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NAVLE > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sam - E used for - give an example

A

Liver supplement to help detoxify and have antioxidant effects on the liver - can be used as a hepatoprotectant for a toxic ingestion like xylitol in dogs

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2
Q

Describe what happens with xylitol toxicity in dogs

A

Leads to a rapid release of insulin I causing hypoglycemia and signs like vomiting, weakness, ataxia, seizures snd coma

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3
Q

How do you treat xylitol toxicity in dogs

A

Fluids with added dextrose I monitor liver values and coats

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4
Q

How do you treat bleach toxicity and what do you not do

A

Dilute stomach with milk - do not induce emesis, add in GI protectants

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5
Q

Describe clinical signs do you see from a black widow spider bite

A

Recumbency, vocalizing, pain, respiratory and cardiac depression leading to rapid death - can also see ascending motor paralysis

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6
Q

What is the species none for the black widow spider

A

Lactrodectus mactans

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7
Q

What rodenticides are anticoagulants - what do you do und what do you monitor

A

Warfarin and brodifacum - give vitamin K and monitor prothrombin time

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8
Q

What would you expect with cholecalciferol ingestion and why

A

Can cause fatal hypercalcemia - converted to active vitamin D which increases absorption of calcium

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9
Q

What happens with ethylene glycol toxicity

A

Toxic metabolites made in the liver get excreted in the kidney , causing a severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage

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10
Q

What is treatment of ethulere glycol toxicity aimed at

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase - an enzyme in the liver that helps metabolize ethanol and other toxic metabolites

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11
Q

What are 2 treatments for ethylene glycol toxicity - which is better

A

4 - methylpyrazole and ethanol - 4 map has less side effects than ethanol which can cause cns depression, metabolic acidosis

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12
Q

What signs might you see indicating ethylene glycol toxicity

A

Metabolic acidosis , azotemia, oliguria or Anuria, calcium oxalate crystals in the urine

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13
Q

How do organophophates cause toxicity

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs like hypersalivation, incoordination and bloat

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14
Q

How do you treat organophosphate toxicity

A

2 Pam (pralidoxime - reactivates cholinesterses to break down ACH) combo with atropine to block muscarinic associated effects

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15
Q

What can occur due to a fleet enema and why

A

Usually high in phosphorus so leads to hypocacemia causing weakness, tremors, seizures - also causes hyperatremin and Hyperphosphatemia, sometimes hypokalemia

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16
Q

How do you treat organophosphate toxicity

A

Calcium gluconate (because of the hypocalcemia) and phosphorous binders (aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, etc)

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17
Q

What is strychnine, what does it cause and how to you treat it

A

Snail bait - inhibits glycine leading to a loss of impulse contractility in the spinal cord, leading to convulsions, that with methocarbomal

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18
Q

What within chocolate causes toxicity and what clinical signs can you see

A

Methylxanthinines like theobromine and caffeine - causes signs like CNS excitation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction

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19
Q

What type of chocolate has the highest concentration of toxins

A

Unsweetened baking chocolate

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20
Q

How do pyrethrins cause toxicity - what signs might you see

A

Alter activity of sodium channels leading to longer length of depobrization (more continuous contractions) - can see depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors

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21
Q

Treatments are toxic to- and should be treated with -

A

Toxic to cats, treat with methobormool and a bath (usually topical)

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22
Q

What could you see in cats affected by acetaminophen toxicity

A

Methemoglobinemia (dark brown blood due to oxidative injury to hemoglobin), Heinz bodies

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23
Q

Why are cats sensitive to acetaminophen toxicity

A

Lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase - entires that help body metabolic and eliminate toxins

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24
Q

How do you treat acetaminophen toxicity

A

N-acetylcysteine

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25
Q

What are some causes of Heinz body anemia

A

Zinc Pennies, onions, red maple leaves in horses, methylene blue, rye grass

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26
Q

What is Heinz body anemia

A

Oxidative damage to hemoglobin in red blood cells casing premature cell death - leads to signs like hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria , icterus

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27
Q

What toxin is on your differential list in a work that is icteric and showing signs of colic

A

Red maple leaves - acer rubrum

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28
Q

Which types of Lillies can cause renal failure in cats

A

Tiger Lilly, stargazer Lilly, Easter Lilly, day Lilly

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29
Q

Which species is affected by zealalonone and what does it cause

A

Affects pigs - causes a pseudo pregnancy and hyperestrogenidm

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30
Q

Where does zearalone come from

A

Toxic metabolite from a fungus

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31
Q

What lesion occurs with salt poisoning in large animals

A

Perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

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32
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of salt poisoning in large animals and what is the bodies response

A

Too much blood sodium increases omolority causing water in brain to rush into the vasulature , causing hemolysis because of water rushing into RBC - response in to form hyper molar molecules to draw water back in

