Small Ruminants Flashcards
What plant can cause “grass staggers” in sheep which lead to rabbit hopping rear limb gait, superexcitability, mustagmus and intentional head tremors (among other neuro/ataxic signs)
Canary grasses like folium, cano don and paspalum - genus phalaris
What in sheep can cause similar neuro and ataxic signs you would see if they ingested canary grasses (phalaris)
Hypomagnesemia - en happen when sheep graze lush pasture
What primarily causes bloat / rumen acidosis
Rich diets like alfalfa or forage , grain overload, those overeating or got into new feedstuffs, or those not adapted to the diet
What causes free gas bloat
Grain
What causes frothy bloat
Legume forage (alfalfa) more common, grain possible
What is the pathogenesis of rumen acidosis
Highly digestible chrbohudates like grain ingested in large amount ferment rapidly which drops the rumen ph, allows bacteria (lactobacillus) to further acidify the rumen which causes communal bacteria to die, osmotic pressure draws fluid into the rumen leading to systemic dehydration and shock - bacterial translocation happens due to damage rumen epithelium
What are clinical signs of bloat / rumen acidosis and when do they occur
Usually 6-36 hours after ingestion - colic, anorexia, neuro signs, abdominal distention (left), respiratory distress , toxemia, dehydration, diarrhea, death
How do you treat bloat
Orgogastric tube to relieve pressure - can give surfactant/oil, omen trouarization if in severe respiratory distress
How do you treat acidosis
Correct fluid/base disturbances and dehydration , NSAIDs for pain, rumen transfaunation, antimicrobials, thiamine supplementation
What clinical signs would you expect to see specific to an acidosis
Toxemia, dehydration, diarrhea, death
Define rumen transfaunation
Transferring when fluid with microbes + nutrients from a heathy animal to an animal with impaired rumen digestion
Why would thiamine supplementation help treat acidosis
Decreased thiamine allows for increased anaerobic metabolism which con worsen lactic acidosis - supplement thiamine to prevent
What comorbidities can occur due to rumen acidosis
Secondary polioencephalomalacia, liver abscesses, laminitis
What is polioencephalomalacia and what is often the cause in small ruminants
Thiamine deficiency causing bilateral neurologic signs - usually secondary to rumen acidosis and grain overload I can be due to diets that are low roughage high concentrate
How does a lack of thiamine lead to neuro signs (polioencephalomalacia)
Thiamine is necessary for ATP in the brain - without it, sodium and water accumulate leading to cerebral edema and necrosis of cerebral gray matter neurons
How does rumen acidosis lead to a thiamine deficiency
Thiamine produced by healthy rumen flora - with acidosis, thiamine producing bacteria go down and misfire using bacteria go up leading to deficiency
What are three possible differentials for a thiamine deficiency
Rumen acidosis, plant derived thiaminases ingested in bracken fern plants, or coccidia drug treatment with amprolium
What are clinical signs of polioencephalomalacia (a thiamine deficiency)
Bilaterally symmetric signs, central blindness, absent menace, intact PLR and palpebrals, opisthotonos, rigidity, nystagmus, head pressing, depression, recumbency
What is your top differential for bilateral neuro disease in small ruminants
Polioencephalomalacia - thiamine deficiency
What can help diagnose polioencephalomalacia in small ruminants post Morten
Edema and brain tissue that fluoresces under UV light
How do you treat polioercephalomalacia
Diane given slow IV or IM, Dexmethasone for edema
Define opisthotonos
Spasm of muscles casing backward arching of neck, back, etc
How can you differentiate between polioencephalomalacia and listeriosis in a small ruminant showing neuro signs
Polioencephalomalacia causes bilateral neuro signs , listeriosis cause, unilateral signs
What mostly causes listeriosis and when are uw more likely to see this
Spoiled or wet feed, improperly fermented silage, spoiled hay bales - most likely to see in winter
What is the pathogenesis of listeriosis in small ruminants
Animal ingests listeria monocytogenes through spoiled feed, the bacteria then crosses mucosal surfaces and invades any microabrasions - travels through axons of cranial nerves to CNS causing microabsesses and focal encephalitis
What are clinical signs of listeriosis
Unilateral cranial nerve signs / unilateral facial paralysis causing dropped jaw, dysphasia, absent palpebral reflex, drooling , heat tilt, circling , nystagmus, febrile , dehydration, recumbency
