Canine and Feline Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diagnosis if a skin lesion fluoresces under woods lamp but has a negative skin scrape

A

Ringworm - microsporum canis fungus ( only 50% of positive cases will fluoresc)

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2
Q

What is the best treatment for ringworm

A

Combo topical and oral therapy - antifungal shampoo with miconazole and oral like itraconarole or fluconazole

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3
Q

Will doxycycline treat ringworm

A

No dummy - doxycycline is an antibiotic and will not treat fungal infections

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4
Q

What are you suspicious of if you see an elevated heart Off the sternal wall on thoracic rads

A

Pneumothorax

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5
Q

What would a globoid heart be suggestive of on rads

A

Pericardial effusion

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6
Q

A delicit in what nerve would lead to a loss of motor function in the muscles of mastication

A

Cranial nerve 5

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7
Q

Deficits in what canid nerves could lead to strabismus

A

Cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor nerve), 4 (trochlear) or 6 (abducent nerve)

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8
Q

What can cause nystagmus

A

CNS disease or cranial nerve 8 deficits

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9
Q

What would you expect to see with deficits in cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)

A

Exposure keratitis because facial nerve 7 controls lacrimation

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10
Q

Define exposure keratitis

A

Damage to the. Correa due to dryness

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11
Q

How do cats and dogs became infected with cutebra larvae (as they do not bite or feed)

A

EnvironmentaL exposure - larvae attach through fur and enter body during grooming or through an open wound

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12
Q

Where do cutebrea larvae usually localize to and when do you see infections mostly

A

Localize to the skin of the neck, head and trunk (but don’t usually go through the skin), sec mostly in late summer and fall

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13
Q

Hypochloremia in a yang anorexia animal is most suggestive of

A

Upper GI obstruction

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14
Q

What is the screening test for hyperthyroidism in cats

A

Total T4

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15
Q

What would help you differentiate between metastatic neoplasia and systemic fungal disease on radiographs

A

With systemic fungal disease there would be evidence of hilar lymphadenopathy

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16
Q

Which poisonous plant can lead to acute death

A

Milkweed

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17
Q

Atrial fibrillation sounds like

A

Shoes in a dryer

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18
Q

Anti pruitic meds are considered -, trey provide relief but don’t

A

Bandaids - provide relief but don’t cure the underlying cause of the pruitis

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19
Q

What are the 4 main antipruitic drugs used in dermatology

A

Apoquel (octlacitinib) , cytopoint ( lokivetmab), cyclosporine (atopic a) and prednisone (steroid)

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20
Q

_ Is the key mediator of pruritis

A

IL 31 - a cytokine that causes release of proinflammatory cytokines by activating the jak/stat pathway

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21
Q

Give a brief brief summary of the jak/stat pathway

A

IL 31 activates a jak receptor I which activates stat which travels to the cell nucleus to cause release of proinfommatory cytokines and itch

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22
Q

What is the main difference between apoquel and cytopoint in terms of their MOA

A

Both activate the jak/stat path that cause pruritis but cytopoint acts higher in the path than apoquel; apoquel is a jak inhibitor (blocks itch by not letting jak bind), cytopoint binds IL 3I so it can’t activate the jak/stat path

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23
Q

How does prednisone act as an antiprurituc

A

Inhibit inflammation and up regulates anti inflammatory mediators

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24
Q

Depending on the dose I prednisone can be - or -

A

Anti inflammatory or immunosuppressive

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25
Q

How does cyclosporine act as an antiprurituc

A

Blocks IL 2 which blocks proliferation of T cells to reduce inflammation and the allergic response - it is a calcineurin inhibitor

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26
Q

Of the 4 categories of antipruritic meds, now are each given to the patient

A

Oral - apoquel , prednisone, cyclosporin
Subcutaneous - cytopoint injection every 4-8 weeks

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27
Q

Of the 4 antiprurituc meds , what is the onset of action

A

Prednisone, cytopoint and apoquel usually act within 24 hours, cyclosporine takes 4 weeks in dogs, 2-3 weeks in cats

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28
Q

Compare the costs of antiprurituc meds

A

Cyclosporine most expensive, prednisone cheapest

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29
Q

What are side effects of apoquel

A

Increase susceptibility to demodex /infections, can exacerbate neoplasia, GI effects like v/d

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30
Q

Who should you not give apoquel to

A

Dogs less than one year - con increase risk of demodex and severe infections like pneumonia

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31
Q

What are side effects cytopoint

A

None - maybe GI effects but not proven

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32
Q

What are side effects of cyclosporine

A

GI upset, increased hair growth, papillomas, gingival hyperplasia - all stop after stopping the meds

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33
Q

What is often a side effect of immunosuppressive drugs butw is not seen with cyclosporine

A

Myelo suppression

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34
Q

In what patients should you be cautious about using cyclosporine as an antiprovisio

A

Diabetics - con decrease function of pancreatic B cells and can influence dosing of insulin (but does not cause clinical diabetes in a healthy p

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35
Q

What is cytochrome p450

A

Family of isoenzymes located in the liver responsible for metabolizing many drugs

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36
Q

What happens if a patient is given both cyclosporine and a medication that inhibits p450 like ketocanazole

A

It can help lower the dose of cyclosporine (saves money because it is so expensive) because cyclosporine is a substitute of cytochrome P450

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37
Q

What is p glycoprotein

A

Found at blood brain barrier to pump drugs at of the cell

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38
Q

What can you not give with cyclosporine

A

Ivermectin due to issue with p glycoproteins and drug accumulation in the brain resulting

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39
Q

What are side effects of prednisone

A

Many! Pu/pd , polyphagia, behavior changes, GI ulceration, hepatopathy diabetes, hyperlipidemia , delayed wound healing, cutaneous atrophy, comedomes, secondary infections

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40
Q

What is a tarsorrhaphy? When word you use it

A

Surgery to partially sew the eyelids as together to narrow eye opening - word use to keep the eye in place it ocular muscles are torn and to prevent ulceration due to proptosis

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41
Q

What is your top differential in a cat with a swelling on its nose and dark lesions in the Cornea

A

CRyptococcus - encapsulated yeast

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42
Q

How can cats became infected with cryptococcus

A

Associated with exposure to pigeon droppings or eucalyptus trees - spores inhaled from the environment

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43
Q

What is the causative agent of rose grower’s disease in cats and how are they infected

A

Sporothrix (a fungus) - introduced in body from a thorn Or through an open wound or from contaminated soil

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44
Q

What parasite can be transmitted to cats though ingestion of raw meat

A

Toxoplasmosis

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45
Q

What is the diagnostic test for boxer cardiomyopathy (arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)

A

24 hour halter ECG monitor

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46
Q

What is boxer cardiomyopathy

A

Fibrofatty infiltrate in the right ventricle that causes electrical conduction problems and VPCs (ventricular premature complexes)

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47
Q

Why should you not house chickens and turkeys together

A

Prevent transmission of histamonous meleagridis to turkey’s - fatal in turkeys but not so much to chickens

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48
Q

What is a top differential if you see mucoid ocular discharge

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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49
Q

What is the best way to prevent Oak toxicity in calves

A

Spread hay everywhere so they fill up and don’t eat the Oak leaves

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50
Q

Can you use prednisone and NSAIDs together

A

No - risk of Gi ulcers and renal failure (no steroids and NSAIDs ever)

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51
Q

Can you use apoquel in cats

A

Not recommended - not labeled and no established safe or effective doses

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52
Q

Can you use cytopoint in cats

A

No - the antibody is caninized (a monoclonal antibody made to work specifically in dogs)

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53
Q

Can you use prednisone for pruritis in cats

A

No - use prednisolone (prednisone has decreased hepatic conversion and decreased GI absorption)

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54
Q

What are possible congenital components seen with canine brachycephalic syndrome

A

Elongated soft palate , stenotic nares, hypoplastic trachea

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55
Q

What breeds of cat are typically affected by brachy cephalic syndrome causing things like elongated soft palates or stenotic nares

A

Himalayans and Persians

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56
Q

What is a hypoplastic trachea and in what breed is it commonly seen

A

Narrowing of the trachea and seen mostly in English bulldogs

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57
Q

What are 4 complications of canine brachycephalic syndrome and why do they occur

A

Due to increased airway resistance - everted laryngeal saccules, laryngeal edema, laryngeal collapse, edematous/pharyngeal folds

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58
Q

What are clinical signs of canine brachycephalic syndrome

A

Exercise intolerance , respiratory distress, gagging and dysphagia, open mouth Stertor breathing, collapse I cyanosis, aspiration pneumonia

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59
Q

What is the risk of resection of an elongated soft palate

A

Over resection can predispose to aspiration pneumonia

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60
Q

How do you treat stenotic nares

A

Wedge resection of nasal fold

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61
Q

What is the treatment for hypo plastic trachea

A

No effective treatment

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62
Q

What is important to remember when diagnosing laryngeal collapse

A

Make sure it is not laryngeal paralysis

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63
Q

How do you treat laryngeal collapse (which occurs with very advanced brachycophalic syndrome)

A

Permanent tracheostomy

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64
Q

How do you treat everted laryngeal saccules

A

Grab at base with long pair of thermostats or Alis tissue forceps/ remove with traction

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65
Q

What are 2 causes of feline hyper thyroidism

A

Adenomatous hyperplasia of thyroid glands or functional thyroid carcinoma

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66
Q

What are key clinical signs / physical exam findings of feline hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss,polyphagia, vomiting , hyperactivity - thyroid slip or nodule, tachycardia, heart murmur or gallop

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67
Q

How do you diagnose feline hyperthyroidism

A

Serum T4 + clinical signs and history

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68
Q

What are the 3 main treatment options for feline hyper thyroidism

A

Oral methimazole, surgical thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine

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69
Q

What are the 2 thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid glands and what do they do

A

T3 and T4 - increase metabolic rate , oxygen consumption, heart rate, erythropoiesis and catecholomine response, also have catabolic effects on muscle and adipose tissue (explaining the weight loss)

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70
Q

What is your top differential if you have a cat losing weight but that has an increased appetite

A

Hyperthyroidism

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71
Q

What are common diagnostic findings of feline hyperthyroidism

A

Increased liver enzymes (alt, alp, AST) , erythrocytosis (increased RBC ), hypertension

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72
Q

When treating feline hyperthyroidism what should you monitor

A

Renal function, rend insufficiency is a common comorbidity

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73
Q

What are possible side effects of oral methimazole

A

Facial excoriations - thrombocytopenia, anemia, hepatopathy

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74
Q

What are possible side effects of oral methimazole for treatment of feline hyperthyroidism

A

Facial excoriations (ulcerations or erosions), repatopathy, anemia, thrombocytopenia

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75
Q

What are possible surgical complications caused by thyroidectomy to treat hyperthyroidism

A

Iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism / hypocalcemia , hypothyroidism, Horners syndrome, laryngeal paralysis and voice change

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76
Q

What are signs indicating Horners syndrome in dogs and why do they occur

A

Due to interruption of sympathetic innovation to the eye - causes facial anhidrosis (decreased sweating) , ptosis (drooping eyelid) , sinking of the eyeball into the face, anisocoria (diff size pupils)

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77
Q

What bloodwork change would you see if the parathyroids were removed

A

Hypocalcemia - parathyroids produce PTH which increases calcium normally

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78
Q

Describe radioactive iodine as a treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

Single dose, requires hospitalization for days to weeks

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79
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy and who is most prone

A

Primary myocardial disease causing cardiac enlargement and impaired systolic function - large breed dogs most prone, especially Dobermans

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80
Q

What is meant by impaired systolic function

A

Inability to contract well during beats

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81
Q

What are clinical signs of DCM and describe their progression

A

Fainting, lethargy, exercise intolerance - many dogs asymptomatic until they suddenly show signs of heart failure (rapid progression over days)

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82
Q

What are clinical sigma of heart failure

A

Respiratory Ar Tess if left sided, ascites if right sided

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83
Q

What breed most commonly sees familial arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathyand what is it

A

Boxers - arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy causing VPCs and sometimes sudden cardiac death

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84
Q

How do you diagnose DCM

A

Echocardiography - shows poor contractility and decreased shortening fraction

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85
Q

Define shortening fraction

A

Ratio of change in diameter of the right/left ventricle between contracted and relaxed state

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86
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of boxer cardiomyopathy -arvc

A

Syncope

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87
Q

How do you diagnose boxer cardiomyopathy / arvc

A

24 hour holter monitor to assess severity and response to treatment to monitor VPCs that could be missed with one ECG

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88
Q

What are the 3 levels to a boxer with ARVC

A

Asymptomatic dog with VPCs, symptomatic dogs with syncope, and dogs with systolic dysfunction and heart failure

