transfer of skill/learning

Question 1

what is skill to skill?

Answer 1

fundamental movement of skills to form the basics of all sport related movement
eg basic throwing and catching

Question 2

what is positive transfer?

Answer 2

-when one skill helps the learning and performance of another
eg overarm throw to tennis serve to volleyball serve

Question 3

what is negative transfer?

Answer 3

-when one skill hinders the learning and performance of another skill
eg badminton smash to tennis smash

Question 4

what is proactive transfer?

Answer 4

-when a previously learned skill influences a skill currently being learned, or present skill influences a future skill
eg overarm throw learned as a child helps learning volleyball serve as an adult

Question 5

what is retroactive transfer?

Answer 5

-when a newly learned skill influences a previously learned skill
eg trampolinist doing a gymnastics can influence further trampolining

Question 6

what is bilateral transfer?

Answer 6

-the capacity of a performer to transfer a skill from one side of the body to another
eg shooting left and right handed

Question 7

how to optimise positive transfer?

Answer 7

-make practise games related
eg adding defenders when practising a short corner

-teach similar skills close together
eg teaching rounders and cricket fielding in the same team as the skills are similar

-coach points out similarities in movement of skills
eg coach highlighting the similarity of spin action between forehand spin and backhand spin in table tennis

-make sure previous skill is well learned
eg over arm throw is well learnt before attempting to learn to throw a javelin

-use positive reinforcement/ praise when positive transfer occurs
eg praise the holleyballer when they successfully transfer the tennis serve action to help their volleyball

-point out similar information processing/tactics/ follow identical elements theory
eg tell the football RB that is trying RB at hockey that they mark the same way

Question 8

how to limit negative transfer?

Answer 8

1. make sure skills are thoroughly learnt before moving on to new ones
2. make sure practise sessions are similar to game situations
3. teacher should draw performers attention to differences in response
4. don’t teach conflicting skills at the same time

Question 9

causes of negative transfer?

Answer 9

1. performer misunderstands movement requirements
2. a familiar stimulus requiring a different response
3. negative transfer will occur if original skill not learnt well
4. conflicting skill taught close together
5. practise and competition environmet not the same
   negative transfer can demonstrate and waste time