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BIOLOGY 1 > EXAM 3 LECTURE QUESTIONS > Flashcards

EXAM 3 LECTURE QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

In the nucleus of your muscle cell, a nucleotide sequence in the DNA molecule in chromosome #2 contains the genetic instructions to make a protein. This nucleotide sequence is a -

A

Gene

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2
Q

In your cells, where are your genes located?

A

DNA, chromatin, chromosome, mitochondrion, nucleus

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3
Q

The nucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for a protein determines the sequence of _______ in the protein

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

The deoxyribonucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for a specialized RNA molecule determines the sequence of _______ in the specialized RNA molecule

A

Ribonucleotides

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5
Q

In the coronavirus RNA genome, a sequence of ribonucleotides codes for a protein that the virus needs to enter its host cell. This ribonucleotide sequence is a-

A

Gene

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6
Q

The viral receptor of your WBC recognizes a covid protein. Your WBC subsequently will activate the genes that code for proteins that-

A

Neutralize the coronavirus

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7
Q

The transcription factor proteins and the RNA polymerase enzyme are required for your cells to activate, and express, a gene. To which part of the gene do they bind to activate the gene?

A

Promoter

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8
Q

Which part of a gene contains the instructions that determine the amino acid sequence of the protein the gene encodes?

A

Coding region (exon)

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9
Q

Which part of a protein coding gene instructs your cell where to begin reading the instructions in the gene?

A

Transcription start site

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10
Q

The nucleotide sequence of a protein coding gene determines the linear sequence of the _______ of the protein the gene encodes

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

The replication (duplication) of the 46 DNA molecules occurs in the nucleus of your adult stem cells during the S phase of the cell cycle. This ensures that each daughter cell will inherit-

A

46 DNA molecules

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12
Q

The 46 chromatin molecules in the nucleus of most of your cell types consist of-

A

DNA and histone proteins

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13
Q

Which dynamic structure moves the 46 pairs of sister chromatids (92 chromosomes) during mitosis?

A

Spindle

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14
Q

Which dynamic protein filaments form the spindle?

A

Microtubules

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15
Q

The chromatin molecules must condense to their shorter chromosome form to facilitate their movement by the spindle. When does this occur?

A

Prophase

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16
Q

The nuclear envelope must disassemble so the spindle microtubules can attach to the sister chromatids. When is the nuclear envelope dismantled?

A

Prophase

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17
Q

The spindle microtubules must attach to each sister chromatid. To which structure on each sister chromatid do the microtubules bind?

A

Kinetochore

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18
Q

The spindle aligns all 46 pairs of human sister chromatids at the center of the cell. When does this occur during mitosis?

A

Metaphase

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19
Q

Each chromosome moves along the spindle microtubules during anaphase. Which proteins in the kinetochore enable this movement?

A

Motor (dynein, kinesin)

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20
Q

Two nuclei, each containing 46 chromosomes, are formed in your adult stem cell during mitosis. This occurs in-

A

Telophase

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21
Q

Your adult stem cell physically separates to form two, independent, daughter cells in the M phase. This occurs during-

A

Cytokinesis

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22
Q

Defective mitosis results in aneuploid daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes in the nucleus. Aneuploidy is due to-

A

Nondisjunction

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23
Q

Your dynamic cell membrane consists of -

A

Phospholipids that interact to form the lipid bilayer, steroids (cholesterol) within the lipid bilayer, and membrane proteins

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24
Q

The versatile functions of your dynamic cell membrane include -

A

Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell, creating a voltage that is a source of energy for the cell, cell signaling, and cell to cell binding

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25
Q

Which organelles in the eukaryotic cell make and package all the materials necessary to build and repair the cell membrane?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

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26
Q

What are examples of a substance that must cross the cell membrane to enter and exit your cells?

A

Atoms (Ca++, Na+), water molecules, amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, particles (LDH, HDL), and pathogens (viruses, bacteria)

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27
Q

Which substances can directly pass through the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane and diffuse from higher to lower concentration?

A

Small hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules

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28
Q

Which substances cross the cell membrane through the channel of the channel proteins?

A

Water molecules and small ions like Na+

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29
Q

Which small molecule diffuses across the cell membrane through channel proteins called aquaporins?

A

Water

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30
Q

Which molecules would be transported across the cell membrane by a carrier protein?

A

Amino acid, glucose, nucleotide

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31
Q

Which energy source enables the channel and carrier proteins to move small hydrophilic substances across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion

32
Q

Small hydrophilic substances must cross the cell membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration. Which process performs this type of transport?

A

Active transport

33
Q

The active transport proteins move small hydrophilic ions and small hydrophilic molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration. Which energy source drives active transport?

A

ATP

34
Q

Some active transport proteins enable cancer cells to export anti cancer drugs and attain drug resistance. These membrane transport proteins are -

A

Multidrug resistance proteins

35
Q

Which process enables your cell membrane to import large substances that can’t be transported by channel or carrier proteins?