How do you treat listeriosis
Antimicrobials like oxytetracycline or penicillin, NSAID’s and fluid support
Are you more likely to see a fever with polioercephalomolacia or listeriosis
Listeriosis
What is contagious ecthyma in small ruminants
Orf/ sore mouth - parapoxvirus causing sores and crusts around the lips or on the mammary gland it from a nursing kid
What is the biggest reason you should remember contagious ecthyma
Can be zoonotic and cause painful skin lesions in people
How do you treat contagious ecthyma / orf
No treatment - disease is suf limiting and lasts 1-3 weeks, can resist in the herd for years
Orf (contagious ecythma) has a - morbidity and - mortality
High morbidity, low mortality
How do you diagnose of / contagious exthyma
PCR of crusts
What is caseous lymphadenitis and what is the causative agent
Bacterial disease causing subcutaneous abscesses in the head and neck lymph nodes - caused by corneybacterium pseudo tuberculosis (intracellular)
Otitis media causing a head tilt is usually towards
The affected side
What happens to saanen goats with papillomas
Often become squamous cell carcinomas
Why to outbreaks of cl often occur in sheep flocks
Bacteria (c. Pseudotuberculosis) an persist in soil and herds for years, often spread by shearing with infected Clippers
What clinical signs do you see with cl and when
2 weeks to 6 months after exposure - enlarged lymph nodes (submandibular, parotid , Supra mammary) filled with caseous material, could see systemic disease due to internal abscesses if severe (respiratory distress weight loss, etc)
How do you diagnose cl
Culture and serology
How do you treat cl
Lance and drain abscesses (be careful disposing contents - do not just lance in the stall ) / cull affected animals , systemic antibiotics can help prevent secondary infections
Can you vaccinate against cl
No - risk of adverse reactions and only decreases severity of disease (does not eliminate from herd)
What is OPP and CAE in sheep and goats
Ovine progressive pneumonia and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus - both retroviruses/ RNA viruses causing chronic disease
How do you treat OPP and CAE
No treatment - cull affected animals
How are OPP and CAE transmitted
Transmitted to lambs and kids through colosseum, then causes lifelong subclinical disease usually
What clinical signs can you see with CAE
Poly arthritis in adults, encephalitis in kids , chronic mastitis in adults causing hardbag
What clinical signs could you see with OPP in sheep
Pneumonia, poor doers (weight loss, lethargic, mastitis) - affects adults more than lambs
How do you diagnose OPP and CAE
Serology - positive antibody means active infection because this is a lifelong disease
When are you likely to see urolitriasis in sheep and goats
wethers, Males castrated young (less than 6 months) on high grain diet /rich legume hay that develop the calculi - also if diet has an improper mineral balance, usually at 1-3 years Old
Define urolithiasis
Formation of urinary calculi/stones in the urinary system
Describe the treatment and reoccurrence rate of urolithiasis
Usually doesn’t work and recurrence happens often - obstruction happens due to size of urethra and number of calculi formed
What are the most common sites of obstruction with urolitiasis
Urethral process and sigmoid flexure common
What are the most common calculi types formed with urolithiasis in males
Calcium or struvite
What are clinical signs of urolithiasis
Stranguria, tail flagging, dribbling urine, teeth grinding, lethargy , anorexia, recumbency
How do you diagnose urolithiasis in small ruminants
Azotemia, enlarged bladder on abdominal ultrasound, free abdominal urine on ultras and if bladder ruptured , radiopaque calculi on rads
How do you treat urolithiasis
Amputate the urethral process (where they get stuck), tube cystotomy, perineal urethrostomy , urinary acidifies / systemic support
What is a perineal urethrostomy and why would you do it
Surgery to make a permanent opening in the urethra for urine outflow - to treat polithiasis in males
Why is parasitism common in small ruminants herds
Significant resistance to common dewormers in the US
What ave common internal parasites in small ruminants
Coccidia, strongyles (like haemonchus), lungworms
Describe coccidia in young ruminants
Causes profuse diarrhea - 3 to 6 months old commonly susceptible
Describe the effect of haemonchus / barber pole worm in small ruminants
Severe anemia (pale famancha score ), bottle jaw (head and neck ventral edema), weight loss, diarinea
Describe lungworm infections in small ruminants
Causes coughing - diagnose with baermann exam
