Medicine Stuff Flashcards
What is pathopneumonic for a liver shunt in cats
Bright orange irises, pytalism
What type of urinary stones are dogs with portosystemic shunts predisposed to
Urate stones
How do you treat portosystemic shunts and why
Diet change, lactulose (keeps ammonia in the excitable form), oral neomycin (kills urease producing bacteria to decrease ammonia)
What is the cause of erthyma migrans in humans
Lymes disease from ixodes ticks
What is the cause of canine granulocytic erlichiosis
E. Ewingii or anaplasma phagocytophilia - vector amblyomma
What is the causative agent of canine monocytosis erlichiosis
Evlichin canis, vector Ripicephalus
What are clinical signs of erlichiosis
Edema of limbs, petechia, oral vesicles, aqueous flare , increased alp, hypoalbuminemia
What is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and what’s the vector
Ricketsia rickettsia, vector is dermacentor
What clinical signs do you see with RMSF and why
Some as erlichiosis (fever, edema of limbs, oral vesiculations, aqueous flae and retinitis) - demacenter causes a vaults leading to those clinical signs
How do companion animals become infected with tularemia, what is the causative agent and vector
Close contact with rabbits (or rodents), tick vector - franciélla tulatenasis is the causative agent
How do companion animals become infected with tularemia, what is the causative agent and vector
Close contact with rabbits (or rodents), tick vector - franciélla tulatenasis is the causative agent
What is the most important thing to note about tularemia
Zoonotic - potent biological warfare (pneumonic, typhoidal, etc)
What clinical signs do you see in dogs with Tularemia
Dogs ave relatively resistant but can see anorexia, lymphadenopathy, oral ulceration
What is the vector of cytazoon felis
Dermacentor ticks
What clinical signs do you see with cytazuan felis - describe infection
Rapidly progressive, almost 100% fatal - dark red urine, icterus, fever, prolonged CRT, dic, anemia
You see ring shaped organisms in red blood cells and find shizonts in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes _ what is your top differential
Cytazoon felis
What does anaplasma marginale cause in cattle - how do you differentiate it from other diseases like bacillary hemoglobinuria or leptospirosis
Extravascular hemolysis without hemoglobinuria (those other diseases do have it)
What clinical signs can you see with anaplasma marginale infection in cattle
Weak, icteric, depressed, staring into space, pale
What clinical signs can you see with anaplasma marginale infection in cattle
Weak, icteric, depressed, staring into space, pale
How is Anaplasma transmitted
Ticks or blood vectors like shared needles
What is the vector for babesia - which species are affected
Rhipechephalus - dogs and horses are affected
What clinical signs do you see with babesia infection - how do you treat it
Anemia, thrombocytopenia due to RBC destruction - treat with imidocarb (an antiprotozoal agent)
What is the causative agent of heartwater disease and which species are affected
Erlichia ruminatum , vector amblyomma - see fatal encephalitis in sheep, goats and cattle
What is the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion / California foothills
Ornithodoras cornicus (soft tick)
What signs can you see with epizootic foothill abortion
Aborted fetus with enlarged lymph nudes, spleen and destructive lesion to thymus
What is otobius megnini
A soft hick often found in the ears of cattle
What is otobius megnini
A soft hick often found in the ears of cattle
What is otobius megnini
A soft hick often found in the ears of cattle
What clinical signs do you usually see with blastomycosis
Think bells - bones, eyes, lungs, lymph nodes, skin - uveitis, cough, lymphadenopathy
Which fungal disease is common in Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri River valley, mainly affecting dogs
Blastomycosis and histoplasmosis
On cytology, you find small intracellular yeast with small bodies, basophilic centers in mononuclear phagocytes - what is your top differential
Histoplasmosis
What clinical signs do you commonly see with histoplasmosis
Large bowel diarrhea - no staining, large volume, mucous, frank blood
Describe cryptococcus neoformans on cytology
Small yeast with a large capsule, narrow based budding
Describe cryptococcus neoformans on cytology
Small yeast with a large capsule, narrow based budding
Which fungus survives well in pigeon feces
CRyptococcus
What clinical signs do you see with cryptococus neoformans
Respiratory and ocular disease, Roman nose, facial swelling, lymphadenopathy
What clinical signs do you see with cryptococus neoformans