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89
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s) is a deficiency in both - and - and needs supplementation of -

A

Glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids - so should supplementboth of these when treating primary adrenal corticoid insufficiency; should also supplement sodium chloride

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90
Q

What are the 2 most common types of tapeworm

A

Tania taeniformus and diplydium caninum

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91
Q

What is the only medication that will treat both types of tapeworm infection (dogs)

A

Praziquantel (droncit)

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92
Q

Pyrantel treats - and - infections, but not -

A

Pyrantel treats hookworms and roundworms but not tapeworms

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93
Q

For what infections would you use fenbebdazole /panacur to treat ? What will it not treat

A

Tania (tapeworms), hookworms, roundworms and whip worms - will not treat diplydium tapeworm infections

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94
Q

What do tapeworms look like

A

Small, flat, white. Like grains of rice

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95
Q

Drontal plus , approved for cats , contains - and - and is effective in treating

A

Praziquantal and pyrantel - treats tapeworms, roundworms and hookworms

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96
Q

Profender, approved for use in cats, contains _ and - and is effective in treating

A

Praziquantel and emodepside - treats tapeworms , roundworms and hookworms (like drontal plus)

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97
Q

What is Revolution used for in cats

A

Used to treat and prevent hookworm, roundworm , heatworm, fleas and ear mites

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98
Q

What is frontline used for in cats

A

Treats and prevents fleas and ticks

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99
Q

What should you recommend for a cat found to have a diplydium tapeworm infection

A

Flea control because diplydium tapeworm, transmitted through fleas

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100
Q

How is Tania tapeworm infections transmitted

A

Eating infected prey

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101
Q

What is the most common site for thromboembolic disease

A

Pulmonary thromboembolism

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102
Q

Will cushings disease (hyperadrenocarticism) or Addison’s disease increase the risk of thromboembolism by causing a hypercoagulable state

A

Cushings - hyperadrenocorticism

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103
Q

What is wobbler syndrome

A

Disease mostly of large breed dogs - cervical spondylomyelopathy, disease of the cervical spine causing spinal cord or nerve root compression , neck pain and neuro signs

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104
Q

IMHA has been associated with an increased risk of

A

Thromboembolism

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105
Q

How can IVDD be managed

A

Surgical decompression or non surgical with strict cage rest for at least 8 weeks - could use steroids, analgesics or muscle relaxants in addition

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106
Q

What parasite cases visceral and for ocular larval migrans in people

A

Toxocara roundworms

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107
Q

What is the name for hookworms and what do they look like

A

Ancyclostoma caninum - thin walls !

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108
Q

Describe hookworm infections in dogs

A

Penetrate skin of young puppies, migrate to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed, then mature in the small intestine where they suck blood and cause bleeding ulcers and then anemia

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109
Q

Hookworms ave zoonotic and can cause _ in people

A

Cutaneous larva migrans

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110
Q

What is amlodipine and what is it used for in cats

A

Calcium channel blocker that treats hypertension

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111
Q

What would be a benefit of using telmisartan to treat hypertension in cats due to CKD over amlodipire

A

Telmisartan is an angiotensin 2 blocker that treats both hypertension and benazepril

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112
Q

How can you treat anemia caused by CKD in cats

A

Erythropoeitin

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113
Q

Air bronchograms indicate -, hbu might they occur

A

Uniform lung consolidation and an alveolar pattern - can occur due to inflammatory diseases, severe edema, lung lobe torsions, hemorrhage or neoplasms

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114
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and when do you start it

A

Doxycycline - start immediately even without definitive diagnosis because dog can decline quickly

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115
Q

What does a single antibody liter for RMSF indicate

A

Antibodies from exposure - does not indicate active infection

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116
Q

What is considered the diagnostic test of choice for RMSF became there is no in house test

A

Paired antibody liters with a 4 fold increase and clinical signs

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117
Q

What tick transmits RMSF

A

Dermacentors

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118
Q

What is the difference in bone tumors between dogs and cats

A

Cats less likely to metastasize than dogs

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119
Q

How do you treat heartworm infection in cats

A

Control underling information with corticosteroids like predrisolone and then can use heartgard to show kill the adult worms (to fast will cause a blockage) - can also use bronchodilators and antiemetics to treat signs

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120
Q

What is the most common complication of heart worm in cats

A

Embolism to the lung and sudden death associated with respiratory failure

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121
Q

What is the drug name for interceptor

A

Milbemycin

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122
Q

Why would you not use milbemycin/interceptor to treat heartworm infection in cats

A

It doesn’t kill adults well and kills microfilaria too fast which increases the risk of anaphylaxis

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123
Q

What bacteria is associated with heart worm infection (dirofilaria inmitis)

A

Wolbacheia - symbiotic with the microfilaria

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124
Q

What drug is often added to help in cases of low serum albumin

A

Aspirin - helps decrease the risk of thrombi

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125
Q

What causes EPI in cats - exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Chronic pancreatitis

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126
Q

What causes EPI in dogs

A

Pancreatic acinar atrophy

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127
Q

Describe a type I hyper sensitivity reaction

A

Immediate reaction when reexposure of antigen leads to an allergic reaction - B cells make ige

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128
Q

Describe a type I hyper sensitivity reaction

A

Immediate reaction when reexposure of antigen leads to an allergic reaction - B cells make ige

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129
Q

Describe a type I hyper sensitivity reaction

A

Immediate reaction when reexposure of antigen leads to an allergic reaction - B cells make ige

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130
Q

Describe a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cytotoxic type- When an antigen binds with an antibody on cell and then body recognizes it as foreign, macrophages present the antigen then Igm and igg antibodies are produced, leads to cell lysis

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131
Q

Describe a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Immune complex hype - more antigen than antibodies so they form large immune complexes in circulation (hard to clear)

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132
Q

Describe a type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Delayed type - takes days to occur, cell mediated (other 3 types are antibody mediated), activates T cells that destroy Antigen containing cells

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133
Q

Glaucoma is usually due to

A

Increased intraocular pressure and decreased outflow of aqueous

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134
Q

How does increased vitamin D affect calcium and phosphorous

A

Increases both by increasing absorption from git and bone

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135
Q

How does increased PTA affect Salam and phosphorous

A

Increases calcium but leaves phosphorus normal or low

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136
Q

What is the method of choice for diagnosing rabies

A

Direct Flourescent antibody test

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137
Q

What is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs and which breed is over represented

A

Malignant melanoma (pigmented masses) - Chow chows often get this

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138
Q

Describe prognosis of amputating an osteosarcoma of a long bone

A

90% develop pulmonary metastasis within a year even with amputation

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139
Q

Lateral deviation of the rectum along with swelling of perineal region in intact adult dogs often indicates

A

Perineal hernia

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140
Q

What is cisapride and what can it be used for

A

Serotonin agonist that enhances acetucholine release to increase GI motility, accelerate stomach emptying and increase peristalsis - can be used in cases of constipation with no identified cause

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141
Q

Could you use metoclapromide instead of cisapride to treat constipation

A

Technically yes but it is les effect and does not stimulate colonic motility

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142
Q

What is famotidine used for

A

Minimize acid in the stomach

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143
Q

Where are coagulation factors made

A

Liver

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144
Q

What is indicated with G CTLI value less man 2,5 and clinical signs like weight loss, diarrhea and increased appetite

A

EPI - exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

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145
Q

How do you treat EPI in dogs

A

Pancreatic enzyme replacement for life - because the pancreas is destroyed and will not came back

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146
Q

How do you treat EPI in dogs

A

Pancreatic enzyme replacement for life - because the pancreas is destroyed and will not came back

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147
Q

What is the treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis in cats

A

Clindamycin

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148
Q

What should you do fora dog that has ingested bleach

A

Dilute with milk or water and give GI protectants

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149
Q

What kind of insulin would you use to treat DKA

A

Regular insulin because it is short acting

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150
Q

What kind of insulin would you use to treat DKA

A

Regular insulin because it is short acting

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151
Q

Can you treat feline asthma with atropine

A

Absolutely not - atropine thickens mucus secretions and blocks airways

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152
Q

What can collapsing trachea often be secondary to if not primary

A

Heart failure Or chronic bronchitis (or other cardiopulmonary disorders)

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153
Q

What are common clinical signs of collapsing trachea

A

Honking cough incited by palpation, exercise intolerance, dyspnea or cyanosis

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154
Q

When are you most likely to see cases of collapsing trachea

A

Small bread, usually older (7years) , obese patients

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155
Q

Why does collapsing trachea happen

A

Result of weak or redundant dorsal tracheal membrane cussing the cartilaginous tracheal rings to become hypoplastic or fibrodystrophic

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156
Q

With collapsing trachea, when will it collapse on inspiration? Expiration?

A

Inspiration if involving the extrathoracic trachea/ neck, expiration if intratoracic

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157
Q

How do you diagnose collapsing trachea

A

Palpate to incite coughing spasms thinking cough, rads, endoscopy

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158
Q

What other primary conditions should you look for if diagnosings collapsing trachea

A

Stenotic hares, elongated soft palate , everted laryngeal saccules, laryngeal paralysis, concurrent cardiac disease

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159
Q

How can you treat tracheal collapse if bronchial collapse is present and a surgery is not a great option

A

Weight loss , anxiolytics, bronchodilators

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160
Q

What are anxiolytics

A

Treat anxiety /stress

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161
Q

What are surgical options for treating tracheal collapse

A

Dorsal tracheal membrane plication, intratracheal steering or external support around trachea

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162
Q

What are complications seen with inhatreheal stenting to treat tracheal collapse

A

Stent fracture, collapse before or after the stent, can induce serve mucous and granulation tissue

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163
Q

What are clinical signs of idiopathic epilepsy

A

Generated tonic clonic seizures without interictal usually 1-5 years old

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164
Q

What are clinical signs of idiopathic epilepsy

A

Generated tonic clonic seizures without interictal usually 1-5 years old

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165
Q

What are key clinical signs that makes rabies a top differential

A

Behavior change and vocalization - aggressiveness, excitability , hiding or wild animals becoming less fearful of humans

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166
Q

What are key clinical signs that makes rabies a top differential

A

Behavior change and vocalization - aggressiveness, excitability , hiding or wild animals becoming less fearful of humans

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167
Q

Where do most human cases of rabies come from

A

Bats - wildlife are primary reservoirs for disease

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168
Q

Where do most human cases of rabies come from

A

Bats - wildlife are primary reservoirs for disease

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169
Q

What other clinical signs might yo see with rabies (besides behavior changes and localization) and when do you see them

A

Can be asymptomatic for 1-2 months, then show acute and progressive signs - lameness, dum or various forms when animal is in terminal stages

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170
Q

Describe the furious form of rabies

A

Animal becomes anxious and aggressive, progresses to seizures or paralysis

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171
Q

Describe the furious form of rabies

A

Animal becomes anxious and aggressive, progresses to seizures or paralysis

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172
Q

Describe the dumb form of rabies

A

Hypersalivation and difficulty swallowing

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173
Q

Rabies is a - disease

A

Reportable

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174
Q

What is the diagnostic test of choice for rabies

A

Direct fluorescent antibody testing on the brain

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175
Q

How is the direct fluorescent antibody test performed when testing for rabies

A

Detects viral antigen in 2 locations of brain - brainstem and cerebellum

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176
Q

What is the protocol if an unvaccinated pet-is exposed to rabies

A

Either euthanize and test or quarantine for 4 months (dog and cat) or 6 months if a ferret, vaccinate for rabies at time of quarantine entry

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177
Q

What is the protocol if a vaccinated pet is exposed to rabies - pet including dog, cat or ferret

A

Booster rabies vaccine immediately then have pet be observed by owner for 45 days - this also applies to pet who are overdue but have proof the pet previously had a USDA licensed rabies vaccine

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178
Q

What is the protocol if an unvaccinated human is exposed to rabies

A

Treat with post exposure prophylaxis with rabies immunoglobulin and give rabies vaccine on day of exposure then on days 3,7 and 14

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179
Q

What is the protocol if an unvaccinated human is exposed to rabies

A

Treat with post exposure prophylaxis with rabies immunoglobulin and give rabies vaccine on day of exposure then on days 3,7 and 14

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180
Q

What is the protocol if a vaccinated human or those with adequate antibody titers is exposed to rabies

A

Vaccinate at days 0 and day 3

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181
Q

What is the protocol if a healthy animal (regardless of rabies vaccine stats) bites a human

A

Quarantine for 10 days, do not vaccinate, if symptoms develop that are suggestive of rabies euthanize and test - report to local health department and state vet

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182
Q

What is the protocol if a healthy animal (regardless of rabies vaccine stats) bites a human