Describe what parasite control programs for internal parasites should look like in small ruminants and why
Should be targeted to avoid anthelmintic overuse - fecal parasite counts done before and after deworming to detect resistance, pasture rotation, routine feces removal, routine famancha scoring
What are common external parasites of small ruminants
Lice, mange mites (chorioptic mange)
Describe lice infestations in small ruminants
Musty in goats causes pruritis, patchy alopecia, requires multiple rounds of insecticide treatment to kill all life stages
Describe mange mites in small ruminants
Mostly in goats - causes alopecia and pruritis
Where do you usually find chorioptic mange mites in small ruminants
On legs, rarely ventral abdomen
What is the causative agent of Johne’S disease in small ruminants
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
How are small ruminants infected with Johnes disease
Through contaminated milk or feces, trans placental if dam infected - either near the bacteria or develop a chronic disease state
What are clinical signs of John’s disease in small ruminants
Asymptomatic until 2-7 years old, chronic weight loss, diarrhea
How do you diagnose and treat Johnes in small ruminants
Serology ( fecal culture takes awhile ) - no treatment, cull animals and offspring
What is scrapie in small ruminants
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep mostly causing progressive behavioral and neurologic signs
What is important to remember about scrapie in small ruminants
Reportable!
What causes scrapie
Prior that is ingested and invades lymphoid tissue then CNS causing spongiform degeneration
What are clinical signs of scrapie
Progressive over 6 months, behavior changes, intense pruritis, gait abnormalities, anorexia, weight loss, wool loss
How do you treat scrapie in small ruminants
No treatment - cull affected or exposed animals, entire here might be depopulated
What is bighead in sheep
Form of malignant edema caused by closhidium novyi type A
What is black disease and what is the causative agent, affecting sheep and cattle
Infectious necrotic hepatitis - caused by clostridium novyi type B
Describe the pathogenesis of black disease - what is it similar to?
Endosperm are ingested and lodge in the liver , liver dukes in sleep cause damage to the liver which causes the bacteria to release toxins that cause severe liver damage and red blood cell destruction - very similar to redwater disease
What are clinical signs of black disease in sheep
Sudden death with no clinica signs usually
How do you diagnose black disease
Large areas of damaged tissue in liver that are grey to black with a foul odor - post mortem
How do yo treat and prevent black disease
Usually isn’t treated, disease progresses too rapidly - prevent with the 7 way bacteria vaccine (2 doses)
What is the causative agent of overeating disease / pulpy kidney disease
Clostridium perfringens type D
What is the causative agent of overeating disease / pulpy kidney disease
Clostridium perfringens type D
Why is overeating disease also called pulpy kidney disease
Causes rapid carcass decomposition that causes pulpy kidneys on post Mortem
When are you likely to see cases of overeating disease
Mostly in sheep and goats under 2 years on a high grain ration or fattening lambs on rich pasture
If clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the git, why does overeating disease happen
Normal fora but causes disease after excessive ingestion of feed or grain
What are clinical signs of overeating disease
Decreased appetite, weakness, incoordination, diarrhea, nervous signs, death, can see glucosuria
How do you treat and prevent overeating /pulpy kidney disease
Prevent with 7 way bacterin vaccine - no treatment
What clinical signs are seen with yellow lamb syndrome
Icterus, weakness, acute death
What is the causative agent of yellow lamb disease
Clostridium pertringers type A
How do you diagnose yellow lamb syndrome
Hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, fever
You have a pregnant ewe who is ataxic, reluctant to rise, has mild muscle tremors and is anorexic; she also has a high BhB . What is your top differential and how do you treat
Pregnancy toxemia - induce partition asap with something like Dexmethasone
What is the causative agent caseous lymphadenitis and how do you treat
Corneybacterium pseudoteberculosis - cull because it recurs and is not well controlled with antibiotics
What vector is required to transport blue tongue virus
Culicoides
How do you treat acute copper toxicity in sheep
D-penicillamine, vitamin E
