EXAM 3 LECTURE QUESTIONS Flashcards by evangeleah rappo

In the nucleus of your muscle cell, a nucleotide sequence in the DNA molecule in chromosome #2 contains the genetic instructions to make a protein. This nucleotide sequence is a -

Gene

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In your cells, where are your genes located?

DNA, chromatin, chromosome, mitochondrion, nucleus

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The nucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for a protein determines the sequence of _______ in the protein

Amino acids

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The deoxyribonucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for a specialized RNA molecule determines the sequence of _______ in the specialized RNA molecule

Ribonucleotides

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In the coronavirus RNA genome, a sequence of ribonucleotides codes for a protein that the virus needs to enter its host cell. This ribonucleotide sequence is a-

Gene

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The viral receptor of your WBC recognizes a covid protein. Your WBC subsequently will activate the genes that code for proteins that-

Neutralize the coronavirus

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The transcription factor proteins and the RNA polymerase enzyme are required for your cells to activate, and express, a gene. To which part of the gene do they bind to activate the gene?

Promoter

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Which part of a gene contains the instructions that determine the amino acid sequence of the protein the gene encodes?

Coding region (exon)

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Which part of a protein coding gene instructs your cell where to begin reading the instructions in the gene?

Transcription start site

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The nucleotide sequence of a protein coding gene determines the linear sequence of the _______ of the protein the gene encodes

Amino acids

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The replication (duplication) of the 46 DNA molecules occurs in the nucleus of your adult stem cells during the S phase of the cell cycle. This ensures that each daughter cell will inherit-

46 DNA molecules

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The 46 chromatin molecules in the nucleus of most of your cell types consist of-

DNA and histone proteins

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Which dynamic structure moves the 46 pairs of sister chromatids (92 chromosomes) during mitosis?

Spindle

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Which dynamic protein filaments form the spindle?

Microtubules

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The chromatin molecules must condense to their shorter chromosome form to facilitate their movement by the spindle. When does this occur?

Prophase

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The nuclear envelope must disassemble so the spindle microtubules can attach to the sister chromatids. When is the nuclear envelope dismantled?

Prophase

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The spindle microtubules must attach to each sister chromatid. To which structure on each sister chromatid do the microtubules bind?

Kinetochore

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The spindle aligns all 46 pairs of human sister chromatids at the center of the cell. When does this occur during mitosis?

Metaphase

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Each chromosome moves along the spindle microtubules during anaphase. Which proteins in the kinetochore enable this movement?

Motor (dynein, kinesin)

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Two nuclei, each containing 46 chromosomes, are formed in your adult stem cell during mitosis. This occurs in-

Telophase

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Your adult stem cell physically separates to form two, independent, daughter cells in the M phase. This occurs during-

Cytokinesis

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Defective mitosis results in aneuploid daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes in the nucleus. Aneuploidy is due to-

Nondisjunction

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Your dynamic cell membrane consists of -

Phospholipids that interact to form the lipid bilayer, steroids (cholesterol) within the lipid bilayer, and membrane proteins

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The versatile functions of your dynamic cell membrane include -

Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell, creating a voltage that is a source of energy for the cell, cell signaling, and cell to cell binding

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Which organelles in the eukaryotic cell make and package all the materials necessary to build and repair the cell membrane?

Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

What are examples of a substance that must cross the cell membrane to enter and exit your cells?

Atoms (Ca++, Na+), water molecules, amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, particles (LDH, HDL), and pathogens (viruses, bacteria)

Which substances can directly pass through the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane and diffuse from higher to lower concentration?

Small hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules

Which substances cross the cell membrane through the channel of the channel proteins?

Water molecules and small ions like Na+

Which small molecule diffuses across the cell membrane through channel proteins called aquaporins?

Water

Which molecules would be transported across the cell membrane by a carrier protein?

Amino acid, glucose, nucleotide

Which energy source enables the channel and carrier proteins to move small hydrophilic substances across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion

Small hydrophilic substances must cross the cell membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration. Which process performs this type of transport?

Active transport

The active transport proteins move small hydrophilic ions and small hydrophilic molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration. Which energy source drives active transport?

ATP

Some active transport proteins enable cancer cells to export anti cancer drugs and attain drug resistance. These membrane transport proteins are -

Multidrug resistance proteins

Which process enables your cell membrane to import large substances that can't be transported by channel or carrier proteins?

