem cells in your body support new growth, renewal, repair, and defense?

Answer 42

Adult (somatic)

Question 43

The cell experiences a precise sequence of events from the time it is produced until the time it reproduces by mitotic cell division. This is called the-

Answer 43

Cell cycle

Question 44

The adult stem cell must make all the preparations required to divide (reproduce) by mitotic cell division during M phase. This preparation occurs during -

Answer 44

Interphase

Question 45

The failure of the human body to regulate the precise mitotic division of its adult stem cells can result in-

Answer 45

Abnormal growth, benign tumors, malignant tumors, cancer

Question 46

In response to aerobic exercise, your body needs an adult stem cell in the lung in the “resting” G0 phase to reproduce. This cell will re-enter the cell cycle at which phase?

Answer 46

G1

Question 47

An adult stem cell in your lung does not need to divide. This adult stem cell in the G1 phase will enter the quiescent (non-dividing) phase. This “resting phase” is known as -

Answer 47

G0

Question 48

During the G0 phase, the adult stem cells and other human cell types are -

Answer 48

Not preparing to divide, performing their unique, genetically programmed functions in the body, contributing to overall body function

Question 49

The DNA polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA in the nucleus are most active during which cell cycle phase?

Answer 49

S

Question 50

What are the events that occur during the G2 phase?

Answer 50

Remaining organelles are duplicated, the repair of defective biological molecules and injured organelles occurs, the cell finishes doubling in size

Question 51

During the M phase, the adult stem cell physically separates into two identical daughter cells during -

Answer 51

Cytokinesis

Question 52

The reliability and accuracy of the cell cycle control system are essential to ensure-

Answer 52

Normal body growth, normal body repair, normal body renewal, significantly reduced risk of cancer

Question 53

The cell cycle control system regulates the cell cycle and the mitotic division of your adult stem cells. This quality control system consists of-

Answer 53

Go-Signal molecules, at least three cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis

Question 54

Cancer can result from the inactivation of one or more-

Answer 54

Cell cycle checkpoints

Question 55

The activated checkpoint detected and repaired a critical biochemical event. After cell repair, the activated checkpoint will release a signal that instructs this adult stem cell to-

Answer 55

Advance to the next phase of the cell cycle

Question 56

The activated cell cycle checkpoint cannot coordinate the repair of a critical biochemical error. This will cause the defective adult stem cell to-

Answer 56

Self destruct by apoptosis

Question 57

Your research team seeks to culture human adult stem cells in the laboratory. Which regulatory molecules are required to induce mitotic cell division in these adult stem cells?

Answer 57

Go-Signals

Question 58

If an adult stem cell in the G1 phase does not recognize the required Go-Signal, the adult stem cell will-

Answer 58

Exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase (resting phase)

Question 59

The checkpoint sensor verifies the absence of biochemical errors (DNA mutations) during the S phase. The adult stem cell will respond by-

Answer 59

Advancing to the next cell cycle phase (M)

Question 60

The G2/M cell cycle checkpoint will be activated by-

Answer 60

Mutations in DNA

Question 61

Which dynamic structure coordinates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis?

Answer 61

Spindle

Question 62

The spindle microtubules did not attach to some of the chromosomes. Which cell cycle checkpoint will be activated?

Answer 62

M phase (spindle/metaphase)

Question 63

Each type of receptor recognizes a specific signal. A signal recognized by a receptor is also called a-

Answer 63

Ligand

Question 64

What are some intracellular signals that your cells must recognize, and respond to, in the proper manner?

Answer 64

Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, molecules produced by a virus or other foreign invader, denatured/harmful proteins

Question 65

For one of your cells to respond to a signal (ligand), the signal must be recognized by a-

Answer 65

Receptor

Question 66

The receptors your cells use to recognize signals (ligands) are-

Answer 66

Mostly proteins and some RNA molecules

Question 67

A G protein coupled receptor recognized a Go-Signal molecule. Which protein will the receptor immediately activate to enable the adult stem cell to respond to the Go-Signal?

Answer 67

G-Protein

Question 68

~30-60% of all the pharmaceuticals that you will prescribe to your patients restore cellular function by modifying-

Answer 68

G Protein activity

Question 69

Some cancers are caused by abnormal G proteins that are-

Answer 69

Constitutive (constantly activated)

Question 70

Two tyrosine kinase receptors each recognize the same type of go-signal molecule. Which part of each receptor will be activated to alert the adult stem cell that a signal has been detected?

Answer 70

Kinase enzyme part

Question 71

Your adult stem cells must recognize the hydrophilic Go-Signal, human growth hormone, located outside of the cell. Where is its receptor located?

Answer 71

Cell membrane/cell surface

Question 72

Many of your cells respond to the hydrophobic thyroid hormones. Where is the receptor that recognizes these hydrophobic hormone molecules?

Answer 72

Within the cell (intracellular receptor)

Question 73

Some human cell types cannot respond to estrogen. These cell types do not have the-

Answer 73

Estrogen receptor

Question 74

Your cell cannot respond to a signal recognized by a receptor. Your cell must have a defective-

Answer 74

Signal transduction pathway

Question 75

The kinase phosphorylation cascade increases the ability of your WBC to eliminate a single-

Answer 75

Flu virus, SARS-CoVo2, pathogenic bacterium, harmful particles

Question 76

All the molecules required for cell signaling must be properly positioned in the cell to enable the cell to respond to a signal recognized by a receptor. Which family of proteins organizes all these molecules?

Answer 76

Scaffolding proteins