Toxicology Flashcards
What is Sam - E used for - give an example
Liver supplement to help detoxify and have antioxidant effects on the liver - can be used as a hepatoprotectant for a toxic ingestion like xylitol in dogs
Describe what happens with xylitol toxicity in dogs
Leads to a rapid release of insulin I causing hypoglycemia and signs like vomiting, weakness, ataxia, seizures snd coma
How do you treat xylitol toxicity in dogs
Fluids with added dextrose I monitor liver values and coats
How do you treat bleach toxicity and what do you not do
Dilute stomach with milk - do not induce emesis, add in GI protectants
Describe clinical signs do you see from a black widow spider bite
Recumbency, vocalizing, pain, respiratory and cardiac depression leading to rapid death - can also see ascending motor paralysis
What is the species none for the black widow spider
Lactrodectus mactans
What rodenticides are anticoagulants - what do you do und what do you monitor
Warfarin and brodifacum - give vitamin K and monitor prothrombin time
What would you expect with cholecalciferol ingestion and why
Can cause fatal hypercalcemia - converted to active vitamin D which increases absorption of calcium
What happens with ethylene glycol toxicity
Toxic metabolites made in the liver get excreted in the kidney , causing a severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage
What is treatment of ethulere glycol toxicity aimed at
Alcohol dehydrogenase - an enzyme in the liver that helps metabolize ethanol and other toxic metabolites
What are 2 treatments for ethylene glycol toxicity - which is better
4 - methylpyrazole and ethanol - 4 map has less side effects than ethanol which can cause cns depression, metabolic acidosis
What signs might you see indicating ethylene glycol toxicity
Metabolic acidosis , azotemia, oliguria or Anuria, calcium oxalate crystals in the urine
How do organophophates cause toxicity
Inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs like hypersalivation, incoordination and bloat
How do you treat organophosphate toxicity
2 Pam (pralidoxime - reactivates cholinesterses to break down ACH) combo with atropine to block muscarinic associated effects
What can occur due to a fleet enema and why
Usually high in phosphorus so leads to hypocacemia causing weakness, tremors, seizures - also causes hyperatremin and Hyperphosphatemia, sometimes hypokalemia
How do you treat organophosphate toxicity
Calcium gluconate (because of the hypocalcemia) and phosphorous binders (aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, etc)
What is strychnine, what does it cause and how to you treat it
Snail bait - inhibits glycine leading to a loss of impulse contractility in the spinal cord, leading to convulsions, that with methocarbomal
What within chocolate causes toxicity and what clinical signs can you see
Methylxanthinines like theobromine and caffeine - causes signs like CNS excitation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction
What type of chocolate has the highest concentration of toxins
Unsweetened baking chocolate
How do pyrethrins cause toxicity - what signs might you see
Alter activity of sodium channels leading to longer length of depobrization (more continuous contractions) - can see depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
Treatments are toxic to- and should be treated with -
Toxic to cats, treat with methobormool and a bath (usually topical)
What could you see in cats affected by acetaminophen toxicity
Methemoglobinemia (dark brown blood due to oxidative injury to hemoglobin), Heinz bodies
Why are cats sensitive to acetaminophen toxicity
Lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase - entires that help body metabolic and eliminate toxins
How do you treat acetaminophen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
What are some causes of Heinz body anemia
Zinc Pennies, onions, red maple leaves in horses, methylene blue, rye grass
What is Heinz body anemia
Oxidative damage to hemoglobin in red blood cells casing premature cell death - leads to signs like hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria , icterus
What toxin is on your differential list in a work that is icteric and showing signs of colic
Red maple leaves - acer rubrum
Which types of Lillies can cause renal failure in cats
Tiger Lilly, stargazer Lilly, Easter Lilly, day Lilly
Which species is affected by zealalonone and what does it cause
Affects pigs - causes a pseudo pregnancy and hyperestrogenidm
Where does zearalone come from
Toxic metabolite from a fungus
