Exotics Flashcards
What can not be used to treat A nematode infection in turtles
Ivermectin - it is highly toxic and causes paresis, paralysis and death
What is cnemidocoptes pilae
A mite in birds that can cause scaly leg and a proliferative honeycomb beak - treat with topical or oral ivermectin
What signs would you expect in a bird with avian pox
Skin lesions, diptheric membrane (tough gray members made of dead cells, bacteria, etc) or septicemia
What lesions wold you expect in a bird infected with mycobacterium avium
Granulomatous disease in the liver or git
What does chlamydophilia psittaci cause in birds
Psittacosis, lethargy, respiratory and GI signs
What is psittacosis (parrot fever)
Lung infection cased by chlamydia psittaci
What is far top differential in a mouse showing dyspnea , chattering, and weight loss
Sendai vins casing preemania - infection subclinical in rats and hamsters
Where should intraosseous catheters be placed in birds
Ulna or tibiotarsus
Why can you not use the humerus or tenor for io catheters in birds
They are pneumatized and fluids in aromatic bones lead to drowning
What card cause hepatic lipidosis in birds and what signs would you see
High fat diets with oils - heavy birds in respiratory distress
What is a xanthoma
Friable yellow fatty tissue accumulation
What are signs of hypovitaminosis A in birds
Squamous metaplasia of the mucus membranes and submandibular abscessation
Why does gout occur
When uric acid crystallizes forming urate crystals - Olivers when there is an inability to excrete uric acid or an over production of uric acid
What is Leuprolide and what is it used for in birds
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) analog - shuts down reproductive hormones in the bird to stop production of eggs (ovulation) - treats chronic egg laying leading to disease
What is a synasacrum
Fused lumbosacral region in birds
What sort of clinical signs would you see with aspergillosis infections
Respiratory signs
Do birds have neutrophils
No - they have heterophils same function
How many air sacs do birds have
9
How much of a birds blood can you safely take
1%% of BW
What is the causative agent of avian tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium
What can and can’t be used to treat whip worm infections in carrels
Can use panacur, ivermectin is not effective
What drugs should you not give to reptile in the caudal half of their body and why
Aminoglycosides like gentamicin - reprices have the renal portal system and aminoglycosides can be nephrotoxic
Can you give birds gentamicin
No - toxic
What usually causes goiter in budgies
Dietary deficiency in iodine
How do you normally treat berserk male syndrome / aberrant behavior syndrome in camelids
No treatment - usually euthanized
What is choanal atresia and who is mostly affected
Alpacas mostly - congenital disease causing an opening between nasal and pharyngeal area blocked by membranes or bony tissue
What clinical signs can you see with choanal atresia
Difficulty breathing, nursing , open main breathing, nostril flare, weakness, cyanosis - may also present with other congenital isles like angular limb deformities
A cria presents with his rostral muzzle rotated 90 degrees - what is this called
Wry face
Should you breed camelids with a history of choanal atresia and wry face
No -genetic components
Discuss the pathogenesis of meningeal worm
White tailed deer are infected , worms reside in the brain and larvae are passed in the feces where snails or slugs become infected which are then ingested by camelids where the kruse migrate to spinal cord then brain
What clinical signs can you see with meningeal worn infection in camelids
Hind end paresis progressing to front end, recumbency, paralysis,ataxia, hypermetria
How do you diagnose meningeal worm in camelids
Eosinophilia on a CSF tap
How do you treat meningeal worm in camelids
