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NAVLE > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

What can not be used to treat A nematode infection in turtles

A

Ivermectin - it is highly toxic and causes paresis, paralysis and death

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2
Q

What is cnemidocoptes pilae

A

A mite in birds that can cause scaly leg and a proliferative honeycomb beak - treat with topical or oral ivermectin

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3
Q

What signs would you expect in a bird with avian pox

A

Skin lesions, diptheric membrane (tough gray members made of dead cells, bacteria, etc) or septicemia

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4
Q

What lesions wold you expect in a bird infected with mycobacterium avium

A

Granulomatous disease in the liver or git

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5
Q

What does chlamydophilia psittaci cause in birds

A

Psittacosis, lethargy, respiratory and GI signs

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6
Q

What is psittacosis (parrot fever)

A

Lung infection cased by chlamydia psittaci

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7
Q

What is far top differential in a mouse showing dyspnea , chattering, and weight loss

A

Sendai vins casing preemania - infection subclinical in rats and hamsters

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8
Q

Where should intraosseous catheters be placed in birds

A

Ulna or tibiotarsus

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9
Q

Why can you not use the humerus or tenor for io catheters in birds

A

They are pneumatized and fluids in aromatic bones lead to drowning

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10
Q

What card cause hepatic lipidosis in birds and what signs would you see

A

High fat diets with oils - heavy birds in respiratory distress

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11
Q

What is a xanthoma

A

Friable yellow fatty tissue accumulation

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12
Q

What are signs of hypovitaminosis A in birds

A

Squamous metaplasia of the mucus membranes and submandibular abscessation

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13
Q

Why does gout occur

A

When uric acid crystallizes forming urate crystals - Olivers when there is an inability to excrete uric acid or an over production of uric acid

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14
Q

What is Leuprolide and what is it used for in birds

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) analog - shuts down reproductive hormones in the bird to stop production of eggs (ovulation) - treats chronic egg laying leading to disease

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15
Q

What is a synasacrum

A

Fused lumbosacral region in birds

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16
Q

What sort of clinical signs would you see with aspergillosis infections

A

Respiratory signs

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17
Q

Do birds have neutrophils

A

No - they have heterophils same function

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18
Q

How many air sacs do birds have

A

9

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19
Q

How much of a birds blood can you safely take

A

1%% of BW

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20
Q

What is the causative agent of avian tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium avium

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21
Q

What can and can’t be used to treat whip worm infections in carrels

A

Can use panacur, ivermectin is not effective

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22
Q

What drugs should you not give to reptile in the caudal half of their body and why

A

Aminoglycosides like gentamicin - reprices have the renal portal system and aminoglycosides can be nephrotoxic

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23
Q

Can you give birds gentamicin

A

No - toxic

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24
Q

What usually causes goiter in budgies

A

Dietary deficiency in iodine

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25
Q

How do you normally treat berserk male syndrome / aberrant behavior syndrome in camelids

A

No treatment - usually euthanized

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26
Q

What is choanal atresia and who is mostly affected

A

Alpacas mostly - congenital disease causing an opening between nasal and pharyngeal area blocked by membranes or bony tissue

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27
Q

What clinical signs can you see with choanal atresia

A

Difficulty breathing, nursing , open main breathing, nostril flare, weakness, cyanosis - may also present with other congenital isles like angular limb deformities

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28
Q

A cria presents with his rostral muzzle rotated 90 degrees - what is this called

A

Wry face

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29
Q

Should you breed camelids with a history of choanal atresia and wry face

A

No -genetic components

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30
Q

Discuss the pathogenesis of meningeal worm

A

White tailed deer are infected , worms reside in the brain and larvae are passed in the feces where snails or slugs become infected which are then ingested by camelids where the kruse migrate to spinal cord then brain

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31
Q

What clinical signs can you see with meningeal worn infection in camelids

A

Hind end paresis progressing to front end, recumbency, paralysis,ataxia, hypermetria

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32
Q

How do you diagnose meningeal worm in camelids

A

Eosinophilia on a CSF tap

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33
Q

How do you treat meningeal worm in camelids

A

Ivermectin to deworm

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34
Q

When will a fetus became persistently infected if infected by BVD - bovine viral diarrhea virus

A

If infected at 60-100 days

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35
Q

What virus that infects camelids can lead to persistently infected crias who are a continuous source of shedding

A

Bovine viral diarrhea virus

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36
Q

What clinical signs are present in camelids infected with BVDV

A

Adults - lethargic , stillbirths, abortions
Crias- congenital defects, poor growth, pneumonia, diarinea