What lesion occurs with salt poisoning in large animals
Perivascular infiltration of eosinophils
Describe the pathogenesis of salt poisoning in large animals and what is the bodies response
Too much blood sodium increases omolority causing water in brain to rush into the vasulature , causing hemolysis because of water rushing into RBC - response in to form hyper molar molecules to draw water back in
What clinical signs do you see with salt poisoning
Head pressing / stargazing, blindness, seizures
Which species is most susceptible to copper toxicity and how are they exposed usually
Sheep - cattle and horse feed are high in copper
What occurs with copper toxicity in sheep
Causes hemolytic anemia in sheep due to build up of copper in the liver which suddenly releases causing hemolusis and icterus, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria
What species is affected by copper deficiency and what occurs
Sheep - enzootic ataxia and swayback 1 either congenital Or secondary
What is enzootic ataxia
Copper deficiency in lambs 1-2 months old
What is swayback
Copper deficiency - congenital or in young lambs with progressive ascending paralysis
What clinical signs are caused by phalaris/canary grasses
Stiff legged gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, head tremors
Hypomagnesia from lush pastures leads to what clinical signs
Restlessness, staggers, convulsions, death
Black walnut causes what in horses
Laminitis
What is slafarime
Moldy red clover
Slafaramine toxicity causes
Hypersalivation and slobbers
Oak leaves and acorn toxicity cause what signs in horses compared to cate
Horses - hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, colic, death
Cattle - renal failure
What is cantharidin
Blister beetle toxicity
What clinical signs do you see with cantharidin toxicity in horses
Colic, cardiovascular shock, renal failure, vesicles in mouth and tongue ,watery diarrhea, Neuro signs, colic, fever hypersalivation, hematuria
What is claviceps purpura
Parasitic fungus, ergotism
Where is ergotism fungus found
Rye, oats, wheat, Kentucky bluegrass
Finish the phase - “ find ergot in the “
Find ergot in the grain
What clinical signs can you see with ergotism
Alkaloid - causes vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene, vomiting , colic, constitution
What are 2 types of blue green Algae toxins - describe them
Nicotinic agonists - mimic acetylcholine
Acetycholinesterase inhibitors - prevent breakdown of ACH
What clinical signs can you see with blue green algae toxicity
Mitosis, Pytilism, bradycardia, diarrhea, ataxia convulsions - often and animals dead by a pond
How is blue green algae toxic - how quickly do you see clinical signs
Toxin is absorbed through mucus membranes - causing post synaptic depolarization block, can kill a cow in minutes
Give examples of blue green algae toxins
Microcustis, anabaena, aphanizemoren
How is night shade toxic
Has a toxic alkaloid called atropine
What clinical signs can you see with nightshade toxicity
Atropine so see CNS signs like dieted pupils, progressive paralysis, depression
What part of water hemlock is toxic and what signs in you see
The leaves are very toxic - can cause neuro signs like grand mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, birth defects
How are perennial ryegrass, water hemlock and nightshade related
All cause neurotoxicity
What occurs with lead poisoning in large animals
Blindness, dullness, recumbency, vocalizing, unaware of presence - rumen contents will have an oily sheen
How do you treat lead poisoning in large animals - how do you not treat it
Calcium EDTA to chelate and prevent hypocalcemia - don’t use sodium EDTA because it will bind the calcium and cause hypocalemia
Sorghum toxicity causes what specific lesion
Myelomalacia of the lower spinal cord
What clinical signs do you see with sorghum toxicity
Pelvic limb incoordination , urine dribbling, death
Ingestion of what leads to a loss of globus pallidus and substantia nigra (nicropolidal encephalomalacia)
Yellow star thistle
Ingestion of what leads to a loss of globus pallidus and substantia nigra (nicropolidal encephalomalacia)
Yellow star thistle
What clinical signs will you see with yellow star thistle toxicity - what is the prognosis
Loss of prehension, tremoring, dysphagia - grave prognosis, usually euthanize
What is another name for false hellebore
Veratrum Californicum
Ingestion of false hell bore at day 14 and day 30 lead to
Day 14 - cyclopamine and craniofacial deformities
Day 30 - limb and bone shortening in metatarsal and metacarpal joints