Respiratory and ocular disease, Roman nose, facial swelling, lymphadenopathy
How can you diagnose aspergillosis
On histopath, you would see branching fungal hyphae and then might see fungal plaques on rhinoscopy
In what breeds are you likely to see cases of aspergillosis
Doliocephalics - nasal aspergillosis
German sheperds- disseminated aspergillosis
How do you treat aspergillosis infection - what is me risk
Clotrimazole - risk of laryngeal edema
How do you treat aspergillosis infection - what is me risk
Clotrimazole - risk of laryngeal edema
How do coccidomycosis affect dogs versus cats
Cats - only causes skin lesions
Dogs - similar lesions to blasto (cough, lameness , draining lesions, pneumonia, lymphadenopathy)
How do you diagnose coccidiomycosis
Spherules - double walled structure with endophores
How do you treat coccidiomycosis- what is the exception
Antifungals - do not use ketconazole in cats became it will cause vomiting
Which antifungal should you not use in cats and why
Ketoconazole - will cause vomiting
Which fungal infection causes chronic nonhealing wounds and draining tracts, and can be zoonotic to pet owners
Sporothrichosis
How are cats infected with sporotrichosis
Found in soil, rose bushes
How are cats infected with sporotrichosis
Found in soil, rose bushes
With which type of kidney failure would you see anuria
Acute
What bloodwork abnormalities would you see with both acute and chronic renal failure
Hyperphosphatemia from impaired excretion and metabolic acidosis from low bicarbonate produced from kidneys
What type of diet should a dog with renal failure be given
One with low dietary protein and low in phosphorous
What are options for treating renal failure - describe them
Sub Q fluids weekly, renal diet low in protein and phosphorous, oral phosphate binding agents to decrease absorption, potassium supplements if potassium gets low, calcium channel blocking agent to prevent hypercalceria 1 H2 receptor agonists to decrease gastric acid secretion
What is the active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol
That are 3 common sequence of renal failure
Loss of ability to make calcitriol which overproduces PTH leading to chronic weight loss, gastric ulcers due to hyper secretion of gastric fluid and secondary hyper parathyroidism
How do you treat urethral incontinence
Phenylpronalamine
Nephrotic syndrome occurs with -
Protein losing nephropathies like glomenonephritis or amyloidiosis
Nephrotic syndrome occurs with -
Protein losing nephropathies like glomenonephritis or amyloidiosis
What are 4 components of nephrotic syndrome
Proteinaria, hypercholesteremia, edema/ascites, hypoproteinemia
What urinary stones are horses prone to getting and why
Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate because equine urine has a lot of calcium - likely to form in alkaline urine
When are you likely to see calcium carbonate urinary stones
Its the most common urinary stone in horses - can also see in grazing sheep in lush pastures because of the clover and alfalfa
When are you most likely to see silica stones
Dehydrated animals or sheep and cattle grazing western range land
Struvite stones are made of - and form in - urine
Calcium, magnesium and phosphate - forms in alkaline urine
Struvite stones are made of - and form in - urine
Calcium, magnesium and phosphate - forms in alkaline urine
When are you likely to see struvite stones (which species)
Feedlot the eating lots of grain
Changing diets to prevent formation of Struvite stones has led to increased incidence of
Calcium oxalate stores because you’re feeding an acidifying diet
Calcium oxalate is likely to form in- so you should treat with -
Acidic urine - treat with an alkalinizing diet
What predisposes to cysteine stone formation _ how can you diagnose
Can not see cysteine stones on rads, use ultrasound - males are predisposed, due to a genetic defect in renal tales
Which two urinary stores can you not see on radiographs
Cysteine and urate stones - I can’t C U
Which two urinary stores can you not see on radiographs
Cysteine and urate stones - I can’t C U
When are you likely to see urate stones
With portosustenic shunts and Dalmatians due to a defect in urate metabolism leading to urate buildup
How do you treat urate stones and why
Allopurinol - inhibits xanthine oxidase
How do you treat urate stones and why
Allopurinol - inhibits xanthine oxidase
A fungal culture with a KOH prep definitively diagnoses what
Ringworm - dermatophytosis
Leptospira is gram- and should be evaluated with - because-
Lepto is Gram negative - examine with dark field microscopy because it stains poorly
How do you treat leptospirosis
Tetracycline - then vaccinate for correct serovar
What are the lepto serovar for cattle? Swine?