Blue tongue causes widespread -
Multisystemic vasculitis causing edema of ears and face, loss of oral mucosa and remarriages in spleen and lymph nodes
What might you see that would lead you to suspect a lungworm infection
Cough, weight loss, dyspnea, tachypnea
What defect will you see with blue tongue virus (lambs from infected ewes)
Hydranencephaly
Finding acid fast rods on stain from a lymph node indicates what disease process (and causative agent)
John’s disease - mycobacterium avian paratuberculosis
What is the name and causative agent of hairy shaker disease
Border disease, pestivirus similar to bvd and classical swine fever
What occurs in pregnant ewes infected with hairy shaker disease /border disease
Abortion, fetal resorption, mummification, death
What occurs in lambs born from ewes infected with border disease / hairy shaker disease
Underweight lambs, muscle tremors, hairy or pigmented fleece, musculoskeletal defects (brachygnathia)
Would you expect only one or multiple lambs to be affected by hairy shaker disease
Can affect over 50% of lambs when introduced, often endemic
What would you see on necropsy of a lamb infected with border disease ( pestivirus)
Demyelination of CNS white matter, glial cell hyperplasia, cerebral cavitations
What would you see on necropsy of a lamb infected with border disease ( pestivirus)
Demyelination of CNS white matter, glial cell hyperplasia, cerebral cavitations
How do you treat border disease /hairy shaker disease
No effective treatment or vaccines
How do you treat border disease /hairy shaker disease
No effective treatment or vaccines
Describe antibodies for hairy shaker disease
High antibody - subsequent immunity
Low antibody - possible persistent infection
Mingle early in breeding season so immunity can develop
What TSE - transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affects sheep specifically
Scrapie
What is the biggest difference in scrapie and BSE if both are TSE
There is no evidence of zoonosis with scrapielike there is with BSE /mad cow disease
What are clinical signs of scrapie in sheep
Intense pruritis, biting, lip smacking incoordination, gait abnormalities , bunny hopping, convulsions I wight loss
How is scrapie transmitted and when are you likely to see clinical signs
Transplacental - see signs 2-5 years after infection
Why does scrapie have no effective treatment
Caused by an abnormal protein (prion) is resistant to heat and other sterilization procedures
Why does scrapie have no effective treatment
Caused by an abnormal protein (prion) is resistant to heat and other sterilization procedures
You suspect scrapie in a sheep who is bunny hopping, trembling and has intense pruritis , what is the first thing you do
Report to the state vet - reportable!!
You suspect scrapie in a sheep who is bunny hopping, trembling and has intense pruritis , what is the first thing you do
Report to the state vet - reportable!!
How can you diagnose scrapie in sheep
Biopsy of the lymphoid tissue in the 3rd eyelid or tonsils
What would be seen on histology of the brain of a ewe infected with scrapie
Intracytoplasmic vacuolization of neurons
Where are uroliths most likely to cause a urethral obstruction in male goats + sheep
Urethral process (narrow extension of urethra at tip of penis ), second is the sigmoid flexure
What are the most common uroliths causing a urethral obstruction in male goats
Calcium or struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
What are the most common uroliths causing a urethral obstruction in male goats
Calcium or struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
What diets are most likely to cause urolithiasis in small ruminants leading to a urethral obstruction
Diets high in grain, phosphorous or magnesium or low in roughage
A male goat presents with urine dribbling, tail flagging, hematuria and prenuptial swelling, what is your top differential
Urolithiasis causing a urethral obstruction
What could be a result of urethal obstruction due to urolithiasis
Hydronephrosis, bladder rupture, azotemia /uremia leading to a uroabdomen, neuro signs, recumbency, inappetence
What are some options for treating urethral obstruction due to urolithiasis
Amputate urethral process, perineal urethrostomy, tube cystotomy
What is the causative agent of ulcerative posthitis / pizzle rot
Corneybacterium renale
When are you likely to see a case of pizzle rot
Castrated male sheep usually
What condition affecting females is similar to ulcerative posthitis and why does it occur
Ulcerative vulvitis - happens if the vulva / perineum is not kept clean