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37
Q

How do you diagnose BVDV

A

Nasal pcr or serology titers

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38
Q

When are you most likely to see cases of vitamin D deficiency in camelido

A

Winter/low light times - in crias or young growing animals born to vitamin D deficient dams

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39
Q

What clinical signs can you see with vitamin D deficiency in crias

A

Angular limb deformity I gait abnormalities, hunched back posture , poor growth, unthriftiness

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40
Q

How can you diagnose vitamin D deficiency in crias

A

Will see grown plate widening and failure of ossification

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41
Q

What is the name of the blood parasite that infects camelids - describe it

A

Mycoplasma haemolamae - parasite attaches to erythrocytes and causes anemia

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42
Q

What is the name of the blood parasite that infects camelids - describe it

A

Mycoplasma haemolamae - parasite attaches to erythrocytes and causes anemia

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43
Q

What clinical signs would you see with mycoplasma haemolamae

A

Most asymptomatic or subdinical - might see weight loss, will see severe signs or death it a concurrent disease or immune sustain suppression

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44
Q

How do you diagnose mycoplasma haemolamae

A

Can see the parasite on a blood smear or PCR

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45
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia in camelids

A

Haemonchus contortus - barber pole worm

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46
Q

What is the biggest thing to remember when it comes to h, contortus infections

A

Anthelmintic resistance is common

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47
Q

What are the clinal signs you’d see with H. Contortus infections

A

Severe anemia - PCV less than 10% , weakness, anorexia

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48
Q

Describe eimeria macusaniensis

A

Large coccidia with thick walled cysts making it very hardy and persist in the environment

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49
Q

Describe eimeria macusaniensis

A

Large coccidia with thick walled cysts making it very hardy and persist in the environment

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50
Q

Describe clinical signs of eimeria macusaniesis

A

True diarrhea in crias, weight loss , gastroenteritis, hypoproteinemia leading to electrolyte abnormalities and things like edema, organ dysfunction

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51
Q

How many parasites do you need to with eimeria macusaniesis to cause disease

A

Small amount of parasites cause disease so animal can die showing signs

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52
Q

Describe clinical signs of camelids infected with chorioptes mites

A

Legs, axial, inguinal, ears, face affected with alopecia, severe crusting, licherification

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53
Q

What is the causative agent of snuffles in rabbits - what type of pathogen is it

A

Pasteurella Multocida - respiratory pathogen

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54
Q

What is the causative agent of snuffles in rabbits - what type of pathogen is it

A

Pasteurella Multocida - respiratory pathogen

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55
Q

What can ivermectin cause in turtles

A

Paresis, paralysis and death

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56
Q

What can ivermectin cause in turtles

A

Paresis, paralysis and death

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57
Q

Describe common antibiotic therapy in rodents like hamsters and guinea pigs and why it is that way

A

Mostly just use enrofloxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol because many other antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin cause enterotoxemia and disruption of gut normal flora

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58
Q

Describe common antibiotic therapy in rodents like hamsters and guinea pigs and why it is that way

A

Mostly just use enrofloxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol because many other antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin cause enterotoxemia and disruption of gut normal flora

59
Q

Can you house turtles and snakes together

A

No - turtles are subclinical carriers of entamaebo invadens protozoal organism which can cause GI signs and death in snakes

60
Q

What antibiotic would you choose to treat proliferative bowel disease in ferret.

A

Chloramphenicol to treat the Lawsonia causing proliferation

61
Q

What flea adulticide is toxic to rabbits

A

Fipronil

62
Q

What is goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland swelling - thyroid hyperplasia/dysplasia

63
Q

What are clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in snacks

A

None - snakes don’t have bladders

64
Q

What are clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in snacks

A

None - snakes don’t have bladders

65
Q

Define dysecdysis

A

Abnormal shedding

66
Q

Define dysecdysis

A

Abnormal shedding

67
Q

Describe clinical signs seen with ich

A

White spots on gills and skin, erratic behavior

68
Q

What clinical signs do you see with gill rot

A

Angel disease causing respiratory distress due to thrombosis and necrosis of the gills

69
Q

What clinical signs do you see with whirling disease caused by myxobolus/ myxosoma

A

Deformation of the head and spine resulting in inability to swim properly

70
Q

Why can you not use erythromycin in rabbits

A

It has gram positive activity which can alter the intestinal biome of the rabbit leading to intestinal disease

71
Q

You see red brown crusting on the neck and in the ears of a rabbit - what is your top differential

A

Psoroptes cuniculi

72
Q

Describe lesions of psorioptes cuniculi in rabbits

A

Nonburrowing ear mite of rabbits - crusting, scaling, head shaking, ear drooping , pruritis