A

Quarantine for 10 days, do not vaccinate, if symptoms develop that are suggestive of rabies euthanize and test - report to local health department and state vet

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183
Q

What is the protocol if a stray or unwanted pet bites a human

A

Euthanize and submit for testing

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184
Q

What are the 4 major allergic skin conditions affecting dogs and cats

A

Flea allergy dermatitis (fad), atopic dermatitis /environmental allergies, food allergy or contact allergy

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185
Q

What is hay fever or atopy

A

Atopic dermatitis - environmental allergies

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186
Q

What is the main sign of allergic skin disease

A

Pruritis

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187
Q

When are you most likely to see food allergies in dogs

A

Younger dogs - less than 1year old

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188
Q

When are you most likely to see food allergies in dogs

A

Younger dogs - less than 1year old

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189
Q

When do clinical signs usua lly develop with atopy

A

1-3 years old

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190
Q

Compare the seasonality between cases of story and food allergies

A

Atopy- seasonally, food allergy -year round

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191
Q

What is the only way to diagnose atop

A

Ruling out other disease

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192
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to atopy atopic dermitis/ environmental allergies)

A

West Highland white terrier and English Bulldogs

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193
Q

Describe the onset of signs of flea allergy dermatitis - is it seasonal

A

Rapid inset usually in warm months but doesn’t have to be seasonal

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194
Q

Is atop always seasonal

A

Can be year round if due to dust mites but can be seasonal if due to grass pollen - usually a gradual onset in the summer

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195
Q

Describe the onset of signs with food allergies

A

Gradual but can be rapid - non seasonal

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196
Q

What are common lesions of all allergic diseases

A

Excoriations, alopecia, erythema, hyperpigmentation, lichenification

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197
Q

Define lichenification

A

Thickening / hardening of the skin

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198
Q

Define erythema

A

Redness of the skin

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199
Q

Describe the lesions commonly seen with flea allergy dermatitis

A

Caudal half of body (lumbosacral region), tail base, perineum, thighs, umbilicus, pruritic - does not affect ears usually

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200
Q

Describe the lesions commonly seen with atopy/ atopic dermatitis /hay fever

A

Face, paws, distal extremities, ears, ventrum, pruritis

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201
Q

What lesions do you commonly see with food allergies

A

Same as atopy (face, ears, extremities, paws ventrum) - may be purities

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202
Q

What lesions do you usually see with contact allergies

A

Hairless spots that contact the environment - abdomen , muzzle , ventrum of paws , should see primary lesions like vesicles and erythematous papules

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203
Q

What ave 2 reaction patterns that cats can present with with any of the 4 allergic skin diseases

A

Military dermatitis and eosinophilic granuloma complex

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204
Q

What ave 2 reaction patterns that cats can present with with any of the 4 allergic skin diseases

A

Military dermatitis and eosinophilic granuloma complex

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205
Q

Describe miliary dermatitis

A

Diffuse crusted papules

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206
Q

What is an indolent ulcer

A

Ulcerative symmetrical lesion on the upper lip

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207
Q

Where are eosinophilia granulomas usually found

A

Mouth or body

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208
Q

What are eosinophilic plaques

A

Linear plaques on caudal thighs

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209
Q

How do flea allergy dermatitis lesions present in cats

A

Caudal dorsal summerical alopecia, face or neck

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210
Q

What lesions can you see with allergic skin disease in cats not often seen in dogs

A

Indolent ulcers, eusinuphilic grandmas eosinophilic plaques

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211
Q

How do you diagnose fad

A

Distribution of clinical signs, finding fleas or flea dirt or 2-3 month treatment trial

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212
Q

Why is environmental allergy testing primarily done

A

To make a vaccine not to diagnose atopy

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213
Q

Why is environmental allergy testing primarily done

A

To make a vaccine not to diagnose atopy

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214
Q

How do you diagnose food allergies

A

Diet trial with hydrolyzed protein or novel protein diet

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215
Q

How do you diagnose contact allergies

A

Patch test / intradermal testing

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216
Q

How do you diagnose contact allergies

A

Patch test / intradermal testing

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217
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is contact allergies? Atopy?

A

Contact - type 4
Atop - type I

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218
Q

What infectious diseases should you rule out when trying to diagnose pruritis

A

Surcoptes, dermatophytosis, demodex

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219
Q

Describe the breathing pattern seen with asthma

A

Normal inspiration, marked abdominal push on expiration due to collapse of the lover airways

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220
Q

How do you treat demodecosis? How do you diagnose it?

A

Ivermectin - diagnose with a skin scrape

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221
Q

When can you discontinue treatment of demodicosis

A

After 2 negative skin scrapes one month apart and no clinical signs present

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222
Q

When can you discontinue treatment of demodicosis

A

After 2 negative skin scrapes one month apart and no clinical signs present

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223
Q

Dysfunction of what often causes pacing

A

Forebrain

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224
Q

What are common signs of vestibular disease/ dysfunction

A

Circling toward the side of the lesion , ataxia, weakness, head tilt

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225
Q

What are common signs of vestibular disease/ dysfunction

A

Circling toward the side of the lesion , ataxia, weakness, head tilt

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226
Q

Circling indicates a lesion where

A

Forebrain or vestibular lesions (both peripheral and central)

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227
Q

Circling indicates a lesion where

A

Forebrain or vestibular lesions (both peripheral and central)

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228
Q

What are common signs of cerebellar lesions

A

Ataxia, head hilt, hypermetria, intention tremors

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229
Q

How can cats became infected with cytauxzoon Felis

A

Protozoal organism transmitted through ticks

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230
Q

What are clinical signs of cytauxzoon Felis

A

Non specific signs like anorexia, lethargy, dyspnea, icterus , pyrexia

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231
Q

What is high on your differential list in a cat with a significant fever (pyrexia)

A

Cytauxzoon Felix

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232
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cytauxzoon felis

A

Invades reticuloendothelial cells of the lungs, spleen, liver, lymph nodes (might see cranial organomegaly

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233
Q

What are clinical signs you’d see with idiopathic trigeminal neuritis ? What other cranial nerves are affected

A

Peracute onset of dropped jaw and inability to close the mouth in dogs , while dog is otherwise bar and can swallow if food placed on back of tongue- no other nerve deficits areseen

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234
Q

What is the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuritis and prognosis

A

Supportive care, fluids, hand feeding of soft food - should regain function in 1-2 weeks (Normal in 4 weeks)

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235
Q

That other differentials should you consider with suspected cases of idiopathic trigeminal neuritis

A

Mendibular fracture, rabies, neoplasia of mandibular nerve, masticatory muscle myositis

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236
Q

What clinical signs do you expect to see with idiopathic facial nerve paralysis

A

Inability to blink lack of menaceand papebral, drooping lip and ear , drooling from one side of the mouth, dry eye - normal facial sensation

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237
Q

How to you treat idiopathic facial nerve paralysis

A

Tear supplementation long term immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids

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238
Q

How to you treat idiopathic facial nerve paralysis

A

Tear supplementation long term immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids

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239
Q

What other differentials should you consider if idiopathic facial nerve paralysis is suspected

A

Otitis media, neoplasia of facial nerve, brainstem disease

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240
Q

What other differentials should you consider if idiopathic facial nerve paralysis is suspected

A

Otitis media, neoplasia of facial nerve, brainstem disease

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241
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cytauxzoon felis in cats

A

Invades reticuloendothelial cells of lungs, spleen, liver, lymph modes casing cranial organoregaly _ affects bone marrow causing pancytopenias like thrombocultoperia which can lead to DIC causing spontaneous bleeding

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242
Q

What might you see with a post renal urinary tract obstruction

A

Inability to urinate, hyperkalemia, severe azotemia, metabolic acidosis

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243
Q

What might you see with a post renal urinary tract obstruction

A

Inability to urinate, hyperkalemia, severe azotemia, metabolic acidosis

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244
Q

What is often used to treat urinary incontinence and why

A

Phenyl propranolamine - it is sympathominetic so increases sphincter tone

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245
Q

What type of stones are often seen with Porto systemic shunts

A

Urate stones

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246
Q

Which urinary stones can you not see on radiographs

A

Urate and cysteine stones - I can’t C U

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247
Q

What could you use to treat a suspected insulinoma in cats

A

CRI of glucagon which would cause gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis - increasing glucose to combat the increased insulin

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248
Q

What clinical signs could you see with acetaminophen toxicity in cats

A

Hepatic necrosis, methemoglobinuria (brown urine), methonoglobinemia, anemia, hypoxemia death

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249
Q

What is N acetal cysteine

A

Potent antioxdant used to protect liver from toxin like acetaminophen in cats

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250
Q

What clinical signs might you see with portosystemic shunts (common in toy breed dogs)

A

Poor doers, underweight, wandering, microcytic anemia , intermittent signs of hepatic encephalopathy

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251
Q

What is the gold standard for treating feline hyperthyroidism and why

A

Radioactive iodine because it is curative (others are not)

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252
Q

Which breeds are commonly affected by color dilution aloepecia

A

Fawn Doberman pinchers, Yorkies

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253
Q

What is the diagnosis test of choice for KCS (keratoconjunctivitis sicca -dry eye )

A

Schirmer tear test

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254
Q

What are the 4 components of nephrotic syndrome

A

Proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperchloresrolemia, ascites/edema

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255
Q

How do you “treat” hyperkalemia

A

Give calcium gluconate to antagonize myocardiotoxicity from hyperkalemia not an actual treatment just temporary

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256
Q

Ventral alopecia is a cutaneous marker of what

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome of pancreatic carcinoma

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257
Q

What causes feline mammary hyperplasia (fibroadenomatous hyperplasia)

A

Functional ovary producing progesterone

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258
Q

What causes feline mammary hyperplasia (fibroadenomatous hyperplasia)

A

Functional ovary producing progesterone

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259
Q

How do you treat feline mammary hyperplasia

A

OHE unless ulcerated gland then a mastectomy - so we remove the progesterone cauusing the benign hyperplasia

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260
Q

Can you prevent hemangiosarcomas

A

Can prevent cutaneous hemangiosarcoma by limiting sun exposure in thin coat pale dogs

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261
Q

Can you prevent hemangiosarcomas

A

Can prevent cutaneous hemangiosarcoma by limiting sun exposure in thin coat pale dogs but can’t prevent visceral hemangiosáramos

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262
Q

What is the most common type of rodenticide used in north America

A

Anticoagulant rodenticides - warfarin, brodifacoum, bromdialone, diaphacinone

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263
Q

What is the most common type of rodenticide used in north America

A

Anticoagulant rodenticides - warfarin, brodifacoum, bromdialone, diaphacinone

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264
Q

Why is anticoagulant rodenticide so toxic / how does it work

A

Inhibits vitamin KI epoxide reductase and prevents activation of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors (2,7, 9, 10)

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265
Q

What are the vitamin K dependent coagulation factors

A

2, 7, 9, 10

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266
Q

What clinical signs might you see with anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

A

Hemorrhage into body cavities (abdomen, pleural space, lungs, etc) , signs of hemorrhagic shock (pale mm, prolonged CRT, tachycardia, weak pulses), abdominal distention, respiratory distress if pulmonary hemorrhage

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267
Q

When do clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity occur and how long can they last

A

3-7 days post ingestion but can persist for 4-6 weeks

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268
Q

When do clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity occur and how long can they last

A

3-7 days post ingestion but can persist for 4-6 weeks

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269
Q

How do you diagnose anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

A

Markedly prolonged pt, prolonged PTT

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270
Q

Which will you see prolonged first with anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity - pt or ptt and why

A

Pt - takes 36 -72 hours to deplete because factor 7 has the shortest halflife of all the K dependent long factors (2,7,9,10)

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271
Q

How long does it take to see a prolonged PTT with anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

A

Longer - 3 to 5 days

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272
Q

What treatment do you do if an owner is sure their dog ingested anticoagulant rodenticide in the last couple of hours

A

Induce genesis with activated charcoal with sorbitol if within the last 8-12 hours, then treat with vitamin k for 4 weeks (after checking pt at 36-72 hours) , then recheck pt 2 days after treating with vitamin k

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273
Q

What do you do if a dog possibly ingested anticoagulant rodenticide

A

Do a pt test first, then induce emesis with activated charcoal only if pt is normal , treat with vitamin K for y weeks then recheck pt 48-72 hours once finished

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274
Q

What blood product would you use to transfuse a dog showing hemorrhage secondary to coagulopothy like due to anticoagulant rodenticide, how much and why

A

Plasma then maybe RBC if needed - plasma for immediate hemostasis because vitamin K takes 24 hours to have an effect - usually give 10 - 15 - ml/ kg based on repeated pt valves