What factors predispose male sheep to pizzle not / ulcerative posthitis
High protein diet (over 16%), ulcerations around the prepuce that become infected with c. Renale , excess hair around the prepuce that traps urine
What kind of diet can predispose male sheep to pizzle rot and why
High protein (over 16%) - because higher protein increases urea in the urine which is hydrolyzed to ammonia by C. Renale causing irritation to penis and surrounding areas
What type of bacteria is C. Renale and what does it cause
Gram positive urease producing bacteria causing pizzle rot/ ulcerative posthitus
What can be given to treat ulcerative posthitis caused by C. Renale
Penicillins and cephalosporins - Beta lactams or topical bacitracin or copper sulfate
What clinical signs might you see with pizzle rot
Prenuptial swelling and ulceration , urine scald of perineal skin, trouble urinating or breeding
What is high on your differential list in goat kids showing acute septicemia and CNS signs
Mycoplasma mycoides
What is one of the most economically important parasitic diseases in small ruminants
Haemonchus contortus
What clinical signs would you expect to see from haemonchus contortus infection
Failure to thrive, weight loss , decreased appetite, bottle jaw, systemic anemia
Why would bottle jaw be a sign of haemonchus contortus infection
Intermandibular pitting edema due to a low blood protein level
Why is haemonchus contortus such a big problem for small ruminants
Becoming more resistant to anthelmintics - due to naturally occuring resistance genes, allowing parasites to survive in the host and the environment
Describe the fecundity of H. Contortus
Very high - a single worm can produce 5000 eggs perday and goats have an average of 300 worms per goat
How many eggs perday are produced in the goat infected with H. Contortsus
1.5 million eggs per day
What is the current recommendation for treating H. Contortus infections
Identity animals with a high worm burden and treat therapeutically before it becomes a disease issue
How can you monitor small ruminants for H. Contortus infection
Famancha scoring - deworm at 4-5
Describe the idea of refugia in terms of treating H. Contortus infections
70% of worms occur in 30% of ruminants - only treating those with the high worm burden (the 30%) leaves a population of harm, not exposed to dewormer that are still sensitive to treatment (only treat those who use clinically affected to prevent resistance formation)
Can sheep be infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis and vice verse for OPP (ovine progressive pneumonia)
Yes - either can be infected
How is cae/opp mostly transmitted
Vertically from colostrum or horizontal with secretion of mononuclear cells
What clinical signs of cae and OPP would you expect to see in adults and kids
Adults - large swollen knees, degenerative joint changes, symmetrical firm swelling of mammary gland, inability to maintain weight, Loss of production ability
Kid - encephalitis
Describe the current CAE surveillance protocol
Annual testing of each animal in the herd - cull clinically affected or sero positive animals ( or have separate housing available for the negatives) I raise kids of the positive animals on preventative program
List common viral , bacterial, protozoal and other causes of neonatal diarrhea in kids and lambs
Coronavirus, rotavirus, E. Coli, salmonella, cryptosporidium , FPT, colostrum quality
List common viral , bacterial, protozoal and other causes of neonatal diarrhea in kids and lambs
Coronavirus, rotavirus, E. Coli, salmonella, cryptosporidium , FPT, colostrum quality
What is the most common enteric disease leading to diarrhea in small ruminants
Johnes disease
Describe Johnes direct in adult smalluminants
Chronic weight loss with a good appetite, not common to have associated diarrhea but they can - con see clinical disease at a year old
Differentiate between Johne’s disease in cattle versus small ruminants
In cattle Johnes is mostly associated with very runny diarrhea and though cows are infected at a young age, they often don’t show disease until later (6-7 years old) - in small ruminants, they can show disease at a year old and are not likely to have diarrhea
What is important to remember about serologically testing for Johnes disease in small ruminants
Can cross react w/ C. Pseudotuberculosis (cause of caseous lymphadenitis)
When do goats reach puberty
6-8 months
Describe the cyclically of goats
Short day breeders (October - December) but cycle year round near the equator
Do goats have the same estrous cycle as sheep
No - goats 21 days, sheep 17 days
Describe the proestrus phase in goats.