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33
Q

What clinical signs do you see with salt poisoning

A

Head pressing / stargazing, blindness, seizures

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34
Q

Which species is most susceptible to copper toxicity and how are they exposed usually

A

Sheep - cattle and horse feed are high in copper

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35
Q

What occurs with copper toxicity in sheep

A

Causes hemolytic anemia in sheep due to build up of copper in the liver which suddenly releases causing hemolusis and icterus, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria

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36
Q

What species is affected by copper deficiency and what occurs

A

Sheep - enzootic ataxia and swayback 1 either congenital Or secondary

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37
Q

What is enzootic ataxia

A

Copper deficiency in lambs 1-2 months old

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38
Q

What is swayback

A

Copper deficiency - congenital or in young lambs with progressive ascending paralysis

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39
Q

What clinical signs are caused by phalaris/canary grasses

A

Stiff legged gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, head tremors

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40
Q

Hypomagnesia from lush pastures leads to what clinical signs

A

Restlessness, staggers, convulsions, death

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41
Q

Black walnut causes what in horses

A

Laminitis

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42
Q

What is slafarime

A

Moldy red clover

43
Q

Slafaramine toxicity causes

A

Hypersalivation and slobbers

44
Q

Oak leaves and acorn toxicity cause what signs in horses compared to cate

A

Horses - hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, colic, death
Cattle - renal failure

45
Q

What is cantharidin

A

Blister beetle toxicity

46
Q

What clinical signs do you see with cantharidin toxicity in horses

A

Colic, cardiovascular shock, renal failure, vesicles in mouth and tongue ,watery diarrhea, Neuro signs, colic, fever hypersalivation, hematuria

47
Q

What is claviceps purpura

A

Parasitic fungus, ergotism

48
Q

Where is ergotism fungus found

A

Rye, oats, wheat, Kentucky bluegrass

49
Q

Finish the phase - “ find ergot in the “

A

Find ergot in the grain

50
Q

What clinical signs can you see with ergotism

A

Alkaloid - causes vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene, vomiting , colic, constitution

51
Q

What are 2 types of blue green Algae toxins - describe them

A

Nicotinic agonists - mimic acetylcholine
Acetycholinesterase inhibitors - prevent breakdown of ACH

52
Q

What clinical signs can you see with blue green algae toxicity

A

Mitosis, Pytilism, bradycardia, diarrhea, ataxia convulsions - often and animals dead by a pond

53
Q

How is blue green algae toxic - how quickly do you see clinical signs

A

Toxin is absorbed through mucus membranes - causing post synaptic depolarization block, can kill a cow in minutes

54
Q

Give examples of blue green algae toxins

A

Microcustis, anabaena, aphanizemoren

55
Q

How is night shade toxic

A

Has a toxic alkaloid called atropine

56
Q

What clinical signs can you see with nightshade toxicity

A

Atropine so see CNS signs like dieted pupils, progressive paralysis, depression

57
Q

What part of water hemlock is toxic and what signs in you see

A

The leaves are very toxic - can cause neuro signs like grand mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, birth defects

58
Q

How are perennial ryegrass, water hemlock and nightshade related

A

All cause neurotoxicity

59
Q

What occurs with lead poisoning in large animals

A

Blindness, dullness, recumbency, vocalizing, unaware of presence - rumen contents will have an oily sheen

60
Q

How do you treat lead poisoning in large animals - how do you not treat it

A

Calcium EDTA to chelate and prevent hypocalcemia - don’t use sodium EDTA because it will bind the calcium and cause hypocalemia

61
Q

Sorghum toxicity causes what specific lesion

A

Myelomalacia of the lower spinal cord

62
Q

What clinical signs do you see with sorghum toxicity

A

Pelvic limb incoordination , urine dribbling, death

63
Q

Ingestion of what leads to a loss of globus pallidus and substantia nigra (nicropolidal encephalomalacia)

A

Yellow star thistle

64
Q

Ingestion of what leads to a loss of globus pallidus and substantia nigra (nicropolidal encephalomalacia)

A

Yellow star thistle

65
Q

What clinical signs will you see with yellow star thistle toxicity - what is the prognosis

A

Loss of prehension, tremoring, dysphagia - grave prognosis, usually euthanize

66
Q

What is another name for false hellebore

A

Veratrum Californicum

67
Q

Ingestion of false hell bore at day 14 and day 30 lead to

A

Day 14 - cyclopamine and craniofacial deformities
Day 30 - limb and bone shortening in metatarsal and metacarpal joints