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275
Q

How do you treat hemorrhage due to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

A

Plasma transfusion, thoracocentesis if into pleural space, oxygen support if dyspnea, isotonic crystalloids for volume support 1 vitamin K for 4 weeks (oral or subq), recheck pt after finishing

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276
Q

Is vitamin K used as a first response treatment for anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

A

No - takes 24 hours to have an effect

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277
Q

Which dogs would you and would you not perform urohydropropulsion on

A

Thin female good due to short urethra - would not do in males due to long wet and os penis that could get stones stuck

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278
Q

Why is bromethalin rodenticide toxic

A

Inhibit atp production in neurons leading to inability to maintain osmotic gradient, cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure

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279
Q

What clinical signs will you see with bronethalin toxicity

A

High dose - Tremors, seizures, hyperexcitability, hyperthermia within 12 hours
Low dose - days or weeks post ingestion hill see ascending paralysis in hindlimbs

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280
Q

How do you treat bromethalin toxicity

A

GI decontamination if acute (emesis, activated chocoal, gastric lavage), once clinical signs occur then do symptomatic care

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281
Q

How can you treat increased intracranial pressure

A

Mannitol or furosemide to reduce cerebral edema, incline 30° to promote venas return

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282
Q

Is bromethalin rodenticide an anticoagulant

A

No - neurotoxic

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283
Q

Is bromethalin rodenticide an anticoagulant

A

No - neurotoxic

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284
Q

How is cholecalciferol rodenticide toxic

A

Converts 10 vitamin D which causes increased absorption of calcium and mobilization from bones leading to severe hyper calcenia and hypherphosphatemia and organ injury

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285
Q

What clinical signs would you expect to see with cholecalciferol rodenticide and when will you see then

A

Pu/pd, GI upset, acute renal failure, cardiac arrhythmias

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286
Q

What findings would help you diagnose cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity

A

Hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia , azotemia

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287
Q

How do you treat cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity

A

Erresis or activated charcoal if acute ingestion, diuretic like furosemide if hypercalcemic (or biphosphanates, corticosteroids) , support acute renal failure if azotemia

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288
Q

Why are biphosphonates used to treat hypercalcemia

A

The inhibit osteoclasts responsible for bore break down (decreasing calcium)

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289
Q

What is the most common type of urinary stores in dogs and cats

A

Struvite and calcium oxalate

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290
Q

Can you medically dissolute any stones

A

Most types yes - except for calcium oxalate stones

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291
Q

What kind of diet would you use to treat cystine and urate stones

A

Alkalanizing

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292
Q

What type of diet would use to treat struvite stores

A

Acidifying diet

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293
Q

What type of diet would use to treat struvite stores

A

Acidifying diet

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294
Q

Which urinary stones are radiolucent and may not be seen on rads

A

Cystine and urate (also the ones needing an alkaline diet)

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295
Q

Reducing protein in the diet can help manage which urinary stones

A

Cystine, urate, canine struvite, calcium oxalate

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296
Q

What are some general ways to manage urinary stones

A

Increase urine volume to dilute urine (high moisture food), reduce crystal forming substrates , increase urine solubility by affecting pH

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297
Q

What are struvite stones made of

A

Magnesium, ammonium, phosphate

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298
Q

Why do struvite stones in dogs usually occur

A

Induced by UTIs by urease positive microbes

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299
Q

Why do struvite stones in dogs usually occur

A

Induced by UTIs by urease positive microbes

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300
Q

How do you treat struvite stones (or manage)

A

Feed a low magnesium diet, reduced protein diet to reduce urine urea concentration and a low phosphorous diet - also treat with antimicrobials because these are usually caused by UTIs

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301
Q

Which urinary stores are the most unlikely to dissolve and bully require surgery, hydropulsion or lithotripsy

A

Calcium oxalate

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302
Q

Which urinary stores are the most unlikely to dissolve and bully require surgery, hydropulsion or lithotripsy

A

Calcium oxalate

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303
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate urinary stores

A

Schnauzer, York, mini poodles

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304
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate urinary stores

A

Schnauzer, York, mini poodles

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305
Q

How do you manage calcium oxalate crystals

A

Avoid excess protein, calcium, sodium and provide adequate phosphorous to prevent vitamin D activation

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306
Q

How do you manage calcium oxalate crystals

A

Avoid excess protein, calcium, sodium and provide adequate phosphorous to prevent vitamin D activation

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307
Q

Calcium oxalate stones are most likely to occur in _ urine

A

Acidic urine

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308
Q

Which breeds ave predisposed to cystine urinary stores

A

Bulldogs, basset hounds, chihuahuas, Yorkies

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309
Q

How can you manage cysteine stones

A

Reduce protein, restrict sodium, wine alkalanizing diet , 2 mpg 2to bind to stones to make more soluble

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310
Q

What urinary stores are Dalmatians predisposed to

A

Urate stones

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311
Q

What urinary stores are Dalmatians predisposed to

A

Urate stones

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312
Q

How can you manage urate stones

A

Reduced protein, wine alkanalizing diet , allopurinol to decrease uric acid

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313
Q

How can you manage urate stones

A

Reduced protein, wine alkanalizing diet , allopurinol to decrease uric acid

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314
Q

What is important to remember when giving allopurinol to treat urate stones

A

Have to give with a reduced protein diet or will cause xanthine stones to form

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315
Q

What is something you can you give for known ingestion of ethylene glycol past time for emesis

A

Ethanol Or 4 -methylpyrazole - prevent alcohol dehydrogenase from converting ethylene glycol to toxic metabolites

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316
Q

Should you give ethanol to a dog who is experiencing oliguric renal failure due to ethylene glycol toxicity

A

No - once in renal failure it is too late to bind the toxic metabolites

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317
Q

What clinical signs would you expect with cerebellar disease and why

A

Intention tremors, hypermetria, hypometria ,ataxia - because the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and regulation of range, rate and strength of movement, balance and posture

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318
Q

Which anesthetic should not be used in dogs with a history of seizures

A

Ketamine

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319
Q

Which anesthetic should not be used in dogs with a history of seizures

A

Ketamine

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320
Q

What would you use CRyptococcus fungal infections in a cat

A

Fluconazole or itraconazole - anti fungal

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321
Q

How can you identify CRyptococcus fungus on a FNA

A

Encapsulated and large

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322
Q

What drug is used to treat toxoplasma

A

Clindamycin

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323
Q

What is fenbendazole used to treat

A

Hookworms , Roundworms and Giardia

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324
Q

What is chlorambucil used for

A

Chemotherapy agent often used to treat lymphoma

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325
Q

Stimulation of which receptor leads to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation in the airways

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

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326
Q

Stimulation of which receptor leads to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation in the airways

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

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327
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors important

A

The heart

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328
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors important

A

The heart

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329
Q

Why would methocarbomal be used in treatment of pyrethrin toxicity

A

Methokarbomal is a muscle relaxant so can help stop the muscle tremors

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330
Q

Why would methocarbomal be used in treatment of pyrethrin toxicity

A

Methokarbomal is a muscle relaxant so can help stop the muscle tremors

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331
Q

Would you expect pruritis or crusting with eosinophilic granulomas

A

No

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332
Q

What do you most commonly see as a side effect of acepromazine

A

Hypotension

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333
Q

What do you most commonly see as a side effect of acepromazine

A

Hypotension

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334
Q

How are tapeworms transmitted to cats

A

Through flea allergy dermatitis

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335
Q

When are you likely to see peripheral eosinophilia

A

Allergies or parasite infections

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336
Q

At what pao2 does cyanosis occur

A

Less than 50

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337
Q

Can progressive retinal atrophy be caused by chronic anterior uveitis - why or why not

A

No - PRA is heritable and due to photoreceptors in the retina that are abnormal and cause early onset blindness

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338
Q

What is the inner most layer of the cornea

A

Corneal endothelium

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339
Q

What makes up 90% of corneal thickness

A

Corneal stroma most collagen

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340
Q

Descemets membrane is the -

A

Basement membrane of the cornea

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341
Q

Descemets membrane is the -

A

Basement membrane of the cornea

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342
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the cornea

A

Corneal epithelium

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343
Q

What is an uncomplicated corneal ulcer and what is the prognosis

A

Superficial erosion in the corneal epithelium, heals within 7 days everytime

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344
Q

How does a fluorescent stain ship identify a correct ulcer

A

The shin will only bind to the hydrophilic stroma, not the hydrophobic epithelium - an ulcer would damage the epithelium casing the stain to bind to the stroma underneath

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345
Q

What eyelid abnormalities could cause a corneal ulcer

A

Ectopic cilia, distichia or entropion

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346
Q

How would you go about treating a corneal ulcer

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic, identical underlying cause, use atropine to decrease ciliary body movement

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347
Q

What do you do if a superficial ulcer does not heal within 5 -7 days

A

Change diagnosis, not the treatment

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348
Q

Define complicated corneal ulcers

A

Involve correct stroma or deeper, persist over a week, are infected or malacic (melting)

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349
Q

If fluorescein stain an help diagnose both complicated and uncomplicated ulcer, how can you differentiate on histopath

A

A complicated ulcer with perchate into the stoma (uncomplicated will not)

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350
Q

Why does an uncomplicated corneal ulcer become complicated

A

Failure to treat, secondary infection or malacia, secondary ulcer becomes indolent (chronic and non healing)

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351
Q

What is the general treatment for a complicated ulcer

A

Topical antibiotic, cycloplegia (atropine), and anti inflammatory orally

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352
Q

Would you treat a melting ulcer with topical anti inflammatories

A

Absolutely not, not even non steroidals) - can make melting worse Progression complicated

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353
Q

What can happen if a complicated ulcer progresses

A

A descmetocele or corneal perforation

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354
Q

What is a descemetocelle

A

Defect occupying 99% of corneal thickness so only descents membrane remains

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355
Q

What is the prognosis of complicated corneal ulcers

A

Fair - can take several weeks to heal , may affect long term vision

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356
Q

Differentiate between complicated corneal ulcers and indolent corneal ulcers

A

Indolent ulcers are technically complicated because they last longer than 7 days but indolent ulcers don’t have stromal loss and are not infected

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357
Q

What are other names for indolent ulcers

A

SCCED - spontaneous chronic corneal epithelium defects or boxer ulcers

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358
Q

Define characteristics of indolent ulcers

A

Chronic, non healing, superficial , non adherent epithelial edges - often corneal edema due to lack of an intact corneal epithelium

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359
Q

Why do indolent ulcers occur

A

Spontaneous or due to microtrauma - both cause failure of epithelium to attach to underlying stroma

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360
Q

How is the fluorescein stain going to look with an indolent ulcer

A

Stain permeates under the epithelial lip giving ita hazy/ halo effect

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361
Q

How do you treat an indolent ulcer

A

Anesthetize eye and debride the abnormal epithelium (otherwise will inhibit further healing) , Corneal debridement with a cotton swab, tren disrupt the abnormal basement membrane (grid keratomy, diamond but , etc)

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362
Q

What is the prognosis of an indolent ulcer

A

85% healed with a grid keratomy

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363
Q

Why does aqueous flare happen with anterior uveitis

A

Blood aqueous barrier breakdown causing release of protein into the anterior chamber from iridal and ciliary vessels (hyper permeable state)

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364
Q

What are causes of anterior uveitis in Cats

A

Mostly idiopathic, maybe secondary to a cataract or intra ocular tumor (diffuse iris melanoma) I infectious causes or lymphoma

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365
Q

What are the possible infectious causes of anterior uveitis in cats

A

4 fs - felv, FIV, FIP, fungal (crypto), toxoplasma Gondii, bartonella hensael

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366
Q

How do you treat anterior uveitis

A

Topical steroid , topical mydriatic (atropine) , oral steroid if ruled out infectious disease

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367
Q

What are possible sequelae to anterior Uveitis

A

Secondary glaucoma, synechiae, cataract, retinal detachment, blindness

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368
Q

Describe feline herpes

A

Alphaherpes virus, ubiquitous in cats I infected cats become persistent carriers (latent infection with intermittent periods of virus shedding)

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369
Q

How is herpes virus transmitted between cats

A

Oronasal or conjunctival route

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370
Q

What can cause recurrence of feline herpesvirus

A

Stress or immune suppression by topical or oral steroids, chemotherapy or age

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371
Q

What can cause recurrence of feline herpesvirus

A

Stress or immune suppression by topical or oral steroids, chemotherapy or age

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372
Q

What are clinical signs of feline herpesvirus in young cats

A

Nasal discharge,sneezing, mucous to seromucoid ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, symblepharon