No mating, buck interested in doe, only lasts 1 day
Describe estrus in the goat
Estradiol increases, vulva swelling , reddenedand moist, tail tagging, lasts 12-36 hours, ovulation occurs at the end of estrus
Describe diestrus in goats
18 days usually but can be shortened by introducing the buck
Will you see hemorrhage during metestrud in goat
No
Describe scrapie in sheep - are goats affected
Goats rarely affected - total progressive neurologic disease in small ruminants (tse) I has a known genetic component in sheep
What plays significant role in transmission of scrapie
Infected fetal fluids
What is the incubation period for scrapie in sheep
2-4 years minimum
What is the incubation period for scrapie in sheep
2-4 years minimum
What kind of bacteria is Corneybacterium pseudotuberculosis
Facultative anaerobic gram positive colloid rod
What Will C. Pseudotuberculosis look like on blood agar
Zone of hemolysis around the colony, then dry hockey puck colonies that are easily moveable
What is the biggest contributor to transmission of caseous lymphadenitis
Environment contamination (persist for weeks ) - bacteria either inhaled, ingested or crosses skin via a break in the epidemic
Clinical signs of caseous lymphadenitis masthe consist of
Development of abscesses in peripheral lymph nodes - but can cause abscesses in the abdomen and thorax too
Which lymph nodes are most commonly affected in caseous lymphadenitis in sheep? Goats?
Sheep - more diffuse so parotid, submandibular, prescapular, prefermoral and popliteal
Goats - paroled, submandibular, prescapular
What is the incubation time for caseous lymphadenitis .
Abscesses develop within 2-6 months
How can you test for an active infection of C. Pseudotuberculosis
Serology with paired titers done 2 weeks apart - a 4x increase in titers can mean active infection
What antibiotics (though not used often) can be used to treat caseous lymphadenitis and why
Macrolides (erythromycin), lincosamides (clindamycin) - good abscess penetration
Can you vaccinate against C. Pseudotiberculosis
Con vaccinate sheep but goats experience localized inflammatory response so not done often
What other differential would you consider in a suspected cl case and how could you differentiate
Wattle cyst - non encapsulated fluid that is yellow and transparent, low cellularity (no similarity to abscess fluid)
What other differential would you consider in a suspected cl case and how could you differentiate
Wattle cyst - non encapsulated fluid that is yellow and transparent, low cellularity (no similarity to abscess fluid)
Describe ketosis in pregnant ewes
Called pregnancy toxemia - occurs in the last 2-4 weeks of gestation when there is increased energy demands by rapidly growing fetuses with inadequate feed intake
What clinical signs can you expect to see with pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis
Non specific signs - anorexia, weakness, depression
How do you treat pregnancy toxemia
Induce partition or do a C section I then IV glucose supplementation
Ulcerative lesions on the prepuce of a ram on a high protein diet lead you to suspect and why
C Renale - splits wea to cause ammonia which causes the painful ulcerations
How can you treat C renale infections in Rams
Decrease dietary protein , treat with penicillin
How can you treat C renale infections in Rams
Decrease dietary protein , treat with penicillin
What is fly strike
When her lay their eggs on an animal, the eggs hatch into maggots and start eating the animals flesh
A farmer wants an explanation for a recent outbreak of pillioencephalomalacia in his goat herd - what do yw tell him the likely cause was
If goats are being fed grain, that an result in thiaminase producing bacteria that multiply in the rumen 1 destroy thiamine and lead to polio
A farmer wants an explanation for a recent outbreak of pillioencephalomalacia in his goat herd - what do yw tell him the likely cause was
If goats are being fed grain, that an result in thiaminase producing bacteria that multiply in the rumen 1 destroy thiamine and lead to polio
What disease process occurs with malignant caterral fever
Fatal lymphocytic vasculitis
What disease process occurs with malignant caterral fever
Fatal lymphocytic vasculitis
What is the causative agent of malignant Catarral fever spread from sheep to cattle
Ovine herpes virus 2
What is the causative agent of malignant Catarral fever spread from sheep to cattle
Ovine herpes virus 2
What should a normal whole blood selenium value be
0.05ppm se
What type of vagal indigestion do Suffolk sheep tend to get
Type 4 - abomasal impaction
Brucella causes - in male sheep
Epididymitis
What is the best way to prevent C pseudotuberculosis in a herd and why
Vaccinate - very durable organism in the environment so en remain in the soil for years
What type of virus is OPP - ovine progressive premonia
Retrovirus
What clinical signs can you see with OPP
Wasting, respiratory distress, secondary bacterial infections causing coughing, depression, fever, hardbag (inductive mastitis) - encephalitic form like ataxia, muscle tremors, circling
