Learning theories Flashcards
what is operant conditioning
learning using trial and error
conditioning the most response through practise
what is the cognitive theory of learning
gestalist approach by learning whole skill and using problem solving to work out how to most effectively perform the whole skill
what is social learning theory/observation
learning through watching and copying others
operant conditioning - association
manipulating and conditioning behaviour towards a stimulus using trial and error and reinforcement
example of operant conditioning
a badminton player learns to smash (response)
when they see the shuttle cock high and near the net (stimuli)
this is practised and reinforced by the coach
S-R bond is focused on this theory
what is reinforcement
used to strengthen the S-R bond and increases likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the same way again
what is throndickes law
laws developed to help strengthen s-r bond when using operant conditioning as a learning method
who created operant conditioning
skinner 1964
what is positive reinforcement
when a stimulus is given after the correct response
eg praise or reward
what is negative reinforcement
when an unpleasant adverse stimulus is withdrawn after the correct response
eg coach stop shouting at performer
what is punishment
when a stimulus is given to prevent a response occurring such as a forfeit or something else unpleasant
what laws are there in thorndikes laws
law of exercise
law of effect
law of readiness
what is the law of exercise
skills improve through training so you train with more focus
eg triathlete practsiing transition
if athlete practises for 10 mins daily they are more likely to improve and strengthen s-r bond
what is law of effect
positive outcome or satisfaction from practise makes you continue
eg triathlete transition
if they start improving their time and swiftness in transition, they will gain more confidence and satisfaction
law of readiness
you need to be physically and mentally strong enough to do the skill you are practising or learning
eg triathlon transition
must be calm enough to transition well enough to be quick and steady enough to want to improve
what is insight learning
using problem solving and using memory of effective experiences to solve a new challenge
eg a coach explains why a badminton player should return a serve using an overhead clear. the performer develops an insight or understanding
what are intervening variables
these are the mental processes involved in decision making
eg a coach could encourage the badminton player to think about the height of the serve and where the player is stood before deciding where to place the clear
advantages of cognitive theory of learning
-performer can become more independent and self correct during a game
-they can adapt better to different situations
-they could make quick progress. they develop kinesthesis
disadvantages of the cognitive theory of learning
-using whole practise might be a problem if the skill is too difficult or dangerous of beginners
-learning could be slower if the performer doesn’t understand what to do and therefore might lose motivation.
-they might not have any past experiences to draw on
who developed social learning theory/observational
Bandura
based on successful modelling
what are the 4 processes of slt
ATTENTION
pay attention to demonstration
RETENTION
performer must remember demo
MOTOR REPRODUCTION
must be physically and mentally able to perform skill
MOTIVATION
performer needs to want to carry out skill
who are significant others
people who are role models to us
important and we are more likely to pay attention and copy their behaviour
what makes modelling successful
-clear demo
-freidnly/attractive model
-similar age/gender/sport
-someone we look up to
-models behaviour is reinforced
-observer is motivated
example of slt - rugby
attention: watch rugby match
retention:able to remember skill (eg ruck)
motor reproduction: performer must be able to carry out skill (ruck) demonstrated
motivation: performer needs to want to carry out skill