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373
Q

Define chemises

A

Swelling of tissues around eyelids and the conjunctiva

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374
Q

Define chemises

A

Swelling of tissues around eyelids and the conjunctiva

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375
Q

Define symblepharon

A

Where bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva form an abnormal adhesion to each other

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376
Q

What does it mean that feline herpesvirus is epitheliotrophic

A

Likes epithelium, causes ulceration of epithelial surfaces which can cause it to adhere to each other

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377
Q

What is pathognomonic for feline herpesvirus

A

Dendritic ulcers on the cornea

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378
Q

What is a dendritic ulcer

A

An ulcer on the Cornea a that branches along lines, caused by virus like feline herpesvirus

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379
Q

What clinical signs might you see in adult as with a recrudesced herpes infection

A

Conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, corneal ulceration, mucoid discharge, chronic interstitial keratitis

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380
Q

How can you diagnose feline herpesvirus

A

Virus isolation with cell culture , IFA , PCR or detect antibodies with an ELISA

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381
Q

How do yw treat feline herpesvirus infection

A

Antiviral (topical or oral) - famciclovir, idoxoridine, topical antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infection I l-lysine nutritionally to prevent viral replication

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382
Q

Antivirals are bacteria -

A

Bacteriostatic

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383
Q

What are common sequelae to feline herpes virus

A

Symblepharon, chronic keratitis , corneal sequestrium, eosinophilic keratitis , KCS rarely

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384
Q

What are common sequelae to feline herpes virus

A

Symblepharon, chronic keratitis , corneal sequestrium, eosinophilic keratitis , KCS rarely

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385
Q

Define corneal sequestrum

A

Piece of Cornea that has broken off and died then turned a dark brown

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386
Q

Define corneal sequestrum

A

Piece of Cornea that has broken off and died then turned a dark brown

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387
Q

55% of cats with a corneal sequestrae have an active

A

Feline herpes viral infection

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388
Q

55% of cats with a corneal sequestrae have an active

A

Feline herpes viral infection

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389
Q

Define keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

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390
Q

Define eosinophilia keratitis

A

White 10thage cheese like lesion form in Cornea and conjunctiva

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391
Q

76% of cats with eosinophilic keratitis have an active

A

Herpesvirus infection

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392
Q

Nasal aspergillosis is commonly seen in

A

Dolichocephalic breeds like German shepherd dogs

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393
Q

What would you expect to see on thoracic rads in a dog infected with heartworm

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy

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394
Q

How should you treat a Round worm infection in a kitten like toxoCara Cato

A

Treat with pyrantel every 2-3 weeks until 3-4 months old

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395
Q

How should you treat a Round worm infection in a kitten like toxoCara Cato

A

Treat with pyrantel every 2-3 weeks until 3-4 months old

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396
Q

How can a kitten became infected with toxocara Cati

A

Transmammary through mom, or grooming through egg ingestion

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397
Q

Should you squeeze a cuterebra lesion (botfly lesion)

A

No because rupturing the larvae can cause anaphylaxis

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398
Q

What is recommended for treatment for KCS

A

Topical cyclosporine

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399
Q

What are timolol and methazolimide used to treat

A

Glaucoma

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400
Q

How long is gestation in a pregnant dog

A

63 days

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401
Q

Would you use woods lamp to diagnose ringworm in cats

A

No that test is specific for dogs - for cats use a Mackenzie brush and DTM culture

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402
Q

When can you diagnose canine pregnancy on rads

A

43 days ossification happens at 42-45 days

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403
Q

How do you treat a puppy experiencing an anaphylactic reaction due to vaccines

A

IV epinephrine

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404
Q

How can you differentiate between mammary gland hyperplasia and mammary cancer

A

Mammary cancer would not be as symmetrical and would not affect symmetrical gland, at the same time most likely

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405
Q

How can you differentiate between mammary gland hyperplasia and mastitis

A

Mastitis would be painful, inflamed and cat would be systemically ill, mammary gland hyperplasia would have enlarged glands and nonpainful on palpation

406
Q

Vulvar swelling and edema occur with rising - levels in presorts

A

Estrogen levels

407
Q

Will a female dog show receptivity or a lack of receptivity during estrus

A

Receptivity

408
Q

Vaginal bleeding can be found during which phase of estrous

A

Proestrus

409
Q

What is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis

A

Variant of feline enteric coronavirus

410
Q

Should you breed a dog with a history of luxating patella’s

A

No-heritable disease

411
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes a - in phosphorous

A

Decrease in phosphorous

412
Q

What can acidifying diets like those to prevent struvite crystals lead to

A

Increased calcium oxalate urolithiasis

413
Q

What can cause feminization of a male cryptorchid dog

A

Sertoli cell tumor in the testes secreting estrogen

414
Q

What can cause an eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

Allergic reaction to saliva of fleas, mites, mosquitos, etc

415
Q

What can cause an eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

Allergic reaction to saliva of fleas, mites, mosquitos, etc

416
Q

Describe an eosinophilic granuloma complex

A

Swollen non healing lesion - raised, well defined, yellow pink

417
Q

Why might a kitten test positive for FIV and what should you do

A

Can have circulating maternal antibodies - recheck at 6 months to confirm

418
Q

What is important to remind owners of when treating their cat with doxycycline

A

Follow the oral tablet with water orally to prevent esophagitis /esophageal strictures and can give with a meal to keep stomach from getting upset

419
Q

What should you not give doxycycline with

A

Calcium containing foods like dairy - interferes with drug absorption

420
Q

Can you crush doxycycline and mix with water

A

No- it increases contact wit esophagus and could cause esophagitis

421
Q

Can you crush doxycycline and mix with water

A

No- it increases contact wit esophagus and could cause esophagitis

422
Q

What can cause an alveolar pattern in cats

A

Finia/cells in the alveoli or collapse of alveoli (atelectasis)

423
Q

What can cause an alveolar pattern in cats

A

Finia/cells in the alveoli or collapse of alveoli (atelectasis)

424
Q

Describe an alveolar pattern

A

Radiographic fluid / soft tissue opacity, air bronchograms

425
Q

What are common etiologies for an alveolar pattern in a cat

A

Bronchopneumonia, edema (cardiogenic or non), atelectasis, hemorrhage, mass (granulomatous or neoplastic like a histolytic sarcoma) ,or torsion

426
Q

What are common etiologies for an alveolar pattern in a cat

A

Bronchopneumonia, edema (cardiogenic or non), atelectasis, hemorrhage, mass (granulomatous or neoplastic like a histolytic sarcoma) ,or torsion

427
Q

What often causes a red brown discoloration of the claw, pruritis of the claws and other symptoms of allergies

A

Malessezia infection

428
Q

What percent of mammary tumors are malignant

A

90%

429
Q

What percent of mammary tumors are malignant

A

90%

430
Q

What is the causative agent of canine brucellosis

A

Brucellosis canis

431
Q

What causes the bloody vaginal discharge seen during canine prestrus

A

Engorged uterine endometrium - blood passes through cervix into vagina

432
Q

Why would you see vulvar swelling and Edema during prestrus

A

Due to rising estrogen

433
Q

Why would you see vulvar swelling and Edema during prestrus

A

Due to rising estrogen

434
Q

About how long does canine prestrus last

A

2-20 days (usually 9)

435
Q

What clinical signs would you see with canine prestrus

A

Vulvar swelling and edema, bloody discharge, non receptive to males

436
Q

What clinical signs would you see with canine prestrus

A

Vulvar swelling and edema, bloody discharge, non receptive to males

437
Q

What starts estrus after Proestrus in the dog and what are the hormones doing

A

Lh surge - progesterone is rising , estrogen is decreasing

438
Q

What starts estrus after Proestrus in the dog and what are the hormones doing

A

Lh surge - progesterone is rising , estrogen is decreasing

439
Q

How long does estrus last in a dog , is she receptive or not

A

9 days (3-21 days) - is receptive

440
Q

How long does estrus last in a dog , is she receptive or not

A

9 days (3-21 days) - is receptive

441
Q

What will you see on cytology/vaginoscopy of a dog in estrus

A

790% cornfield vaginal cells, few RBC, wrinkling of vaginal mucosa pale to white

442
Q

What will you see on cytology/vaginoscopy of a dog in estrus

A

790% cornfield vaginal cells, few RBC, wrinkling of vaginal mucosa pale to white

443
Q

What acid base disorder would you expect in an upper GI obstruction

A

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (elevated tco2)

444
Q

What acid base disorder would you expect in an upper GI obstruction

A

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (elevated tco2)

445
Q

What is the most common electrolyte finding in a dog with Addison’s disease

A

Hyperkalemia

446
Q

What is the most common electrolyte finding in a dog with Addison’s disease

A

Hyperkalemia

447
Q

What type of fluid would you expect to see with pleural effusion caused by FIP

A

Hay /straw color with high protein and moderate cell counts

448
Q

Differentiate between an exudate and find from FIP causing pleural effusion

A

Both are hay/straw colored but exudate would have a higher cell count and lower protein, FIP would have a higher protein and moderate cell count

449
Q

What lesions are you likely to see in a cat affected with cryptococcus neoformans

A

Nasal mucopurulent discharge, proliferation on nose causing a Roman nose, maybe ocular (aqueous flare) and CNS signs too

450
Q

What lesions are you likely to see in a cat affected with cryptococcus neoformans

A

Nasal mucopurulent discharge, proliferation on nose causing a Roman nose, maybe ocular (aqueous flare) and CNS signs too

451
Q

What lesions are you likely to see in a cat affected with cryptococcus neoformans

A

Nasal mucopurulent discharge, proliferation on nose causing a Roman nose, maybe ocular (aqueous flare) and CNS signs too

452
Q

What is important to note about nail bed tumors diagnosed as melanomas

A

Often malignant - amputate digit after checking for local and systemic metastasis

453
Q

What is important to note about nail bed tumors diagnosed as melanomas

A

Often malignant - amputate digit after checking for local and systemic metastasis

454
Q

If yw suspect an and gland tumor , which lymph nodes which you check for metastasis

A

Sublumbar lymph nodes

455
Q

If yw suspect an and gland tumor , which lymph nodes which you check for metastasis

A

Sublumbar lymph nodes

456
Q

Should you remove prolapsed glands of the 3rd eyelid

A

No- predisposes to inatrogenic KCS

457
Q

Should you remove prolapsed glands of the 3rd eyelid

A

No- predisposes to inatrogenic KCS

458
Q

What emergency treatment can be given to a cat experiencing hyperkalemia induced bradycardia and cardiovascular collapse

A

IV calcium gluconate

459
Q

What are normal arterial blood gas ranges for the following - ph, pco2, hco3, iCal , po2

A

PH - 7.3 -7.5
PO2 - variable
PCO2 - 40 mmhg
HCO3-24to 30
Icaa - 1.4-1.8

460
Q

What are normal arterial blood gas ranges for the following - ph, pco2, hco3, iCal , po2

A

PH - 7.3 -7.5
PO2 - variable
PCO2 - 40 mmhg
HCO3-24to 30
Icaa - 1.4-1.8

461
Q

What is most likely the causative agent of intracytoplasmic cocci found on cytology from the skin

A

Staph pseudointermedius

462
Q

What is most likely the causative agent of intracytoplasmic cocci found on cytology from the skin

A

Staph pseudointermedius

463
Q

Nutritional hyper parathyroidism results in what affect in calcium

A

High phosphorus leads to decreased calcium

464
Q

What affect does ethylene glycol toxicosis have on calcium

A

Decreases Calcium

465
Q

Which parasite is carried by fleas

A

Diplydium caninum - tapeworm

466
Q

Which parasite is carried by fleas

A

Diplydium caninum - tapeworm

467
Q

What acid base disturbance do you expect with a gastric outflow obstruction

A

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

468
Q

Describe puppy strangles - what is the cause and what clinical signs might you see

A

Juvenile cellulitis - Caused by some underlying immune dysfunction, causes stile granulomas and pustules , swollen face, submandibular lymphadenopathy

469
Q

Describe puppy strangles - what is the cause and what clinical signs might you see

A

Juvenile cellulitis - Caused by some underlying immune dysfunction, causes stile granulomas and pustules , swollen face, submandibular lymphadenopathy

470
Q

How do you normally treat puppy strangles

A

Immunisuppressive dose of glucocorticoids

471
Q

What electrolyte abnormalihei might you see in a dog with Addison

A

Low sodium, high potassium and elevated bun

472
Q

What electrolyte abnormalihei might you see in a dog with Addison

A

Low sodium, high potassium and elevated bun

473
Q

What is isosthenuria

A

Low urine specific gravity

474
Q

What are common sequela to taurine deficiency in cats

A

Feline central retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy

475
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to forming urate stones and why