Ivermectin to deworm
When will a fetus became persistently infected if infected by BVD - bovine viral diarrhea virus
If infected at 60-100 days
What virus that infects camelids can lead to persistently infected crias who are a continuous source of shedding
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
What clinical signs are present in camelids infected with BVDV
Adults - lethargic , stillbirths, abortions
Crias- congenital defects, poor growth, pneumonia, diarinea
How do you diagnose BVDV
Nasal pcr or serology titers
When are you most likely to see cases of vitamin D deficiency in camelido
Winter/low light times - in crias or young growing animals born to vitamin D deficient dams
What clinical signs can you see with vitamin D deficiency in crias
Angular limb deformity I gait abnormalities, hunched back posture , poor growth, unthriftiness
How can you diagnose vitamin D deficiency in crias
Will see grown plate widening and failure of ossification
What is the name of the blood parasite that infects camelids - describe it
Mycoplasma haemolamae - parasite attaches to erythrocytes and causes anemia
What is the name of the blood parasite that infects camelids - describe it
Mycoplasma haemolamae - parasite attaches to erythrocytes and causes anemia
What clinical signs would you see with mycoplasma haemolamae
Most asymptomatic or subdinical - might see weight loss, will see severe signs or death it a concurrent disease or immune sustain suppression
How do you diagnose mycoplasma haemolamae
Can see the parasite on a blood smear or PCR
What is the most common cause of anemia in camelids
Haemonchus contortus - barber pole worm
What is the biggest thing to remember when it comes to h, contortus infections
Anthelmintic resistance is common
What are the clinal signs you’d see with H. Contortus infections
Severe anemia - PCV less than 10% , weakness, anorexia
Describe eimeria macusaniensis
Large coccidia with thick walled cysts making it very hardy and persist in the environment
Describe eimeria macusaniensis
Large coccidia with thick walled cysts making it very hardy and persist in the environment
Describe clinical signs of eimeria macusaniesis
True diarrhea in crias, weight loss , gastroenteritis, hypoproteinemia leading to electrolyte abnormalities and things like edema, organ dysfunction
How many parasites do you need to with eimeria macusaniesis to cause disease
Small amount of parasites cause disease so animal can die showing signs
Describe clinical signs of camelids infected with chorioptes mites
Legs, axial, inguinal, ears, face affected with alopecia, severe crusting, licherification
What is the causative agent of snuffles in rabbits - what type of pathogen is it
Pasteurella Multocida - respiratory pathogen
What is the causative agent of snuffles in rabbits - what type of pathogen is it
Pasteurella Multocida - respiratory pathogen
What can ivermectin cause in turtles
Paresis, paralysis and death
What can ivermectin cause in turtles
Paresis, paralysis and death
Describe common antibiotic therapy in rodents like hamsters and guinea pigs and why it is that way
Mostly just use enrofloxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol because many other antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin cause enterotoxemia and disruption of gut normal flora
Describe common antibiotic therapy in rodents like hamsters and guinea pigs and why it is that way
Mostly just use enrofloxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol because many other antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin cause enterotoxemia and disruption of gut normal flora
Can you house turtles and snakes together
No - turtles are subclinical carriers of entamaebo invadens protozoal organism which can cause GI signs and death in snakes
What antibiotic would you choose to treat proliferative bowel disease in ferret.