68
Q

Where are you likely to see locoweed toxicity

A

Out west in dry environments where other forages are source

69
Q

Where are you likely to see locoweed toxicity

A

Out west in dry environments where other forages are source

70
Q

Where are you likely to see locoweed toxicity

A

Out west in dry environments where other forages are source

71
Q

Describe clinical signs seen with locoweed toxicity

A

Abortions, weak lambs, Bent legs , ataxia

72
Q

How does fesure toxicity affect mares

A

Causes repro insufficiency - thickened placentas, dystocia, inhibition of lactation, agalactia, weak or stillborn foals

73
Q

What is toxic about fescue

A

Ergo peptide alkaloids

74
Q

What is toxic about fescue

A

Ergo peptide alkaloids

75
Q

Besides reproductive effects, what clinical signs can you see with fescue toxicity in horses

A

Lameness, sloughing of rear hooves, decreased weight gain, fat necrosis

76
Q

Ingestion of what causes crooked calf disease and arthrogyposis

A

Lupine

77
Q

What occurs with ponderosa pine needle ingestion and when

A

Abortion in last trimester or retained placentas

78
Q

What occurs with ponderosa pine needle ingestion and when

A

Abortion in last trimester or retained placentas

79
Q

What clinical signs or disorders can you see with bracken fern ingestion

A

Policencephalamalicia due to increased thiamonases that breakdown thiamine , enzoootic hematuria and bore marrow depression (neutropenia, lymphopenia)

80
Q

What is enzootic hematuria and what causes it

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis that progresses to neoplastic changes in the bladder - caused by ingestion of bracken fern

81
Q

What is the treatment for cyanide / choke cherry toxicity

A

Sodium thiosulfate, methylene blue, Sodium nitrite

82
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cyanide and choke cherry toxicity

A

Cyanide blocks cellular respiration so hemoglobin is unable to release oxygen (which is why the blood is bright red)

83
Q

How can you differentiate between choke cherry and carbon monoxide toxicity became bomb cause cherry red mucus membranes

A

Carbon monoxide does not have the bitter almond smell like choke cherry

84
Q

What toxin causes muddy brown blood and how do you treat it

A

Nitrates - treat with methylene blue (like cyanide choke cherry)

85
Q

How does moldy sweet clover cause toxicity

A

Vitamin k antagonist (dicumoral) which is needed for factors 2, 7,9,10 - leading to hemorrhage

86
Q

What do you do if you suspect moldy sweet clover toxicity

A

Check pt - because it is associated with factor 7 which is depleted first during hemorrgage

87
Q

What do you do if you suspect moldy sweet clover toxicity

A

Check pt - because it is associated with factor 7 which is depleted first during hemorrhage

88
Q

Besides obliges clinical signs, how do you diagnose anthrax

A

Obtain vitreous humor or blood from ear scrape

89
Q

Give examples of cardiotoxins - what happens

A

Milkweed, gossypol cottonseed I oleander, foxglove / white snakeroot - can cause arrhythmias and sudden death

90
Q

How do ionophores affect horses - give examples

A

Cardiotoxic (monensin and coccidiostat) - cause myocardial necrosis and DCM, heart murmur, profuse sweating, staggering

91
Q

How do you treat ionophore toxicity in horses

A

Atropine - empty git with activated charcoal, mineral oil, etc

92
Q

What occurs with perilla mint toxicity

A

Dyspnea, frothing at the mouth - leads to wet emphysemas lungs with permanent fibrosis on necropsy

93
Q

What clinical signs and lesions can you see with moldy sweet potatoes

A

Atypical intestinal pneumonia causing grunting, respiratory distress, death in 2-5 days - on necropsy see wet firm lungs that fail to collapse

94
Q

What clinical signs and lesions can you see with moldy sweet potatoes

A

Atypical intestinal pneumonia causing grunting, respiratory distress, death in 2-5 days - on necropsy see wet firm lungs that fail to collapse

95
Q

What is fusarium solani

A

Moldy sweet potato

96
Q

Give examples of brassica plants

A

Kale, rape, turnips

97
Q

What occurs with brassica plant toxicity

A

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (.fog fever) - frothy nasal discharge, open mouth breathing, sub q emphysema

98
Q

What is the pathogenesis of brassica plant toxicity

A

Plants contain alot of tryptophan which is converted to 3MI causing wet and firm lungs

99
Q

What diagnostic lesions indicate pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity from plants like groundsel, ragwort, or fiddleneck

A

Megalocytosis, peri portal fibrosis, bile duct hypoplasia

100
Q

Aflatoxins are - from -

A

Mycotoxins from aspergillus

101
Q

Aflatoxins are - from -

A

Mycotoxins from aspergillus

102
Q

How do you differentiate between aflatoxin and PA toxicity

A

Megalocytes ate pathogenic for PA toxicity, otherwise clinical signs are similar

103
Q

Aflatoxins are primarily found in

A

Moldy grains

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