A

Dalmatians - metabolic defect so they are unable to convert uric acid to allantoin
Yorkies - predisposed to portosystemic shunts

476
Q

What is the most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiencies in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs - pancreatic acinar atrophy
Cats- chronic pancreatitis

477
Q

What is the most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiencies in dogs vs cats

A

Dogs - pancreatic acinar atrophy
Cats- chronic pancreatitis

478
Q

What do cats often have concurrently with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and why

A

Diabetes mellitus because EPI usually is due to chronic pancreatitis meaning the endocrine cells are affected

479
Q

What is a key clinical finding that leads you to suspect canine parvovirus

A

Leukopenia (low wbc)

480
Q

What is a key clinical finding that leads you to suspect canine parvovirus

A

Leukopenia (low wbc)

481
Q

What is one way to differentiate between metastasis due to osteosarcoma versus fungal nodules due to blastomycosis

A

Blasto would cause a Hilar lymphadenopathy

482
Q

What is one way to differentiate between metastasis due to osteosarcoma versus fungal nodules due to blastomycosis

A

Blasto would cause a Hilar lymphadenopathy

483
Q

How does tularemia affect cats

A

Depression, fever, anorexia, general lymphadenopathy, oral ulceration

484
Q

Acromegaly causes secondary - and comes from -

A

Secondary diabetes mellitus, caused by too much growth hormone from the pituitary

485
Q

Acromegaly causes secondary - and comes from -

A

Secondary diabetes mellitus, caused by too much growth hormone from the pituitary

486
Q

Would you see ringworm lesions on the nasal planum of dogs

A

No - dermatophytes casing ringworm live in hair follicles

487
Q

What are causes of hypercalcemia in dogs

A

Lymphoma, anal sac adenonocarcinoma, chronic renal failure, primary hyper parathyroidism

488
Q

What can occur in cats with a taurine deficiency

A

Feline central retinal degeneration and/or cardiomyopathy

489
Q

What can occur in cats with a taurine deficiency

A

Feline central retinal degeneration and/or cardiomyopathy

490
Q

What toxicity are you worried about in a cat who licked Off topical flea treatment

A

Pyremin / pyrethroid toxicity

491
Q

What toxicity are you worried about in a cat who licked Off topical flea treatment

A

Pyremin / pyrethroid toxicity

492
Q

Microsporum canis causes

A

Ringworm

493
Q

Microsporum canis causes

A

Ringworm

494
Q

Dalmatians one predisposed to which type of stones

A

Urate caused by uric acid

495
Q

Dalmatians one predisposed to which type of stones

A

Urate caused by uric acid

496
Q

Urate stones are visible - but not -

A

Visible on ultrasound but not radiographs

497
Q

Urate stones are visible - but not -

A

Visible on ultrasound but not radiographs

498
Q

What are 3 classic liver lesions caused by PA toxicity

A

Megalocytosis, biliary duct hyperplasia, fibrosis

499
Q

What are 3 classic liver lesions caused by PA toxicity

A

Megalocytosis, biliary duct hyperplasia, fibrosis

500
Q

Can a cat with felv safely live him a felv negative cat

A

No - can shed virus for months through saliva, feces, etc

501
Q

Can a cat with felv safely live him a felv negative cat

A

No - can shed virus for months through saliva, feces, etc

502
Q

Why would a cat with chronic renal failure be on diazepam ( a benzodiazepine)

A

Appetite stimulant

503
Q

Why would a cat with chronic renal failure be on diazepam ( a benzodiazepine)

A

Appetite stimulant

504
Q

In dogs, struvite stones are almost always associated with

A

Infection

505
Q

In dogs, struvite stones are almost always associated with

A

Infection

506
Q

What infectious agents usually cause struvite storne formation

A

Urease producing bacteria - Staph, proteus, klebsiella, E. coli

507
Q

What infectious agents usually cause struvite storne formation

A

Urease producing bacteria - Staph, proteus, klebsiella, E. coli

508
Q

Toxocara Cati is what kind of parasite

A

Roundworm / ascarid

509
Q

You find a demodex mite on a skin scrape of a dog- where did it come from

A

Normal flora of the skin

510
Q

Why do pyometras happen mostly during Diestrus

A

Progesterone is the leading hormone which promotes endometrial growth, suppresses myometrial activity and inhibits leukocyte response

511
Q

How do you treat fibrocartiloginous embolisms (fce)

A

Usually go away on their own with supportive and nursing care - poor prognosis if no deep pain

512
Q

How do you treat fibrocartiloginous embolisms (fce)

A

Usually go away on their own with supportive and nursing care - poor prognosis if no deep pain

513
Q

A Doberman has an elevated BMBT - what is your first thought

A

Von willebrand disease preventing clotting - giving desmopressin increases release of these factors

514
Q

A Doberman has an elevated BMBT - what is your first thought

A

Von willebrand disease preventing clotting - giving desmopressin increases release of these factors

515
Q

What drug should be avoided in patients with mast cell tumors and why

A

Morphine because it causes release of histamine

516
Q

What drug should be avoided in patients with mast cell tumors and why

A

Morphine because it causes release of histamine

517
Q

What are 4 differentials for an intact female with bloody and malodorous discharge

A

Pyometra, UTI, vaginitis, compromised pregnancy

518
Q

What are 4 differentials for an intact female with bloody and malodorous discharge

A

Pyometra, UTI, vaginitis, compromised pregnancy

519
Q

What clinical signs would you see with cerebellar lesions in cats

A

Cerebellum controls motor function - ataxia, dysmetria, vestibular signs

520
Q

What is the causative agent of oral papillomatosis in dogs and how is it transmitted

A

Canine papillomavirus - direct contact or virus found in environment

521
Q

What is the causative agent of oral papillomatosis in dogs and how is it transmitted

A

Canine papillomavirus - direct contact or virus found in environment

522
Q

Pacing occurs most often with - lesions

A

Forebrain

523
Q

What signs would lead you to suspect a cerebellar lesion

A

Ataxia, head tilt, hypermetria intention tremors

524
Q

What signs would lead you to suspect a cerebellar lesion

A

Ataxia, head tilt, hypermetria intention tremors

525
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the cranial cruciate ligament

A

Origin - medial surface of lateral femoral condyle
Insertion - craniomedial surface of tibial plateau beneath the intermeniscal ligament

526
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the cranial cruciate ligament

A

Origin - medial surface of lateral femoral condyle
Insertion - craniomedial surface of tibial plateau beneath the intermeniscal ligament

527
Q

What is the purpose of the cranial cruciate ligament

A

Prevent cranial drawer, excessive hyperextension, and excessive internal rotation

528
Q

What does a positive cranial drawer mean

A

Can slide the distal femur over the proximal tibia (should not be able to do this is the ccl is intact)

529
Q

What is a tibial thrust

A

Indicates a ccl tear - minic weight bearing, front of tibia can be pushed forward in relation to the femur

530
Q

What is the typical presentation of a dog with a ccl tear

A

Acute or chronic lameness that does not improve with rest, maybe mild improvement with NSAID therapy

531
Q

What is medial buttress and what does it indicate

A

Accumulation of fibrous tissue the body deposits to try and stabilize the knee - indicates chronicity of a CCL tear

532
Q

Where is medial buttress usually palpated

A

Medial side of the proximal tibia

533
Q

What on an orthopedic exam would indicate a CCL tear

A

Positive sit test, cranial dower, tibial thrust , pain on extension of the leg, medial buttress , joint effusion, menial click if concurrent damage muscle atrophy if chronic

534
Q

What on an orthopedic exam would indicate a CCL tear

A

Positive sit test, cranial dower, tibial thrust , pain on extension of the leg, medial buttress , joint effusion, menial click if concurrent damage muscle atrophy if chronic

535
Q

What on radiographs would indicate CCL tear

A

OSteophyte’s on femoral trochlear ridge , tibial plateau, and patella - possibly joint effusion

536
Q

Describe the extracapsular repair for a CCL tear

A

Heavy suture placed around the fabella, through a hole in the tibia, running in the same orientation as the CCL except outside of the joint

537
Q

Describe the extracapsular repair for a CCL tear

A

Heavy suture placed around the fabella, through a hole in the tibia, running in the same orientation as the CCL except outside of the joint

538
Q

When do you usually do extrecapsular repair for a CCL tear

A

Dogs less than 20 kg

539
Q

Will a TPLO repair a ccl tear - what does this mean if not

A

No - the tibial trust will be gone but the cranial drawer will always be there

540
Q

Will a TPLO repair a ccl tear - what does this mean if not

A

No - the tibial trust will be gone but the cranial drawer will always be there

541
Q

Describe a tplo (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy) - what is the goal

A

Osteotomy performed at proximal tibia , tibial plateau is rotated and stabilized with a bone plate - places more lond on the caudal cruciate ligament , eliminating tibial thrust

542
Q

How long should cage rest be for a small dog with accl tear or a dog where surgery is not an option

A

8-12 weeks

543
Q

How long should cage rest be for a small dog with accl tear or a dog where surgery is not an option

A

8-12 weeks

544
Q

Where are small breed dogs most likely to have a fracture and why

A

Distal ulna and radius - poor blood supply to those areas so not recommended to cast

545
Q

What can you use to treat nasal aspergillosis

A

Clomitrazole - can do an infusion treatment under general anesthesia

546
Q

What are 3 parts of feline eosinophilia granuloma complex

A

Eosinophilic ulcers, eosinophilic plaques, collagenulytic (eosinophilic )granulomas

547
Q

What are 3 parts of feline eosinophilia granuloma complex

A

Eosinophilic ulcers, eosinophilic plaques, collagenulytic (eosinophilic )granulomas

548
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Chlamydophila felis

549
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Chlamydophila felis

550
Q

What on histopath indicates fip

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

551
Q

What parasite can be transmitted transplacentally to puppies

A

Toxoplasma canis

552
Q

What parasite can be transmitted transplacentally to puppies

A

Toxoplasma canis

553
Q

What parasite can be transmitted transplacentally to puppies

A

Toxoplasma canis

554
Q

What is the most common cause of cushings disease in dogs

A

Pituitary gland causing increased ACTH - pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism

555
Q

What is the most common cause of cushings disease in dogs

A

Pituitary gland causing increased ACTH - pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism

556
Q

What special neoplasia is on your differential list in a dog with hypoglycemia

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

557
Q

What special neoplasia is on your differential list in a dog with hypoglycemia

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

558
Q

What do you expect to see with xylitol toxicity

A

Rapid dose dependent release of insulin causing profound hypoglycemia

559
Q

What organ systems are affected with xylitol ingestion

A

Pancreas mostly, then secondary hepatic effects 48-72 hours later

560
Q

What organ systems are affected with xylitol ingestion

A

Pancreas mostly, then secondary hepatic effects 48-72 hours later

561
Q

How does canine parvovirus cause disease

A

Transmitted through infected feces or fomites , which then replicates in gut crypt epithelium cursing epithelial necrosis and hemorrhagic diarrhea

562
Q

How does canine parvovirus cause disease

A

Transmitted through infected feces or fomites , which then replicates in gut crypt epithelium cursing epithelial necrosis and hemorrhagic diarrhea

563
Q

How does canine parvovirus cause disease

A

Transmitted through infected feces or fomites , which then replicates in gut crypt epithelium cursing epithelial necrosis and hemorrhagic diarrhea

564
Q

What is the treatment for heart worm in dogs

A

Immiticide/ melarsomine

565
Q

What is the treatment for heart worm in dogs

A

Immiticide/ melarsomine

566
Q

What disease is commonly seen in Maine coone cats

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

567
Q

What disease is commonly seen in Maine coone cats

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

568
Q

A Maine coon cat presents with hind limb paresis/ paralysis - what is a top differential

A

HCM- specifically fate ( feline aortic thromboembolim)

569
Q

A Maine coon cat presents with hind limb paresis/ paralysis - what is a top differential

A

HCM- specifically fate ( feline aortic thromboembolim)

570
Q

A 4 month old German shepherd presents for forelimb lameness - what is a top differential

A

Ununited anconeal process

571
Q

What breeds commonly are affected by a ununited anconeal process

A

German shepherds - other large breeds like labs, bloodhounds, Bassett hounds

572
Q

How do you treat an ununited anconeal process

A

Excision of anconeal process

573
Q

How do you treat an ununited anconeal process

A

Excision of anconeal process

574
Q

When should the physis close in young dogs

A

4-5 months of age

575
Q

Describe what an OCD lesion is

A

When bore fails to replace a section of hyaline cartilage, leading to a thick section of cartilage forming and when nutrients can’t reach the end, the cells necrose and detach from the bone, causing an ocd flap