Chloramphenicol to treat the Lawsonia causing proliferation
What flea adulticide is toxic to rabbits
Fipronil
What is goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland swelling - thyroid hyperplasia/dysplasia
What are clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in snacks
None - snakes don’t have bladders
What are clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in snacks
None - snakes don’t have bladders
Define dysecdysis
Abnormal shedding
Define dysecdysis
Abnormal shedding
Describe clinical signs seen with ich
White spots on gills and skin, erratic behavior
What clinical signs do you see with gill rot
Angel disease causing respiratory distress due to thrombosis and necrosis of the gills
What clinical signs do you see with whirling disease caused by myxobolus/ myxosoma
Deformation of the head and spine resulting in inability to swim properly
Why can you not use erythromycin in rabbits
It has gram positive activity which can alter the intestinal biome of the rabbit leading to intestinal disease
You see red brown crusting on the neck and in the ears of a rabbit - what is your top differential
Psoroptes cuniculi
Describe lesions of psorioptes cuniculi in rabbits
Nonburrowing ear mite of rabbits - crusting, scaling, head shaking, ear drooping , pruritis
What parasite carried by raccoons can cause fatal CNS signs in humans
Baylisacaris - ascarid /roundworm
Describe estrous in a rabbit
Rabbits are induced ovulatprs so they don’t display estrous
What is another name for macaw wasting disease
Proventicular dilation syndrome - weight loss, good appetite
Which bores in a bird do you avoid placing an introsseous catheter and why
Humerus and femur should be avoided because they are pneumotized
Which bones in birds should you place an intraosseous catheter in
Ulna or tibiotarsus
Where is the best place to take blood in a bird
Jugular vein
What is a trichobezoars
Hair ball
Trichomonas is treated with
Metronidazole
What causes SCUD in turtles
Citrobacter freundii
What is the only FDA anesthetic for fish
MS 222 - tricane memanesulforate
How many heart chambers do fish have
2
Erratically swimming fish with white spots on skin make you suspect
Ich
What is the most common bacterial disease of fish
Aeromonas salmonicidia - furmalosis of salmonids
Eventually swimming fish with deformed heads and spire, especially in rainbow trout make yo suspect -
Whirling disease - myxobolus cerebralis
What fish are mostly affected by hole in the head disease (herpes) - what is the presentation
Catfish (channel cat virus ) - erraticly swim then spin then die
Describe gill rot - wich species is usually effected
Carp and eels - respiratory domen due to gill necrosis leading to thrombosis of blood vessels in gills
What is your top differential for an aquarium fish with skeletal deformities and erosions on the fin
Mycobacteria is
What clinical signs in you see with columnaris disease
White plaques with red peripheral zones that became skin ulcerations
How do yw test for TB in monkeys
Intradermally in the eyelids
What 3 antibiotics can you use in rodents and why
Enrohoxacin, TMS, chloramphenicol - others like penicillin can cabe enterotoxemia
What can you absolutely not use to treat psoroptes caniculi in rabbits
Fipronil (fontire) - very toxic to rabbits
What causes phacoclastic cataracts in rabbits
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
What can hypovitaminosis C cause in guinea pigs
Scurvy - leads to painful swollen joint, loose teeth and dental malocclusions
What causes a sialodacryoadenitis in rats
Bleeding from the eyes - coronavirus
Differentiate between mammary tumors in rats and mice
Rats - benign fibroadenomas, surgery
Mice - anaplastic and invasive, surgery is not a good idea
What do you do if you diagnose lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a mice colony
Euthanize the colony - zoonotic concern
What clinical signs can you see with Sendai virus in mice
Respiratory disease leading to weight loss, chattering and death
If you have a ferret with an insulinoma - what should you absolutely not do and why
Don’t fast for over 6 hours Or can cause a fatal hypoglycemia
What do ferrets eat
Strict carnivore diet - high levels of plant protein con cause urolithiasis
What can you not give in the caudal half of replies ad why
Can not give aminoglycosides like gentamicin because of the renal portal system (blood from could half passes trash kidney before heart )
How many heart chambers do reptiles have
3 heart chambers
What can happen if you feed reptiles a raw fish diet
Neuralgic signs due to trimmings leading to a deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)
What causes metabolic bone disease in reptiles - what does it ultimately lead to
Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism - which causes imbalances in calcium, vitamin D3 and phosphorous - leads to calcium being reabsorbed from bones causing weak bones
