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NAVLE > Neurology/Embryology > Flashcards

Neurology/Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between upper motor neuron signs and lower motor neuron signs

A

UMN - hyperreflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone
Lmn - decreased or absent spinal reflexes and decreased muscle tone

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2
Q

Do proprioceptive deficit indicate central or peripheral vestibular disease

A

Proprioceptive deficits indicate a central lesion

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3
Q

Describe motor signs with lesions to c1-c5

A

All 4 limbs show upper motor neuron signs (hypereflexia)

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4
Q

Describe motor signs with lesions to C6 - T2

A

LMN to thoracic , UMN to pelvic

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5
Q

Describe motor sign with a T3 - L3 lesion

A

Normal thoracic , UMN in pelvic

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6
Q

Describe motor signs with a L4 - S1 lesion

A

LMN in pelvic limbs, anus and bladder, normal thoracic

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7
Q

Describe motor signs with a L4 - S1 lesion

A

LMN in pelvic limbs, anus and bladder, normal thoracic

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8
Q

How can you assess cranial nerve 2 - the optic nerve

A

PLR and dazzle reflex (shine light in eye, looking for partial blink)

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9
Q

If n patient does not have a dazzle reflex - where is the lesion

A

Cranial nerve 3 - oculomotor

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve closes the eyes and with what

A

Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor - levator palpebrae superioris muscle

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve closes the eyes and with what

A

Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor - levator palpebrae superioris muscle

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12
Q

Strabismus indicates a lesion in what cranial nerve - why

A

Urial nerve 3 - oculomotor, responsible for innervating dorsal, medial and ventral rectus muscles which are responsible de humoral and vertical eye movement

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13
Q

Medial strabismus specifically indicates a lesion in what cranial nerve - why

A

Cranial nerve 4 - trochlear - innovates dorsal oblique; could also indicate a lesion in cranial nerve 6 (abducens) which innovates the lateral rectus

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14
Q

What are the 3 branches of cranial nerve 5 the trigeminal nerve

A

Mandibular, ophthalmic and maxillary

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15
Q

How can you assess the trigeminal nerve - why

A

Palpebral - opthalamic branch provides sensory to the eye, eyelids and cornea

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for opening the eyes - with what

A

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) - orbicularis oculi muscle

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17
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 7

A

Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, taste to the rostral 2/3 tongue

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18
Q

Otitis media can cause deficits in which cranial nerve and why

A

Cranial nerve 7 and/or 8 - runs through the middle ear

19
Q

What clinical signs do you see with lesions in the vestibulocochler nerve

A

Nystagmus/ vestibular signs

20
Q

What is cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

21
Q

What clinical signs can you see with injury to cranial nerve 10 - vagus nerve

A

Dystonia, dysphagia, megnesophagus, inspiratory dyspnea

22
Q

What are cranial nerves 10 - 12

A

10 - vagus
11- accessory
1w- hypoglossal

23
Q

What are the 4 components of Horners syndrome

A

3rd eyelid protrusion, miosis, ptosis (drooping eyelid), enopthalmos (retracted globe)

24
Q

On top of the 4 classic signs of horners, what additional signs can you see in large animals

A

Hyperthermia in cows and sweating in horses

25
Q

On top of the 4 classic signs of horners, what additional signs can you see in large animals

A

Hyperthermia in cows and sweating in horses

26
Q

What are causes of horners syndrome

A

Chest neoplasia, idiopathic, chronic otitis, hypothyroidism, guttural pouch mylosis

27
Q

With central vestibular signs you’ll see - and -

A

Central nystagmus and conscious proprioceptive deficits

28
Q

With paradoxical vestibular disease, the lesion will be on the side of

A

The central signs and conscious proprioceptive deficits (away from the peripheral signs)

29
Q

A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF with microabscesses on the brainstem indicates

A

Listeriosis

30
Q

A neutrophilic pleocutosis on CSF tap with xanthrochromia

A

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (teme) caused by histophilus somni

31
Q

How do you treat listeriosis

A

Procaine penicillin

32
Q

What type of clinical signs do you see with listeriosis

A

Unilateral drooped lips, fever, drooling , asymmetric cranial nerve deficits, abortion in cattle

33
Q

What is a big difference between TEME and polioencephalomalacia

A

TEME shows a high fever and respiratory signs before CNS signs sometimes

34
Q

It an animal is in active epilepticus - what do you do

A

Give diazepam rectally

35
Q

What is your treatment goal with a head trauma case

A

Lower intracranial pressure while keepinga high paO2 to prevent causing an hypoxemia

36
Q

Generalized tonic clinic seizures without interictal abnormalities indicates

A

Status epileptic is

37
Q

Describe the cushings reflex

A

Increased intracranial pressure leads to compensatory systemic hypertension, then causing a decreased heart rate

38
Q

How should you decrease blood pressure with a cushings reflex

A

Never do this! In eliminate cerebella blood now and kill the patient

39
Q

Dobermans, Great Danes and thoroughbreds are all predisposed to

A

Cervical spondylopathy

40
Q

What clinical signs do you normally see with cervical spondylopathy

A

Ataxia/ paresis of all 4 limbs, umn signs in all 4 limbs

41
Q

Voiding of the bladder has to do with what process

A

Parasympathetic stimulation of the pelvic nerve to stimulate the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall) leading to contraction of bladder

42
Q

Storage of urine in the bladder has to do with what process

A

Sympathetic and somatic stimulation - the hypogastic nerve stimulates Beta receptors in the detrusor muscle to relax and stimulates alpha receptors in the internal urethral sphincter ; the pudendal nerve also stimulates the external sphincter muscle to contract

43
Q

What on ultrasound would indicate a pylonephritis

A

Hydronephrosis (dilation) of the renal pelvis and ureters with a lack of corticomedullary definition

44
Q

How do you definitively diagnose pyelonephritis

A

Renal biopsy

NAVLE (18 decks)

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