How do you treat OPP
You don’t - serologically test and remove positive animals
How does mycoplasma mycoides affect goats
Causes meningitis in goat kids
How does mycoplasma mycoides affect goats
Causes meningitis in goat kids
What is bighead and how to sheep become infected
Swelling and edema of the face caused by clostridium novyi or sordelli - organism enter u facial wound usually in rams that are fighting/ head butting
What is bighead and how to sheep become infected
Swelling and edema of the face caused by clostridium novyi or sordelli - organism enter u facial wound usually in rams that are fighting/ head butting
How do you treat big head in a ram
Penicillin (a clostridial disease)
What disease process looks similar to bighead and how can you differentiate
Bluetongne (viral disease causing edema of the muzzle, tongue and coronary bands) - blue tongue would usually affect more then one sheep
What disease process looks similar to bighead and how can you differentiate
Bluetongne (viral disease causing edema of the muzzle, tongue and coronary bands) - blue tongue would usually affect more then one sheep
What is the cause of gangrenous mastitis (bacterial and environment
Mannheimin and staphylococcus aureus - associated with ewe under nutrition and over vigorous suckling by limbo
What is the cause of gangrenous mastitis (bacterial and environment
Mannheimin and staphylococcus aureus - associated with ewe under nutrition and over vigorous suckling by limbo
How do you treat gangrenous mastitis and why
Euthanize at presentation - udder tissue will slough and drain easing superficial bacterial infection, poor growth and poor fleece growth occurs, carcass has to be condemned
What part of the brain is affected in un animal with polioencephalomalacia
Polio causes destruction of the gray mater in the cerebrum
What part of the brain is affected in un animal with polioencephalomalacia
Polio causes destruction of the gray mater in the cerebrum
Grain overload an often result in
Polioencephalomalacia
What is the causative agent of overeating disease in lambs
Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia - also called pulpy kidney disease due to autolyzation of kidney
What is the causative agent of overeating disease in lambs
Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia - also called pulpy kidney disease due to autolyzation of kidney
What is the causative agent of overeating disease in lambs
Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia - also called pulpy kidney disease due to autolyzation of kidney
What on necropsy would make you suspect type D clostridial enterotoxemia (overeating disease)
Acute mortality, widespread necrosis of small intestines, fetid smelling contents, softening of the brain and kidney
Why are whether goats more likely to develop urolithiasis
Castration leads to reduced diameter of the urethra
Why are whether goats more likely to develop urolithiasis
Castration leads to reduced diameter of the urethra
What are other names for enterotoxemia
Overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease
What are other names for enterotoxemia
Overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease
What are other names for enterotoxemia
Overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease
What is another name for spider lamb syndrome
Ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia
What is arthrogyposis and what can cause it
Stiffness mania flexion/ extension of limbs - lupine ingestion during gestation can cause it
Abortions in healthy ewes with thickened placentas leads you to suspect
Coxiella/ Q fever
How do you treat haemunchus contortus
Ivermectin
A sheep with nasal discharge flu of eosinophils and mast cells leads you to suspect - and you should treat with -
Oestrus Ovis - treat with ivermectin
How do you treat bluetongue
Supportive are (soft feed) -no antibiotics unless secondary infection occurs
What kind of virus is caprine arthritis and emcehalomyelitis (cae) and what cells does it affect
Retrovirus - affects monocytes
What clinical signs can you see with CAE in goats
Hardbag leading to agalactia - Leukoencephalomyelitis in kids 2-6 months, polysnyolitis arthritis in goats 6 months and older
What is your top differential if you have does with mastitis and lambs with polyarthritis and pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia caused by mycoplasma myloides
How is mycoplasma mycoides maintained in goat herd
By subclinical transmammay carriers
How do you treat both CAE and mycoplasma as both cause similar clinical signs (meningitis, mastitis, arthritis)
Cull - no treatment for either
Warts on the udder of a Saran goat lead you to suspect -
Squamous cell carcinoma that began as papillomas
What sinus is most often affected with sinusitis in goats - when are you likely to see it
Frontal sinus- usually see after dehorning
What causes fainting goat syndrome
Abnormality in skeletal muscle chloride channels - autosominal dominant mutation (myotonia congenital)