576
Q

Describe what an OCD lesion is

A

When bore fails to replace a section of hyaline cartilage, leading to a thick section of cartilage forming and when nutrients can’t reach the end, the cells necrose and detach from the bone, causing an ocd flap

577
Q

What breeds are predisposed to OCD of the humeral condyle

A

German shepherds - golden, labs, Rottweiler

578
Q

What should you do if you and OCD of the humeral condyle in the left limb of a german shepherd

A

Check the right limb - bilateral 50% of the time

579
Q

What should you do if you and OCD of the humeral condyle in the left limb of a german shepherd

A

Check the right limb - bilateral 50% of the time

580
Q

What can you see on rads with OCD of the surreal condole

A

Visible fattening, subchondal bone defect, surrounding sclerosis, osteophytes

581
Q

Why do osteophytes form

A

Cartilage breaks down, causing friction between two bones leading to outgrowths of new bone formation

582
Q

Why do osteophytes form

A

Cartilage breaks down, causing friction between two bones leading to outgrowths of new bone formation

583
Q

What is sclerosis

A

Subchondral trabecular spongey bone thickening using an increased bone density

584
Q

What breeds are commonly affected by medial fragmented coronoid process

A

Labs, golden, rotties

585
Q

What breeds are commonly affected by medial fragmented coronoid process

A

Labs, golden, rotties

586
Q

What are general clinical signs seen with elbow displasia and when do you see them

A

Forelimb knees, pain on extension and flexion of the elbow bilaterally usually - see at 4 to 7 months old

587
Q

Describe elbow incongruity

A

Poor alignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow Dre to either abnormal shape of the ulnar trochee notch or a difference in heights between radius and ulna

588
Q

Describe elbow incongruity

A

Poor alignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow Dre to either abnormal shape of the ulnar trochee notch or a difference in heights between radius and ulna

589
Q

Where do you usually find transitional cell carcinomas

A

Trigone of the bladder

590
Q

How can you treat transitional cell carcinoma (generally)

A

NSAIDs, combination chemotherapy, antibiotics for secondary infections

591
Q

How can you treat transitional cell carcinoma (generally)

A

NSAIDs, combination chemotherapy, antibiotics for secondary infections

592
Q

What is an easy way to tell between atop (atopic dermatitis) and foodallergy causing pruritis

A

Atopy often seasonal, food allergy obviously not

593
Q

Describe hip dysplasia

A

Instability of one or both hip joints leading to degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis and subluxation of the hip

594
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to hip dysplasia

A

German shepherd, golden, labs

595
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to hip dysplasia

A

German shepherd, golden, labs

596
Q

What are key clinical signs indicating hip displasia and when do you usually see them

A

Bunny hopping gait , pain when extending hips, positive ortolani test, palpable crepitus over the hips - Bally see at 3 to8 8 months of age

597
Q

What are key clinical signs indicating hip displasia and when do you usually see them

A

Bunny hopping gait , pain when extending hips, positive ortolani test, palpable crepitus over the hips - Bally see at 3 to8 8 months of age

598
Q

Describe a positive ortalani test - what is it used for

A

Flexing the hip and knee 90° (under sedation!)I then addicting the leg to hear a distinct clink indicating the pop of the femoral head into the acetabulum - if positive, indicates hip dysplasia

599
Q

Describe a positive ortalani test - what is it used for

A

Flexing the hip and knee 90° (under sedation!)I then addicting the leg to hear a distinct clink indicating the pop of the femoral head into the acetabulum - if positive, indicates hip dysplasia

600
Q

Why are clinical signs of hip dysplasia considered bimodal

A

80% of dogs will improve with conservative management but signs will return inter in life due to disease progression and degenerative changes

601
Q

What radiographic signs indicate hip dysplasia

A

Morgan line, less man 50% coverage of femoral head, sclerosis of femoral neck, joint laxity

602
Q

Differentiate between OFA hip and Penn hip

A

Need to be at least 2 yrs old for OFA, only have to be 16 weeks for Penn hip

603
Q

What does Penn hip use to measure risk of hip dysplasia

A

Distraction index to indicate joint laxity

604
Q

What are conservative treatments for hip dysplasia

A

NSAIDs, weight management, chondroprotective agent, conservative exercise

605
Q

What are conservative treatments for hip dysplasia

A

NSAIDs, weight management, chondroprotective agent, conservative exercise

606
Q

What can increase the incidence of hip dysplasia

A

Over nutrition during growth

607
Q

How do fungi typically cause disease

A

Spores in soil are inhaled, ingested or enter through a wound, then converts itself to the yeast form where it spreads through circulatory or lymphatic system, causing respiratory signs and signs specific to affected organ system

608
Q

Where are cases of histoplasmosis capsulatum common - how are animals infected

A

Midwest / Mississippi valley - soil spores distributed by bird and bat feces, inhaled then converted to yeast that replicates in lungs then hematogenously spreads in body

609
Q

Differentiate between histoplasmosis in dogs versus cats

A

In dogs, histo causes more GI signs like hemorrhagic diarrhea , in cats it is more respiratory

610
Q

What are common general clinical signs of histoplasmosis in both dogs and cats

A

Cough, difficulty breathing, increased RR, nodular skin lesions joint swelling, weight loss, anorexia

611
Q

What can you not do to diagnose histoplasmosis and why

A

No fungal culture because of the risk of aerosilizatipn to lab workers

612
Q

What could you see on radiographs of histoplasmosis

A

Diffuse nodular intestinal pattern , Hilar lymphadenopathy , pleural effusion

613
Q

How can you diagnose histoplasmosis

A

Antigen testing of serum, CSF, urine - support with rads and bloodwork

614
Q

How can you diagnose histoplasmosis

A

Antigen testing of serum, CSF, urine - support with rads and bloodwork

615
Q

What can you use to treat histoplasmosis - what do you need to monitor for during treatment

A

Itraconazole - monitor for elections in hepatic enzymes

616
Q

What can you use to treat histoplasmosis - what do you need to monitor for during treatment

A

Itraconazole - monitor for elections in hepatic enzymes

617
Q

Where are you likely to see cases of blastomycosis - how are the spores spread

A

East of Mississippi, Ohio river valley - think hunting dogs inhaling spores in soil spread through pigeon and bat feces

618
Q

Where are you likely to see cases of blastomycosis - how are the spores spread

A

East of Mississippi, Ohio river valley - think hunting dogs inhaling spores in soil spread through pigeon and bat feces

619
Q

What clinical signs do you see with blastomycosis and why

A

Cough, increased respiratory rate and effort (stays in lungs longer then other fungi), enlarged lymph nodes Iameness, bloody urine, glaucoma, proliferative lesions, draining tracts

620
Q

How can you diagnose blastomycosis

A

Chest rads showing snowstorm pneumonia, impression smear showing thick walled budding yeast / winky antigen pcr

621
Q

Where are you most likely to see cases of CRyptococcus and in what species

A

Pacific Northwest, cats are more susceptible (dogs affected more severely)

622
Q

Where are you most likely to see cases of CRyptococcus and in what species

A

Pacific Northwest, cats are more susceptible (dogs affected more severely)

623
Q

CRyptococcus spores are spread through

A

Pigeon feces in soil

624
Q

CRyptococcus spores are spread through

A

Pigeon feces in soil

625
Q

What clinical signs are caused by CRyptococcus in cats

A

Roman nose, cutaneous lesions, sneezing, hemorrhagic nasal discharge, neuro and ocular changes

626
Q

How do you diagnose Cryptococcus in cats

A

Cytology - see round, thick capsule purple yeast

627
Q

How do you diagnose Cryptococcus in cats

A

Cytology - see round, thick capsule purple yeast

628
Q

How do you treat CRyptococcus in cats - what do you need to monitor

A

Amphotericin B , can combo with fuconazole - monitor renal values with amphotericin and hepatic values with any Azole drug

629
Q

What are two major differences with coccidiomycosis compared to the other 3 common fungal infections

A

Coccidioses immitis is zoonotic and travels through the lymphatic system in the body (not hematogenous spread)

630
Q

What clinical signs can you see with coccidiomycosis

A

Seizures, lameness and bone pain, cough, uveitis / blindness, lymphadenopathy

631
Q

How can you diagnose coccidiomycosis

A

Impression smear showing spherules full of endospores, support with rads

632
Q

How can you diagnose coccidiomycosis

A

Impression smear showing spherules full of endospores, support with rads

633
Q

What can you not use to diagnose coccidiomycosis

A

Culture because it is zoonotic- need a special lab

634
Q

What can you not use to diagnose coccidiomycosis

A

Culture because it is zoonotic- need a special lab

635
Q

How can you treat valley fever

A

Keta conazole , itraconazole or amphoteritin B

636
Q

What is often the cause of hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Pulmonary neoplasia

637
Q

What is often the cause of hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Pulmonary neoplasia

638
Q

What is alopeciax and how can it be treated

A

Arrest in hair follicle growth, can treat with melatonin

639
Q

What is alopeciax and how can it be treated

A

Arrest in hair follicle growth, can treat with melatonin

640
Q

What is the most likely cause of aortic saddle thrombi in cats

A

Cardiac disease like HCM, DCM and restricted cardiomyopathy

641
Q

What is the most likely cause of aortic saddle thrombi in cats

A

Cardiac disease like HCM, DCM and restricted cardiomyopathy

642
Q

What clinical signs lead you to suspect an aortic saddle thrombus

A

Sudden hind end paralysis, painful vocalization and on palpation of hind limbs, no palpable femoral pulses, cardiac murmur

643
Q

What clinical signs lead you to suspect an aortic saddle thrombus

A

Sudden hind end paralysis, painful vocalization and on palpation of hind limbs, no palpable femoral pulses, cardiac murmur

644
Q

What is a good antibiotic choice in a cat with skin infections or abscessess

A

Clavamox - penicillin plus Beta lactomase inhibitor

645
Q

What is a good antibiotic choice in a cat with skin infections or abscessess

A

Clavamox - penicillin plus Beta lactomase inhibitor

646
Q

Hyperactivity, ravenous appetite, high blood pressure, heart murmur and weight loss in a at lead you to suspect

A

Hyperthyroidism

647
Q

Hyperactivity, ravenous appetite, high blood pressure, heart murmur and weight loss in a at lead you to suspect

A

Hyperthyroidism

648
Q

Which dog breeds are predisposed to dystocias and why

A

Brachycephalics - babies have big heads, moms have flatter pelvic inlets

649
Q

Which dog breeds are predisposed to dystocias and why

A

Brachycephalics - babies have big heads, moms have flatter pelvic inlets

650
Q

What clinical signs do you expect to see with cushings disease / hyperadrenocorticism

A

Pu/pd, panting, polyphagia, pendulous belly, pyoderma, thin skin

651
Q

What clinical signs do you expect to see with cushings disease / hyperadrenocorticism

A

Pu/pd, panting, polyphagia, pendulous belly, pyoderma, thin skin

652
Q

What are 3 causes of cushings disease

A

ACTH secreting pituitary tumors , cortisol secreting adrenal tumors, inorganic steroid administration

653
Q

What are 3 causes of cushings disease

A

ACTH secreting pituitary tumors , cortisol secreting adrenal tumors, inorganic steroid administration

654
Q

What are glucocorticoids used for

A

Antiinflammatories

655
Q

Give examples of glucocorticoids

A

Prednisone, Dexmethasone , hydrocortisone

656
Q

Give examples of glucocorticoids

A

Prednisone, Dexmethasone , hydrocortisone

657
Q

How can you diagnose feline asthma

A

Bal cytology showing increased eosinophils

658
Q

How can you diagnose feline asthma

A

Bal cytology showing increased eosinophils

659
Q

How do you generally treat feline asthma

A

Bronchodilators, steroids and environmental modification

660
Q

What causes visceral larval migrans in humans, how is it transmitted

A

Toxocara canis - female oral transmission usually

661
Q

What causes visceral larval migrans in humans, how is it transmitted

A

Toxocara canis - female oral transmission usually

662
Q

What is Von willebrands disease and what breeds are predisposed

A

Deficient Von willebrands factor leading to poor primary hemostasis (will not form a platelet plug well), casing clinical signs like epistaxis - common in Dobermans

663
Q

What is Von willebrands disease and what breeds are predisposed

A

Deficient Von willebrands factor leading to poor primary hemostasis (will not form a platelet plug well), casing clinical signs like epistaxis - common in Dobermans

664
Q

What are key indicators of Addison disease in a dog

A

Bradycardia with cardiovascular collapse, severe dehudation with a low USG (less than 1.03) , recent stressful event , a sodium no potassium ratio less than 27