73
Q

What parasite carried by raccoons can cause fatal CNS signs in humans

A

Baylisacaris - ascarid /roundworm

74
Q

Describe estrous in a rabbit

A

Rabbits are induced ovulatprs so they don’t display estrous

75
Q

What is another name for macaw wasting disease

A

Proventicular dilation syndrome - weight loss, good appetite

76
Q

Which bores in a bird do you avoid placing an introsseous catheter and why

A

Humerus and femur should be avoided because they are pneumotized

77
Q

Which bones in birds should you place an intraosseous catheter in

A

Ulna or tibiotarsus

78
Q

Where is the best place to take blood in a bird

A

Jugular vein

79
Q

What is a trichobezoars

A

Hair ball

80
Q

Trichomonas is treated with

A

Metronidazole

81
Q

What causes SCUD in turtles

A

Citrobacter freundii

82
Q

What is the only FDA anesthetic for fish

A

MS 222 - tricane memanesulforate

83
Q

How many heart chambers do fish have

A

2

84
Q

Erratically swimming fish with white spots on skin make you suspect

A

Ich

85
Q

What is the most common bacterial disease of fish

A

Aeromonas salmonicidia - furmalosis of salmonids

86
Q

Eventually swimming fish with deformed heads and spire, especially in rainbow trout make yo suspect -

A

Whirling disease - myxobolus cerebralis

87
Q

What fish are mostly affected by hole in the head disease (herpes) - what is the presentation

A

Catfish (channel cat virus ) - erraticly swim then spin then die

88
Q

Describe gill rot - wich species is usually effected

A

Carp and eels - respiratory domen due to gill necrosis leading to thrombosis of blood vessels in gills

89
Q

What is your top differential for an aquarium fish with skeletal deformities and erosions on the fin

A

Mycobacteria is

90
Q

What clinical signs in you see with columnaris disease

A

White plaques with red peripheral zones that became skin ulcerations

91
Q

How do yw test for TB in monkeys

A

Intradermally in the eyelids

92
Q

What 3 antibiotics can you use in rodents and why

A

Enrohoxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol - others like penicillin can cabe enterotoxemia

93
Q

What can you absolutely not use to treat psoroptes caniculi in rabbits

A

Fipronil (fontire) - very toxic to rabbits

94
Q

What causes phacoclastic cataracts in rabbits

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

95
Q

What can hypovitaminosis C cause in guinea pigs

A

Scurvy - leads to painful swollen joint, loose teeth and dental malocclusions

96
Q

What causes a sialodacryoadenitis in rats

A

Bleeding from the eyes - coronavirus

97
Q

Differentiate between mammary tumors in rats and mice

A

Rats - benign fibroadenomas, surgery
Mice - anaplastic and invasive, surgery is not a good idea

98
Q

What do you do if you diagnose lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a mice colony

A

Euthanize the colony - zoonotic concern

99
Q

What clinical signs can you see with Sendai virus in mice

A

Respiratory disease leading to weight loss, chattering and death

100
Q

If you have a ferret with an insulinoma - what should you absolutely not do and why

A

Don’t fast for over 6 hours Or can cause a fatal hypoglycemia

101
Q

What do ferrets eat

A

Strict carnivore diet - high levels of plant protein con cause urolithiasis

102
Q

What can you not give in the caudal half of replies ad why

A

Can not give aminoglycosides like gentamicin because of the renal portal system (blood from could half passes trash kidney before heart )

103
Q

How many heart chambers do reptiles have

A

3 heart chambers

104
Q

What can happen if you feed reptiles a raw fish diet

A

Neuralgic signs due to trimmings leading to a deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)

105
Q

What causes metabolic bone disease in reptiles - what does it ultimately lead to

A

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism - which causes imbalances in calcium, vitamin D3 and phosphorous - leads to calcium being reabsorbed from bones causing weak bones

106
Q

Why is UV light important for reptiles

A

Need UV light to convert vitamin D to vitamin D3 and they need vitamin D3 to properly reabsorb calcium

107
Q

How do you treat metabolic bone disease in reptiles

A

Give vitamin D3 every 4 weeks - otherwise can overdose and cause soft tissue mineralization

108
Q

What normally causes dysecdysis

A

Inadequate humidity

109
Q

You find an acid fast staining organism in a reptile with weight loss and regurgitation - what is it and what do yo do