When do you see beta mannosidiosis, how does it present
In Anglo Nubian goat kids with a defect in mannose based oligosaccharides - inability to stand, short sternum, domed head
What breed is most affected by spider lamb syndrome - what causes it
Suffolk sheep - semiletal autosomal recessive trait causing carpal valgus / also called ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia
What can you see on necropsy of bluetongue affected sheep
White streaks in skeletal muscle
What causative agent ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) - what causes it and how do you treat it
Corneybacterium renale - sheep on a high protein diet most susceptible, reduce dietary protein and give penicillin to treat the bacteria
You see scabs and painful ulcers on the mucocutaneous junction of the pep in a male sheep who is reluctant to breed - what is your top differential
Ulcerative prosthatitis caused Corneybacterium Renale
Differentiate in mycoplasma pneumonia in sheep vs goats
Goats - spread by milk, causes mastitis, arthritis and pneumonia
Sheep - aerosol transmission, enzootic/atypical pneumonia
What type of virus is OPP - ovine progressive pneumonia
Retrovirus - closely related to Cae
What clinical signs make you suspect OPP
2-4 year old emaciated sheep, hard udders, expiratory dyspnea, non productive cough
What is the causative agent of both bluebag and enzootic pneumonia - describe them
Mannheimia hemolytic - bluebag is the gangrenous mastitis and enzootic pneumonia is hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia clinically and fibrinopurulent pleuropneumonia on necropsy
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in sheep and goats
Mannheimia hemolytica - enzootic pneumonia
What causes acute diarrhea in lambs and calves that also stains acid fast
Cryptosporidium parvum
What causes acute diarrhea in lambs and calves that also stains acid fast
Cryptosporidium parvum
What is your top differential in a sheep who is scratching wool off in the lumbar region, has an unsteady gait and a progressive aggressiveness
Scrapie - prion disease TSE
A lamb who recently had their tail docked presents with progressive ascending paralysis and neck pain- what is your top differential and how would you confirm it
Meningitis - confirm with CSF top showing xanthocromia and bacteria
What is the causative agent of hairy shaky syndrome in lambs - how does it occur
Border disease virus (a pestivirus) - virus is transmitted from ewe to fetus before 80 days of gestation
What clinical signs do you see in lambs affected by border disease virus leading to hairy shaker syndrome
Either causes macerated, aborted or mummified tenses or if they are born they have tremors, fine wooly hair , domed heads / short limbs all are to infection of hair follicles
What is the most common infectious cause of abortions in sheep
Vibriosis - campylobacter jejuni
What virus causes contagious ecythema/orf/soremouth
Parapoxvirus
What clinical signs lead you to suspect the zoonotic contagious ecythema/orf
Lesions in mouth (thick brown crusts) of lambs and on the teats of the dam
What metabolically does pregnancy toxemia come down to
Body can’t produce enough oxaloacetate for the citric acid cycle
How do you treat urethral obstruction in mice sheep caused by urinary calculi
Amputate the urethral process
What are the 2 causative agents of infectious footnot in sheep and goats
Fusobacterium necrophorum and dichelobacter nodosus
Where do foot rot lesions in sheep and goats squally occur
Interdigital space causing a malodorous exudate and separation of the horn of the hoof
How do you treat contagious / infectious footnot
Subcutaneous florfenicol, 10% zinc sulfate bath - cull sheep because it is super contagious
What do brucellosis, bluetongue, vesicular stomatitis and foot+ and mouth disease have in common
Reportable ruminant disease
What type of virus causes foot and mouth disease
Picornavirus
What are the 2 forms of malignant catarrhal fever
African - wildebeest reservoir
North American - sheep reservoir
Describe the pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever
Affects lymphocytes, causing a lymphocytic vasculitis and lymphocytic perivasculitis in the brain
How do you diagnose rumen acidosis caused by grain overload
Rune pH will be 5.5 or less due to lactobacilli overproducing lactic acid
What are 3 common sequence of rumen acidosis
Liver abscesses, venal caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia and and ulcers
What clinical signs make you suspect rumen acidosis due to grain overload
Fluid filled rumen , scleral injection, increased heart rate, staggering
What clinical signs make you suspect rumen acidosis due to grain overload
Fluid filled rumen , scleral injection, increased heart rate, staggering
What lesions on necropsy makes you suspect polioencephalomalacia
Necrosis of cortical gray matter
What do you suspect if you see branching railroad tracks of cocci bacteria on cytology
Dermatophilus congolensis