Why is UV light important for reptiles
Need UV light to convert vitamin D to vitamin D3 and they need vitamin D3 to properly reabsorb calcium
How do you treat metabolic bone disease in reptiles
Give vitamin D3 every 4 weeks - otherwise can overdose and cause soft tissue mineralization
What normally causes dysecdysis
Inadequate humidity
You find an acid fast staining organism in a reptile with weight loss and regurgitation - what is it and what do yo do
Cryptosporidium - euthanize due to zoonotic risk and no effective treatment
What causes infection stomatitis in reptiles
Aeromonas species
What clinical signs can you see with a cute infected with hypovitaminosis A
Respiratory disease - nasal discharge, open mouth breathing, edema of eyelids, swelling of the ears, also see renal disease or squamous metaplasis
What type of diet can lead to hypovitaminosis A in turtles
Diet of only fruits and insects
What causes septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles and how do you treat
Citrobacter freundii - treat with chloramphenicol
Why should you not house turtles and snakes together
Turtles carry entamoeba invaders which doesn’t affect then but can cause severe GI signs and death in snakes
What clinical signs in snakes make you suspect inclusion body disease - how is this transmitted
Inability to right itself - transmitted by ophiopysiss natricus
An iguana fed a high protein diet is at risk of
Renal failure and hypertension
Birds have - heart chambers and - trachea rings and - air sacs
4 heart chambers, complete tracheal rings and 9 air sacs
A bird presents with a swollen distended neck - what is your top differential
Ruptured cervical air sacs
How much blood can you draw from a bird safely
1% of body weight
Can you feed avocados to parrots
No- cause myocardial necrosis
Can you feed avocados to parrots
No- cause myocardial necrosis
An all seed diet can lead to what in birds - what does that cause
Calcium deficiency causing a calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D3 imbalance Or can cause a hypovitaminosis A leading to squamous metaplasia of mucus membranes and glands
What clinical signs on you see with hypovitaminosis A in birds fed an all seed diet
White plaque in mouth, respiratory disease and distress , renal disease/ blunted choanal papilla
A yellow Mass on the tip of a birds wing with FNA findings of macrophagic inflammation and cholesterol clefts indicates -
Xanthoma - accumulation of friable yellow fatty tissue, benign growth of lipids and cholesterol
Progressive unilateral leg lameness in a bird makes you worry about - why?
Renal adenocorcinoma - tumor presses on the sciatic nerve
What is goiter in birds - what causes it and how does it present
Thyroid hyperplasia - caused by an iodine deficiency, leads to voice changes, Stertor , wheezes, regurg
How do you treat synovial gout in birds - why
Allopurinol to decrease uric acid formation and a low protein diet
What is hemochromatosis / hemosiderosis - how does it present
Too much iron accumulation in the liver, common in toucans with a history of poor feathering and argrown back
Feather pulling in cockatiels leads you to suspect - I how do you treat it
Giardiasis - treat with metronidazole
What is the diagnosis if you see an eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and spleen in a bird
Pachecos disease /herpes virus
What clinical signs will you see with pstittacosis - chlamydophilia psticcasis, parrot fever
increased respiratory rate due to air sacculitis, lime green urates, high white blood cells
What clinical signs can you see with pachecos /herpesvirus
Acute liver necrosis, irregular yellow diarrhea, sudden death, ruffled plumage
You suspect psittacosis in a bird (parrot fever) - what is your biggest concern
Zoonotic and reportable - can cause fever, chest tightness and sore throat
What will you see on histopath in a bird infected with poloma virus
Pale mottled spleen/liver with white pinpoint foci, petechiation and intranuclear inclusion bodies
What occurs in candidiasis - Candida albicans
Thickening of crop mucosa with secondary bacterial infections casing regurgitation, unthriftiness, crop stasis, malabsorption
What predisposes a bird to candidiasis
Prolonged antibiotics, spoiled feed, vitamin A deficiency - young birds sally
How can you treat candidiasis
Nystatin
How do you treat trichomoniasis in falcons causing white caseous lesions on the oral mucosa
Metronidazole
How can you differentiate between heavy metal toxicosis and liver disease
Heavy metal - red urates
Liver disease - green urates
What clinical signs lead you to suspect heavy metal toxicosis in birds
Red plasma, red urates, bright red droppings
What causes thrush in birds
Candidiasis
What is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis
Coronavirus
What is the causative agent of infectious laryngotracheitis
Herpesvirus
What type of virus causes Mareks disease
Adenovirus
