Neurology/Embryology Flashcards
Differentiate between upper motor neuron signs and lower motor neuron signs
UMN - hyperreflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone
Lmn - decreased or absent spinal reflexes and decreased muscle tone
Do proprioceptive deficit indicate central or peripheral vestibular disease
Proprioceptive deficits indicate a central lesion
Describe motor signs with lesions to c1-c5
All 4 limbs show upper motor neuron signs (hypereflexia)
Describe motor signs with lesions to C6 - T2
LMN to thoracic , UMN to pelvic
Describe motor sign with a T3 - L3 lesion
Normal thoracic , UMN in pelvic
Describe motor signs with a L4 - S1 lesion
LMN in pelvic limbs, anus and bladder, normal thoracic
Describe motor signs with a L4 - S1 lesion
LMN in pelvic limbs, anus and bladder, normal thoracic
How can you assess cranial nerve 2 - the optic nerve
PLR and dazzle reflex (shine light in eye, looking for partial blink)
If n patient does not have a dazzle reflex - where is the lesion
Cranial nerve 3 - oculomotor
Which cranial nerve closes the eyes and with what
Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor - levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Which cranial nerve closes the eyes and with what
Cranial nerve 3 oculomotor - levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Strabismus indicates a lesion in what cranial nerve - why
Urial nerve 3 - oculomotor, responsible for innervating dorsal, medial and ventral rectus muscles which are responsible de humoral and vertical eye movement
Medial strabismus specifically indicates a lesion in what cranial nerve - why
Cranial nerve 4 - trochlear - innovates dorsal oblique; could also indicate a lesion in cranial nerve 6 (abducens) which innovates the lateral rectus
What are the 3 branches of cranial nerve 5 the trigeminal nerve
Mandibular, ophthalmic and maxillary
How can you assess the trigeminal nerve - why
Palpebral - opthalamic branch provides sensory to the eye, eyelids and cornea
Which cranial nerve is responsible for opening the eyes - with what
Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) - orbicularis oculi muscle
What is the function of cranial nerve 7
Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression, taste to the rostral 2/3 tongue
Otitis media can cause deficits in which cranial nerve and why
Cranial nerve 7 and/or 8 - runs through the middle ear
What clinical signs do you see with lesions in the vestibulocochler nerve
Nystagmus/ vestibular signs
What is cranial nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal nerve
What clinical signs can you see with injury to cranial nerve 10 - vagus nerve
Dystonia, dysphagia, megnesophagus, inspiratory dyspnea
What are cranial nerves 10 - 12
10 - vagus
11- accessory
1w- hypoglossal
What are the 4 components of Horners syndrome
3rd eyelid protrusion, miosis, ptosis (drooping eyelid), enopthalmos (retracted globe)
On top of the 4 classic signs of horners, what additional signs can you see in large animals
Hyperthermia in cows and sweating in horses
On top of the 4 classic signs of horners, what additional signs can you see in large animals
Hyperthermia in cows and sweating in horses
What are causes of horners syndrome
Chest neoplasia, idiopathic, chronic otitis, hypothyroidism, guttural pouch mylosis
With central vestibular signs you’ll see - and -
Central nystagmus and conscious proprioceptive deficits
With paradoxical vestibular disease, the lesion will be on the side of
The central signs and conscious proprioceptive deficits (away from the peripheral signs)
A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF with microabscesses on the brainstem indicates
Listeriosis
A neutrophilic pleocutosis on CSF tap with xanthrochromia
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (teme) caused by histophilus somni
How do you treat listeriosis
Procaine penicillin
What type of clinical signs do you see with listeriosis
Unilateral drooped lips, fever, drooling , asymmetric cranial nerve deficits, abortion in cattle
What is a big difference between TEME and polioencephalomalacia
TEME shows a high fever and respiratory signs before CNS signs sometimes
It an animal is in active epilepticus - what do you do
Give diazepam rectally
What is your treatment goal with a head trauma case
Lower intracranial pressure while keepinga high paO2 to prevent causing an hypoxemia
Generalized tonic clinic seizures without interictal abnormalities indicates
Status epileptic is
Describe the cushings reflex
Increased intracranial pressure leads to compensatory systemic hypertension, then causing a decreased heart rate
How should you decrease blood pressure with a cushings reflex
Never do this! In eliminate cerebella blood now and kill the patient
Dobermans, Great Danes and thoroughbreds are all predisposed to
Cervical spondylopathy
What clinical signs do you normally see with cervical spondylopathy
Ataxia/ paresis of all 4 limbs, umn signs in all 4 limbs
Voiding of the bladder has to do with what process
Parasympathetic stimulation of the pelvic nerve to stimulate the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall) leading to contraction of bladder
Storage of urine in the bladder has to do with what process
Sympathetic and somatic stimulation - the hypogastic nerve stimulates Beta receptors in the detrusor muscle to relax and stimulates alpha receptors in the internal urethral sphincter ; the pudendal nerve also stimulates the external sphincter muscle to contract
What on ultrasound would indicate a pylonephritis
Hydronephrosis (dilation) of the renal pelvis and ureters with a lack of corticomedullary definition
How do you definitively diagnose pyelonephritis
Renal biopsy