A

Cryptosporidium - euthanize due to zoonotic risk and no effective treatment

110
Q

What causes infection stomatitis in reptiles

A

Aeromonas species

111
Q

What clinical signs can you see with a cute infected with hypovitaminosis A

A

Respiratory disease - nasal discharge, open mouth breathing, edema of eyelids, swelling of the ears, also see renal disease or squamous metaplasis

112
Q

What type of diet can lead to hypovitaminosis A in turtles

A

Diet of only fruits and insects

113
Q

What causes septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles and how do you treat

A

Citrobacter freundii - treat with chloramphenicol

114
Q

Why should you not house turtles and snakes together

A

Turtles carry entamoeba invaders which doesn’t affect then but can cause severe GI signs and death in snakes

115
Q

What clinical signs in snakes make you suspect inclusion body disease - how is this transmitted

A

Inability to right itself - transmitted by ophiopysiss natricus

116
Q

An iguana fed a high protein diet is at risk of

A

Renal failure and hypertension

117
Q

Birds have - heart chambers and - trachea rings and - air sacs

A

4 heart chambers, complete tracheal rings and 9 air sacs

118
Q

A bird presents with a swollen distended neck - what is your top differential

A

Ruptured cervical air sacs

119
Q

How much blood can you draw from a bird safely

A

1% of body weight

120
Q

Can you feed avocados to parrots

A

No- cause myocardial necrosis

121
Q

Can you feed avocados to parrots

A

No- cause myocardial necrosis

122
Q

An all seed diet can lead to what in birds - what does that cause

A

Calcium deficiency causing a calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D3 imbalance Or can cause a hypovitaminosis A leading to squamous metaplasia of mucus membranes and glands

123
Q

What clinical signs on you see with hypovitaminosis A in birds fed an all seed diet

A

White plaque in mouth, respiratory disease and distress , renal disease/ blunted choanal papilla

124
Q

A yellow Mass on the tip of a birds wing with FNA findings of macrophagic inflammation and cholesterol clefts indicates -

A

Xanthoma - accumulation of friable yellow fatty tissue, benign growth of lipids and cholesterol

125
Q

Progressive unilateral leg lameness in a bird makes you worry about - why?

A

Renal adenocorcinoma - tumor presses on the sciatic nerve

126
Q

What is goiter in birds - what causes it and how does it present

A

Thyroid hyperplasia - caused by an iodine deficiency, leads to voice changes, Stertor , wheezes, regurg

127
Q

How do you treat synovial gout in birds - why

A

Allopurinol to decrease uric acid formation and a low protein diet

128
Q

What is hemochromatosis / hemosiderosis - how does it present

A

Too much iron accumulation in the liver, common in toucans with a history of poor feathering and argrown back

129
Q

Feather pulling in cockatiels leads you to suspect - I how do you treat it

A

Giardiasis - treat with metronidazole

130
Q

What is the diagnosis if you see an eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and spleen in a bird

A

Pachecos disease /herpes virus

131
Q

What clinical signs will you see with pstittacosis - chlamydophilia psticcasis, parrot fever

A

increased respiratory rate due to air sacculitis, lime green urates, high white blood cells

132
Q

What clinical signs can you see with pachecos /herpesvirus

A

Acute liver necrosis, irregular yellow diarrhea, sudden death, ruffled plumage

133
Q

You suspect psittacosis in a bird (parrot fever) - what is your biggest concern

A

Zoonotic and reportable - can cause fever, chest tightness and sore throat

134
Q

What will you see on histopath in a bird infected with poloma virus

A

Pale mottled spleen/liver with white pinpoint foci, petechiation and intranuclear inclusion bodies

135
Q

What occurs in candidiasis - Candida albicans

A

Thickening of crop mucosa with secondary bacterial infections casing regurgitation, unthriftiness, crop stasis, malabsorption

136
Q

What predisposes a bird to candidiasis

A

Prolonged antibiotics, spoiled feed, vitamin A deficiency - young birds sally

137
Q

How can you treat candidiasis

A

Nystatin

138
Q

How do you treat trichomoniasis in falcons causing white caseous lesions on the oral mucosa

A

Metronidazole

139
Q

How can you differentiate between heavy metal toxicosis and liver disease

A

Heavy metal - red urates
Liver disease - green urates

140
Q

What clinical signs lead you to suspect heavy metal toxicosis in birds

A

Red plasma, red urates, bright red droppings

141
Q

What causes thrush in birds

A

Candidiasis

142
Q

What is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis

A

Coronavirus

143
Q

What is the causative agent of infectious laryngotracheitis

A

Herpesvirus

144
Q

What type of virus causes Mareks disease

A

Adenovirus

NAVLE (19 decks)

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