Cattle - hardjo, swine and raccoons- Pomona
What are the most common lepto serovars in dogs
Gripptophyso, Bratislava, Pomona - canicola also
What is the lepto serovar for mice, rats and horses
Mice - gripptophysa, rats- icterrohemorrhagic , horses - bratslava
Clostridial bacteria is gram
Positive
What is the causative agent and disease progression of redwater
Clostridium hemolyticum - causes bacillary hemoglobinuria due to liver fluke migration causing anaerobic tact’s for closhidium to grow leading to acute hemolysis, port red wine urine and death
What is the causative agent and disease progression of redwater
Clostridium hemolyticum - causes bacillary hemoglobinuria due to liver fluke migration causing anaerobic tact’s for closhidium to grow leading to acute hemolysis, port red wine urine and death
What is the causative agent of malignant edema
Clostridium septicum, novyi, perfringens type A and sordelli
Compare malignant edema caused by clostridium septicum and blackleg caused by clostridium chauvei
Both cause pitting Edema that infiltrates tissues, causing necrosis - blackleg causes crepitus and malignant edema does not
What is the causative agent of bighead in Rams
Clostridium novyi type A
Why does rigid paralysis occur with closhidium tetani infection
Binding of tetanus neurotoxin to inhibitory receptors, binds postsynaptic receptors
What is the biggest difference between tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxoid
Tetanus antitoxin has immediate protection, toxoid is protective after 14 days
Why does flaccid paralysis occur with clostridium botulism infection
Toxin blocks acetylcholine release by binding presynaptic membranes (where as tetanus binds post synaptic)
What is the difference between clostridium botulinum infection in foals versus adult horses
Foals - shaker foal syndrome, ingest the spore which grows in intestines
Adults - infected only if they ingest the preformed toxin
What is your top differential for rights less than 7 days old with hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis with both high morbidity and high mortality
Clostridium perfringens type C
Clostridial endotoxemia in lambs 4-5 months old on rich feed is caused by
Closhidial perfringens type D
What is your top differential in a foal with acute diarrhea and a pcv of over 65% (hemocpncentration)
Clostridial diarrhea caused by clostridial perfringens types A, B, and C
Acute necrotizing hepatitis in foals 1-6 weeks old is caused by
Clostridium piliformis - tyzzers disease
Acute necrotizing hepatitis in foals 1-6 weeks old is caused by
Clostridium piliformis - tyzzers disease
What diagnostic findings would you see with tyzzers disease in foals
Hyperfibrinogenemia , hypoglycemia, increased liver enzymes, acidosis
Randomly distributed foci of necrosis in the liver and long slender rods in hepatocytes indicate
Tyzzers disease caused by clostridium piliformis
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is theilers disease /serum hepatitis/ serum sickness
Type 3 - immune mediated
What is a common cause of maxillary sinusitis in horses - which teeth are involved
Tooth root abscess- often involves the first molar tooth
What is a common cause of maxillary sinusitis in horses - which teeth are involved
Tooth root abscess- often involves the first molar tooth
How do you treat feline odontoclastic resorption lesions
Alendronate/biphosphate to inhibit demineralization of bone
Why does FORL occur in cats
Diets high in vitamin D - low in calcium, phosphorous , magnesium and potassium
What can cause teeth in dogs to look stained and brown
Tertiary dentin from aggressive chewing - prevents exposure of pup caving with rapid wear
What are 3 goals of articular fracture healing
Rigid fixation, anatomic realignment and early return to function
Describe hypertrophic osteopathy
Occurs distally first (tarsal bones) Pres progresses proximally to long bones - caused by thoracic masses
Describe hypertrophic osteopathy
Occurs distally first (tarsal bones) Pres progresses proximally to long bones - caused by thoracic masses
What condition affects the metaphysis of long bones causing a double physis line in young large breed dogs
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
What condition affects the metaphysis of long bones causing a double physis line in young large breed dogs
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
How do you treat hypertrophic osteodystrophy
Analgesia because it is very painful, bully resolves on its own
Which antibiotic can cause enamel hypoplasia and teeth staining
Tetracyclines like doxycycline
What does phenylbutazone, fluoroquinolones, clenbuterol, most sulfas and vancomycin all have in common
All are prohibited for use in food animals by the FDA
Which antibiotic has the shortest withdrawl time in food animals
Ceftiofur / naxcel
Most football illnesses in the US are caused by
Viruses (2/3)
Most football illnesses in the US are caused by
Viruses (2/3)
How does Staph aureus after people (food borne illness) - what usually happens
Causes abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, chills - mild illness with recovery in 2-3 days
How do people normally became infected with campylobacter jejuni
Eating undercooked chicken (or raw milk) - usually see diarrhea
How do people normally became infected with campylobacter jejuni
Eating undercooked chicken (or raw milk) - usually see diarrhea
What is the causative agent of Guillian barre syndrome - describe it
Campylobacter jejuni - acute inflammatory polyneuropathy, autoimmune disease lefter certain GI and or respiratory diseases
What is the enterohemorrhagic strain of E. Coli that produces shiga like toxins - how are people usually affected
0157: H7 - fecal contamination and raw ground beef, recently seen in spinach
What clinical signs can you see in people infected with E. Coli 0157:H7 - how does it usually end up
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, severe acute hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal cramps - resolves in 5-10 dys but can cause renal injury in kids and old people
Why should you not feed babies honey
Due to clostridial botulism spores - causing persistent constitution, change in cry due to muscle weakness, duspren and nervous system signs
Listeria monocytogenes is pyscophilic - what does this mean and how does it apply to humans
Grows in low temperatures - means it can grow slowly refrigerator temperatures, can cause abortions or stillbirths in humans or CNS signs
A person has acute abdominal pain, fever, and gastroenteritis after eating pork - what are your top 2 differentials
Top is yersinia enterecolita - second is trichonella spiralis but that causes a less severe abdominal pain
Why is eradication of mycobacterium Bovis difficult
Wildlife act as a reservoir
What can humans get from drinking raw unpasteurized milk
Mycobacterium Bovis (tuberculosis) mostly, then listeria, salmonella, mycobacterium, Brucella abortus
Which primate disease can cause bacillary dysentery in humans
Shigella
Vibrio cholera causes - in humans from eating -
GI signs after eating shellfish
