Learning theories

Question 1

what is operant conditioning

Answer 1

learning using trial and error

conditioning the most response through practise

Question 2

what is the cognitive theory of learning

Answer 2

gestalist approach by learning whole skill and using problem solving to work out how to most effectively perform the whole skill

Question 3

what is social learning theory/observation

Answer 3

learning through watching and copying others

Question 4

operant conditioning - association

Answer 4

manipulating and conditioning behaviour towards a stimulus using trial and error and reinforcement

Question 5

example of operant conditioning

Answer 5

a badminton player learns to smash (response)
when they see the shuttle cock high and near the net (stimuli)

this is practised and reinforced by the coach
S-R bond is focused on this theory

Question 6

what is reinforcement

Answer 6

used to strengthen the S-R bond and increases likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the same way again

Question 7

what is throndickes law

Answer 7

laws developed to help strengthen s-r bond when using operant conditioning as a learning method

Question 8

who created operant conditioning

Answer 8

skinner 1964

Question 9

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 9

when a stimulus is given after the correct response
eg praise or reward

Question 10

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 10

when an unpleasant adverse stimulus is withdrawn after the correct response

eg coach stop shouting at performer

Question 11

what is punishment

Answer 11

when a stimulus is given to prevent a response occurring such as a forfeit or something else unpleasant

Question 12

what laws are there in thorndikes laws

Answer 12

law of exercise

law of effect

law of readiness

Question 13

what is the law of exercise

Answer 13

skills improve through training so you train with more focus

eg triathlete practsiing transition
if athlete practises for 10 mins daily they are more likely to improve and strengthen s-r bond

Question 14

what is law of effect

Answer 14

positive outcome or satisfaction from practise makes you continue

eg triathlete transition
if they start improving their time and swiftness in transition, they will gain more confidence and satisfaction

Question 15

law of readiness

Answer 15

you need to be physically and mentally strong enough to do the skill you are practising or learning

eg triathlon transition
must be calm enough to transition well enough to be quick and steady enough to want to improve

Question 16

what is insight learning

Answer 16

using problem solving and using memory of effective experiences to solve a new challenge

eg a coach explains why a badminton player should return a serve using an overhead clear. the performer develops an insight or understanding

Question 17

what are intervening variables

Answer 17

these are the mental processes involved in decision making

eg a coach could encourage the badminton player to think about the height of the serve and where the player is stood before deciding where to place the clear

Question 18

advantages of cognitive theory of learning

Answer 18

-performer can become more independent and self correct during a game
-they can adapt better to different situations
-they could make quick progress. they develop kinesthesis

Question 19

disadvantages of the cognitive theory of learning

Answer 19

-using whole practise might be a problem if the skill is too difficult or dangerous of beginners
-learning could be slower if the performer doesn’t understand what to do and therefore might lose motivation.
-they might not have any past experiences to draw on

Question 20

who developed social learning theory/observational

Answer 20

Bandura

based on successful modelling

Question 21

what are the 4 processes of slt

Answer 21

ATTENTION
pay attention to demonstration

RETENTION
performer must remember demo

MOTOR REPRODUCTION
must be physically and mentally able to perform skill

MOTIVATION
performer needs to want to carry out skill

Question 22

who are significant others

Answer 22

people who are role models to us

important and we are more likely to pay attention and copy their behaviour

Question 23

what makes modelling successful

Answer 23

-clear demo
-freidnly/attractive model
-similar age/gender/sport
-someone we look up to
-models behaviour is reinforced
-observer is motivated

Question 24

example of slt - rugby

Answer 24

attention: watch rugby match

retention:able to remember skill (eg ruck)

motor reproduction: performer must be able to carry out skill (ruck) demonstrated

motivation: performer needs to want to carry out skill