Where are you likely to see locoweed toxicity
Out west in dry environments where other forages are source
Where are you likely to see locoweed toxicity
Out west in dry environments where other forages are source
Where are you likely to see locoweed toxicity
Out west in dry environments where other forages are source
Describe clinical signs seen with locoweed toxicity
Abortions, weak lambs, Bent legs , ataxia
How does fesure toxicity affect mares
Causes repro insufficiency - thickened placentas, dystocia, inhibition of lactation, agalactia, weak or stillborn foals
What is toxic about fescue
Ergo peptide alkaloids
What is toxic about fescue
Ergo peptide alkaloids
Besides reproductive effects, what clinical signs can you see with fescue toxicity in horses
Lameness, sloughing of rear hooves, decreased weight gain, fat necrosis
Ingestion of what causes crooked calf disease and arthrogyposis
Lupine
What occurs with ponderosa pine needle ingestion and when
Abortion in last trimester or retained placentas
What occurs with ponderosa pine needle ingestion and when
Abortion in last trimester or retained placentas
What clinical signs or disorders can you see with bracken fern ingestion
Policencephalamalicia due to increased thiamonases that breakdown thiamine , enzoootic hematuria and bore marrow depression (neutropenia, lymphopenia)
What is enzootic hematuria and what causes it
Hemorrhagic cystitis that progresses to neoplastic changes in the bladder - caused by ingestion of bracken fern
What is the treatment for cyanide / choke cherry toxicity
Sodium thiosulfate, methylene blue, Sodium nitrite
What is the pathogenesis of cyanide and choke cherry toxicity
Cyanide blocks cellular respiration so hemoglobin is unable to release oxygen (which is why the blood is bright red)
How can you differentiate between choke cherry and carbon monoxide toxicity became bomb cause cherry red mucus membranes
Carbon monoxide does not have the bitter almond smell like choke cherry
What toxin causes muddy brown blood and how do you treat it
Nitrates - treat with methylene blue (like cyanide choke cherry)
How does moldy sweet clover cause toxicity
Vitamin k antagonist (dicumoral) which is needed for factors 2, 7,9,10 - leading to hemorrhage
What do you do if you suspect moldy sweet clover toxicity
Check pt - because it is associated with factor 7 which is depleted first during hemorrgage
What do you do if you suspect moldy sweet clover toxicity
Check pt - because it is associated with factor 7 which is depleted first during hemorrhage
Besides obliges clinical signs, how do you diagnose anthrax
Obtain vitreous humor or blood from ear scrape
Give examples of cardiotoxins - what happens
Milkweed, gossypol cottonseed I oleander, foxglove / white snakeroot - can cause arrhythmias and sudden death
How do ionophores affect horses - give examples
Cardiotoxic (monensin and coccidiostat) - cause myocardial necrosis and DCM, heart murmur, profuse sweating, staggering
How do you treat ionophore toxicity in horses
Atropine - empty git with activated charcoal, mineral oil, etc
What occurs with perilla mint toxicity
Dyspnea, frothing at the mouth - leads to wet emphysemas lungs with permanent fibrosis on necropsy
What clinical signs and lesions can you see with moldy sweet potatoes
Atypical intestinal pneumonia causing grunting, respiratory distress, death in 2-5 days - on necropsy see wet firm lungs that fail to collapse
What clinical signs and lesions can you see with moldy sweet potatoes
Atypical intestinal pneumonia causing grunting, respiratory distress, death in 2-5 days - on necropsy see wet firm lungs that fail to collapse
What is fusarium solani
Moldy sweet potato
Give examples of brassica plants
Kale, rape, turnips
What occurs with brassica plant toxicity
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (.fog fever) - frothy nasal discharge, open mouth breathing, sub q emphysema
What is the pathogenesis of brassica plant toxicity
Plants contain alot of tryptophan which is converted to 3MI causing wet and firm lungs
What diagnostic lesions indicate pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity from plants like groundsel, ragwort, or fiddleneck
Megalocytosis, peri portal fibrosis, bile duct hypoplasia
Aflatoxins are - from -
Mycotoxins from aspergillus
Aflatoxins are - from -
Mycotoxins from aspergillus
How do you differentiate between aflatoxin and PA toxicity
Megalocytes ate pathogenic for PA toxicity, otherwise clinical signs are similar
Aflatoxins are primarily found in
Moldy grains