Endocytosis

Which process enables your WBCs to import the SARS CoV-2 to destroy it?

Phagocytosis

Which process enables your cells to sample the substances that are in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds your cells?

Pinocytosis

What enables your cells to recognize a specific molecule or particle and import it?

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Which process enables your cell membrane to export large molecules and large particles?

Exocytosis

Which process enables your Beta cells to export many copies of the insulin hormone molecule simultaneously?

Exocytosis

Which energy source enables the motor proteins to transport substances by moving along the microtubule surface?

ATP

In order for your muscle cells to contact, which motor protein must interact with actin filaments?

Myosin

According to the central dogma theory, all cells store their genetic information in -

DNA

The genetic code is based on genetic code words called codons. Each codon (triplet) in the gene consists of 3 consecutive-

Nucleotides (deoxyribonucleotides)

A codon in a protein coding gene instructs the cell to place a specific ______ at a precise site in the protein

Amino Acid

All cells use the same rules to store genetic information in DNA and use this information to make proteins. This set of rules is the -

Genetic code

A receptor in your WBC recognized a flu virus. This cell will respond by expressing genes that code for-

Anti Viral proteins

Which enzymes synthesize mRNA (transcript) during transcription?

RNA Polymerases

To express a gene, which process in the nucleus makes an RNA copy of the coding strand of the gene?

Transcription

Which highly regulated process enables your cells to activate a gene when your cells need to make the protein the gene encodes?

Gene expression

Which nucleotide sequence is part of the transcription stop site of a gene that instructs RNA Polymerase to end transcription?

Poly-Adenylation Signal (AATAAA)

After a gene in the nucleus has been transcribed, in which organelle is the messenger RNA processed?

Nucleus

Which molecule does the capping enzyme complex add to the 5' end of the mRNA?

GTP

The chemical structure attached to the 3' end of the mRNA is called the

Poly-A Tail

The function of the 5' G-Cap & 3' Poly-A Tail is to

-Increase mRNA stability -Enable mRNA export from the nucleus -Enable mRNA to be translated by ribosomes in the cytosol

Which virus mRNA would avoid destruction and retain its ability to infect its human host cell?

The mRNA of virus 2 has a 5' C-Cap

During messenger RNA processing in the nucleus, which process removes introns from the messenger RNA to make mature mRNA?

Splicing

After splicing, which nucleotide sequences in the mature mRNA determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein the gene encodes?

Exons

Which structure removes the introns from the mRNA and bonds the remaining exons together to form the mature mRNA?

Spliceosome

The types (versions) of proteins that your cells can make from one gene is increased by

Alternative splicing

A defect in the splicing process in the nucleus causes which medical conditions?

-Beta thalassemia -Colorectal cancer -Neurological disorders possibly including some types of autism spectrum disorder

The translation process in the cytosol enables your cells to synthesize

Proteins

Messenger RNA molecules made in the nucleus are translated by ribosomes in which cellular location?

Cytosol/cytoplasm

The small subunit and large subunit of the ribosome, which performs translation, are formed from

Ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins

Which type of biological molecule is the product of translation?

Protein

Which complex molecular machine reads the linear sequence of codons in mRNA to make a protein with a specific amino acid sequence?

Ribosome

The ribosomes require the 20 types of amino acids to make proteins. Which specialized RNA molecules deliver the amino acids to the ribosomes during translation?

Transfer RNA

Which enzyme attaches the proper amino acid to the proper transfer RNA (tRNA)?

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Which additional proteins are required to form the translation initiation complex during the initiation phase?

Initiation factors

Which codon informs the ribosome where to begin translating the mRNA (transcript)?

Start codon

Which enzyme (ribozyme) in the large ribosomal subunit bonds the amino acids together during the elongation cycle?

Peptidyl transferase

Which protein interacts with the stop codon to initiate the translation termination phase?

Release factor

Which energy rich molecule fuels all three phases of translation?

GTP

Which amino acid sequence of a protein acts as the "zip code" that ensures its delivery to the organelle that requires the protein's function?

Signal sequence

Some antibiotics harm pathogenic bacteria by preventing protein synthesis. These antibiotics inhibit which process?

Translation