CARBOHYDRATES

Question 1

4 types of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 2

Monosaccharides description (function, characteristics)

Answer 2

-Small size
-Import/export from cells
-Move through body
-Building blocks to make biological molecules
-Most basic carbohydrates
-Simple sugar
-Easily transported by the circulatory system
-Easily transported across cell membranes

Question 3

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 3

Fructose, glucose, galactose

Question 4

Disaccharides description (function, characteristics)

Answer 4

-Formed by linking 2 monosaccharides together
-Transported effectively due to smaller size
-Easily transported by circulatory system + phloem tissue
-Easily transported across cell membranes

Question 5

Carbohydrates Ratio

Answer 5

1:2:1
C:H:O

Question 6

Organic molecules

Answer 6

Carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

Question 7

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 7

Lactose (milk sugar)
Sucrose
Maltose

Question 8

Oligosaccharides description (function, characteristics)

Answer 8

-Formed by linking 3-20 monosaccharides together
-Cell to cell recognition + interaction
-Activating immunity
-Providing metabolic energy and building blocks for the mutualistic microbes in the intestines of nursing infants and adults

Question 9

What type of carbohydrates serve as pharmaceuticals?

Answer 9

Oligosaccharides

Question 10

Examples of oligosaccharides

Answer 10

Stachyose
Breast milk (around 200 oligosaccharides)

Question 11

Which carbohydrate serves as a cancer diagnosis?

Answer 11

Oligosaccharide (glycoprotein)

Question 12

Polysaccharides description (function, characteristics)

Answer 12

-Largest carbohydrates formed by bonding ≥ 30 monosaccharides together
-Polymers
-Storage of energy (glycogen in animals, starch in plants)
-Structural support (cellulose, chitin, hyaluronic acid)

Question 13

Polysaccharides cont:

Answer 13

-Provide physical support and form hard durable structures
-Hyaluronic acid provides support + flexibility to connective tissue
-Cellulose

Question 14

Cellulose

Answer 14

-A flexible metal cable that forms the plant cell wall
-Source of glucose for many herbivores
-Cellulase is the enzyme that digests cellulose
-Many herbivores form mutualisms with microbes that produce cellulase

Question 15

How are the glucose molecules distributed to all cells in our bodies?

Answer 15

-The circulatory system delivers glucose throughout the body via the bloodstream
-Glucose, like all monosaccharides, is dissolvable
-Easily transported across cell membranes

Question 16

How are the sucrose molecules distributed to all cells in the plant body?

Answer 16

Transport through the phloem tissue

Question 17

Which types of carbohydrates can cross the cell membrane to enter and exit cells?

Answer 17

Monosaccharides, disaccharides

Question 18

Why does mother’s milk contain oligosaccharides that the infant cannot digest?

Answer 18

-Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) give newborns multiple layers of protection
-Protect against pathogenic infections
-Promote the development of the intestine
-Help establish the gut microbiota
-Stimulate the maturation of the immune system
-HMOs positively influence the infant’s mucosal and systemic immunity

Question 19

Where is glycogen stored in the human body?

Answer 19

-Liver cells; maintain blood glucose levels
-Muscle cell; provide energy for physical activity

Question 20

Which plant storage polysaccharide is a primary source of our dietary calories?

Answer 20

-Starch

Question 21

Which types of carbohydrates cause the sweet flavor sensation? Why is this sensation beneficial?

Answer 21

-Monosaccharides, disaccharides
-Quick energy
-Increase caloric intake

Question 22

What bond is a source of metabolic energy?

Answer 22

The covalent bonds that bind carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms (makes ATP, then cellular respiration occurs)

Question 23

What group makes carbohydrates water soluble?

Answer 23

The hydroxyl group (OH)

Question 24

Carbohydrates dietary intake

Answer 24

~45-60% daily caloric intake
-Provide energy
-Molecular building blocks