A

Endocytosis

36
Q

Which process enables your WBCs to import the SARS CoV-2 to destroy it?

A

Phagocytosis

37
Q

Which process enables your cells to sample the substances that are in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds your cells?

A

Pinocytosis

38
Q

What enables your cells to recognize a specific molecule or particle and import it?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

39
Q

Which process enables your cell membrane to export large molecules and large particles?

A

Exocytosis

40
Q

Which process enables your Beta cells to export many copies of the insulin hormone molecule simultaneously?

A

Exocytosis

41
Q

Which energy source enables the motor proteins to transport substances by moving along the microtubule surface?

A

ATP

42
Q

In order for your muscle cells to contact, which motor protein must interact with actin filaments?

A

Myosin

43
Q

According to the central dogma theory, all cells store their genetic information in -

A

DNA

44
Q

The genetic code is based on genetic code words called codons. Each codon (triplet) in the gene consists of 3 consecutive-

A

Nucleotides (deoxyribonucleotides)

45
Q

A codon in a protein coding gene instructs the cell to place a specific ______ at a precise site in the protein

A

Amino Acid

46
Q

All cells use the same rules to store genetic information in DNA and use this information to make proteins. This set of rules is the -

A

Genetic code

47
Q

A receptor in your WBC recognized a flu virus. This cell will respond by expressing genes that code for-

A

Anti Viral proteins

48
Q

Which enzymes synthesize mRNA (transcript) during transcription?

A

RNA Polymerases

49
Q

To express a gene, which process in the nucleus makes an RNA copy of the coding strand of the gene?

A

Transcription

50
Q

Which highly regulated process enables your cells to activate a gene when your cells need to make the protein the gene encodes?

A

Gene expression

51
Q

Which nucleotide sequence is part of the transcription stop site of a gene that instructs RNA Polymerase to end transcription?

A

Poly-Adenylation Signal (AATAAA)

52
Q

After a gene in the nucleus has been transcribed, in which organelle is the messenger RNA processed?

A

Nucleus

53
Q

Which molecule does the capping enzyme complex add to the 5’ end of the mRNA?

A

GTP

54
Q

The chemical structure attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA is called the

A

Poly-A Tail

55
Q

The function of the 5’ G-Cap & 3’ Poly-A Tail is to

A

-Increase mRNA stability
-Enable mRNA export from the nucleus
-Enable mRNA to be translated by ribosomes in the cytosol

56
Q

Which virus mRNA would avoid destruction and retain its ability to infect its human host cell?

A

The mRNA of virus 2 has a 5’ C-Cap

57
Q

During messenger RNA processing in the nucleus, which process removes introns from the messenger RNA to make mature mRNA?

A

Splicing

58
Q

After splicing, which nucleotide sequences in the mature mRNA determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein the gene encodes?

A

Exons

59
Q

Which structure removes the introns from the mRNA and bonds the remaining exons together to form the mature mRNA?

A

Spliceosome

60
Q

The types (versions) of proteins that your cells can make from one gene is increased by

A

Alternative splicing

61
Q

A defect in the splicing process in the nucleus causes which medical conditions?

A

-Beta thalassemia
-Colorectal cancer
-Neurological disorders possibly including some types of autism spectrum disorder

62
Q

The translation process in the cytosol enables your cells to synthesize

A

Proteins

63
Q

Messenger RNA molecules made in the nucleus are translated by ribosomes in which cellular location?

A

Cytosol/cytoplasm

64
Q

The small subunit and large subunit of the ribosome, which performs translation, are formed from

A

Ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins

65
Q

Which type of biological molecule is the product of translation?

A

Protein

66
Q

Which complex molecular machine reads the linear sequence of codons in mRNA to make a protein with a specific amino acid sequence?

A

Ribosome

67
Q

The ribosomes require the 20 types of amino acids to make proteins. Which specialized RNA molecules deliver the amino acids to the ribosomes during translation?

A

Transfer RNA

68
Q

Which enzyme attaches the proper amino acid to the proper transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

69
Q

Which additional proteins are required to form the translation initiation complex during the initiation phase?

A

Initiation factors

70
Q

Which codon informs the ribosome where to begin translating the mRNA (transcript)?

A

Start codon

71
Q

Which enzyme (ribozyme) in the large ribosomal subunit bonds the amino acids together during the elongation cycle?

A

Peptidyl transferase

72
Q

Which protein interacts with the stop codon to initiate the translation termination phase?

A

Release factor

73
Q

Which energy rich molecule fuels all three phases of translation?

A

GTP

74
Q

Which amino acid sequence of a protein acts as the “zip code” that ensures its delivery to the organelle that requires the protein’s function?

A

Signal sequence

75
Q

Some antibiotics harm pathogenic bacteria by preventing protein synthesis. These antibiotics inhibit which process?

A

Translation

76
Q
A

BIOLOGY 1 (22 decks)

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