665
Q

What is the diagonostic test of choice for Addison’s

A

ACTH stim test

666
Q

What mostly commonly causes Addison’s

A

Usually idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy leading to inadequate production of glucocorticoids and mineral carticoias

667
Q

What mostly commonly causes Addison’s

A

Usually idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy leading to inadequate production of glucocorticoids and mineral carticoias

668
Q

Why do we care about a deficiency in mineral corticoids

A

Leads to the inability to retain sodium or excrete potassium and hydrogen leading hypotonic dehydration, hyperkalenia and metabolic acidosis

669
Q

Why do we care about a deficiency in mineral corticoids

A

Leads to the inability to retain sodium or excrete potassium and hydrogen leading hypotonic dehydration, hyperkalenia and metabolic acidosis

670
Q

Why do we care about a deficiency in glucocorticoids

A

Necessary for many organs for homeostasis and glucose regulation

671
Q

Why do we care about a deficiency in glucocorticoids

A

Necessary for many organs for homeostasis and glucose regulation

672
Q

Addison disease leads to decreased secretion of -

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

673
Q

What will the ECG of a dog with Addison’s disease look like

A

Similar to hyperkalemia presentation - all t waves , diminished to absent p waves, prolonged PR interval, wide QRS complex

674
Q

What will the ECG of a dog with Addison’s disease look like

A

Similar to hyperkalemia presentation - all t waves , diminished to absent p waves, prolonged PR interval, wide QRS complex

675
Q

What GI signs In you see in a dog with Addison

A

GI blood loss and decreased albumin due to a PLE and increased bun because of GI bleeding

676
Q

Why does bun increase where there is GI bleeding

A

Blood is digested dan to proteins, which will through the liver and we cycle, becoming bun - so a high BWV en mean digestion of blood somewhere

677
Q

What can an acute presentation of Addison’ disease look like

A

Hypovolemic shock, weakness, vomiting (bloody or not)

678
Q

What results on an ACTH stim test will lead you to confirm suspected Addison disease

A

A post stimulation cortisol value less than 2 (in a normal patient - it should be >10)

679
Q

How do you treat acute presentations of Addison’s

A

Rapidly restore blood volume with fluids (normal saline) to treat hypovolemia and hyper kalemia - can also give calcium gluconate to protect against cardiac abnormalities caused by hyperkalemia, IV glucocorticoids like Dexamethasone, then maintenance therapy of corticosteroids and mineralcorticoids

680
Q

How do you treat acute presentations of Addison’s

A

Rapidly restore blood volume with fluids (normal saline) to treat hypovolemia and hyper kalemia - can also give calcium gluconate to protect against cardiac abnormalities caused by hyperkalemia, IV glucocorticoids like Dexamethasone, then maintenance therapy of corticosteroids and mineralcorticoids

681
Q

How do you treat chronic Addison’s disease

A

Lifelong maintenance with corticosteroids (prednisone) and lifelong mineralcorticoid supplementation

682
Q

How do you treat chronic Addison’s disease

A

Lifelong maintenance with corticosteroids (prednisone) and lifelong mineralcorticoid supplementation

683
Q

What are common clinical signs you might see in a healthy diabetic cat

A

PU/PD, polyphagia, recurrent infections, plantigrade stance due to diabetic neuropathy

684
Q

Why do diabetic cats often present with a plantigrade stance

A

Diabetic neuropathy - high blood glucose eventually damages the small vessels supplying nutrients to the nerves

685
Q

What clinical signs are commonly seen with a healthy diabetic dog

A

Pu/pd, polyphagia, recurrent infections, cataracts

686
Q

What are clinical signs of severe DKA

A

Anorexia, weakness, vomiting, severe metabolic acidosis , blood glucose over 500 - usually history of being a healthy diabetic

687
Q

What ave common bloodwork abnormalities seen with diabetes

A

Hyperglycemia over 300, glucosuria or ketonuria, metabolic acidosis, elected liver enzymes and cholesterol

688
Q

What is the purpose of measuring fructosamine

A

Reflects a patients glycemic status over several weeks

689
Q

What is the somogyi effect

A

Overdose of insulin leading to a too low level of blood glucose

690
Q

What are some oral hypoglycemic options and what is their purpose

A

Glucotrol or glipizide - goal is to decrease insulin requirements or insulin resistance

691
Q

What are some oral hypoglycemic options and what is their purpose

A

Glucotrol or glipizide - goal is to decrease insulin requirements or insulin resistance

692
Q

What type of diets are recommended for diabetic dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs- High fiber, moderately fat restricted diets
Cats - high protein, low carbohydrate diets

693
Q

How can you treat severe diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Aggressive IV fluids with potassium and phosphate supplementation, regular insulin with intermittent boluses or CRI, bicarb therapy if metabolic acidosis is severe

694
Q

What is the most common hen in dogs + cats

A

Ctenocephalides felis felis

695
Q

What is the most common hen in dogs + cats

A

Ctenocephalides felis felis

696
Q

What can be transmitted by ctenocephalides felis felis

A

Bartonella henselse, diplydium caninum, yersinia pestis

697
Q

What dermatologic conditions can occur with infestation of fleas

A

Skin disease with pruritis or allergic reaction (flea allergy dermatitis)

698
Q

What type of hypersensitivities occur with fad - flea allergy dermatitis

A

Type I, type 4, basophil

699
Q

What clinical signs can you see with flea allergy dermatitis

A

Intense pruritis, erythema, alopecia, pustules, crusts, moist dermatitis, hyperpigmentation, lichenification

700
Q

Where are fad lesions likely in a dog

A

Caudal dorsal - base of tail, ventral abdomen, lateral rear legs

701
Q

Where are fad lesions likely in a dog

A

Caudal dorsal - base of tail, ventral abdomen, lateral rear legs

702
Q

Where are fad lesions likely in a cat

A

Neck and face - symmetrical trunk alopecia

703
Q

Where are fad lesions likely in a cat

A

Neck and face - symmetrical trunk alopecia

704
Q

What are common causes of military dermatitis and eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats

A

Fad

705
Q

What are common causes of military dermatitis and eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats

A

Fad

706
Q

How can you diagnose fad

A

Clinical signs, response to treatment, intradermal testing (only if positive) - serology unreliable

707
Q

How do you treat flea allergy dermatitis

A

Glucocorticoids short term, antihistamines ineffective, Apoquel or cytooint might help with pruritus

708
Q

How do you treat flea allergy dermatitis

A

Glucocorticoids short term, antihistamines ineffective, Apoquel or cytooint might help with pruritus

709
Q

How long does it normally take to eliminate all fleas and why

A

2-3 months because they are in the pupa stage for 1-2 months and pupa are highly resistant to environmental treatment

710
Q

What are different categories of flea control

A

Adulticides, repellants, insect growth regulators

711
Q

What are different categories of flea control

A

Adulticides, repellants, insect growth regulators

712
Q

What flea adulticide and repellant is toxic to cats

A

Permethrin

713
Q

Is FIP contagious - why or why not

A

No - FIP is caused by a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus only in some cats, even though most cats have been exposed

714
Q

Is FIP contagious - why or why not

A

No - FIP is caused by a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus only in some cats, even though most cats have been exposed

715
Q

What is Hansen type I disc disease - what happens

A

IVDD - intervetabl disc disease; degeneration of the fibrocartilaginous disc leads to dehydration and decreased shock absorbing capacity , can also calcify making it easier to see on rads

716
Q

What is Hansen type I disc disease - what happens

A

IVDD - intervetabl disc disease; degeneration of the fibrocartilaginous disc leads to dehydration and decreased shock absorbing capacity , can also calcify making it easier to see on rads

717
Q

What are chrondrodystrophic breeds

A

Disproportionately short and curved limbs - basset hounds, daschunds , shih this

718
Q

What are common clinical signs you’ll see with UMN lesions and why

A

Hyperreflexia, spasticity, weakness, clonus (involuntary muscle contractions) - upper motor neuron lesions will decrease or eliminate inhibitory effect on the lower motor neuron, leading to exaggerated spinal reflexes

719
Q

What are common clinical signs you’ll see with UMN lesions and why

A

Hyperreflexia, spasticity, weakness, clonus (involuntary muscle contractions) - upper motor neuron lesions will decrease or eliminate inhibitory effect on the lower motor neuron, leading to exaggerated spinal reflexes

720
Q

What clinical signs will you see with lower motor neuron lesions

A

Weakness, muscle washing, fasiculations , proprioceptive abnormalities, flaccid paralysis - LMN lesions cause partial or complete denervation of affected muscles

721
Q

What clinical signs will you see with lower motor neuron lesions

A

Weakness, muscle washing, fasiculations , proprioceptive abnormalities, flaccid paralysis - LMN lesions cause partial or complete denervation of affected muscles

722
Q

What is the risk of using azathiopine in cats

A

They don’t have the enzyme to metabolize it so side effects are increased - only use if you have to

723
Q

What is gynecomastia

A

Mammary gland development in male dogs

724
Q

What is gynecomastia

A

Mammary gland development in male dogs

725
Q

Cryptorchid dogs are predisposed to - leading to an excess of -

A

Testicular tumors like Sertoli cell tumors or seminomas, often causing an excess of estrogen

726
Q

What can excess estrogen clinically look like in a male dog

A

Bone marrow suppression (anemia, leukopenia), symmetrical trucal alopecia, palpable abdominal mass, epistaxis, Melena, gynecomastia

727
Q

What is pemphigus

A

Autoimmune skin disease where the body’ immune system attacks the connections between own skin cells

728
Q

What is pemphigus

A

Autoimmune skin disease where the body’ immune system attacks the connections between own skin cells

729
Q

What is pumphigus vulgaris

A

Most serve form where immune system stacks the deepest part of the skin cells, leading to vesicle formation (fluid filled blisters) and painful ulcerative lesions

730
Q

Where do you normally see pemphigus vulgaris lesions

A

Mucocutaneous junctions and oral mucosa, but can be all over the body

731
Q

What auto antibody is associated with pemphigus vulgaris

A

IGG auto antibody disrupting kertinocytes

732
Q

What auto antibody is associated with pemphigus vulgaris

A

IGG auto antibody disrupting kertinocytes

733
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of pemphigus vulgaris

A

Immunosuppressive with corticosteroids (prednisone, azathioprine) - long term treatment needed and side effects rough so euthanasia often done

734
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of pemphigus vulgaris

A

Immunosuppressive with corticosteroids (prednisone, azathioprine) - long term treatment needed and side effects rough so euthanasia often done

735
Q

What are Classic signs of canine juvenile cellulitis or puppy strangles

A

Generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, acute pustular lesions around muzzle, pinnae and eyes, cellulitis

736
Q

What are Classic signs of canine juvenile cellulitis or puppy strangles

A

Generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, acute pustular lesions around muzzle, pinnae and eyes, cellulitis

737
Q

How do you treat puppy strangles usually

A

Thought immune mediated so treat with glucocorticoids usually - can give antibiotics for secondary bacterial prodermas

738
Q

What disease has classic findings of hyponatremia and hyper kalemia

A

Addison’s

739
Q

What makes pythium difficult to treat

A

Most antifungals target fungal cell wall synthesis, but pythium fungi have different cell wall structure

740
Q

How long after whelping can you see vaginal hemorrhage

A

12-15 weeks while uterus subinvolution happens

741
Q

How long after whelping can you see vaginal hemorrhage

A

12-15 weeks while uterus subinvolution happens

742
Q

Lily plant toxicosis cases acute -

A

Renal failure

743
Q

What an excess calcium in a large, fast growing breed predispose to

A

Osteochondrosis and retained cartilage cores

744
Q

What an excess calcium in a large, fast growing breed predispose to

A

Osteochondrosis and retained cartilage cores

745
Q

What an excess calcium in a large, fast growing breed predispose to

A

Osteochondrosis and retained cartilage cores

746
Q

Pyogranolomatous vasculitis is the Classic lesion for

A

Feline infections peritonitis

747
Q

Pyogranolomatous vasculitis is the Classic lesion for

A

Feline infections peritonitis

748
Q

An eosinophilia without a stress leukogram, hypercalcomics and pre renal azotenia all on make you suspect -

A

Addison disease

749
Q

An eosinophilia without a stress leukogram, hypercalcomics and pre renal azotenia all on make you suspect -

A

Addison disease

750
Q

An eosinophilia without a stress leukogram, hypercalcomics and pre renal azotenia all on make you suspect -

A

Addison disease

751
Q

An eosinophilia without a stress leukogram, hypercalcomics and pre renal azotenia all on make you suspect -

A

Addison disease

752
Q

What type of parasite is ancyclostoma caninum

A

Dog hookworm - zoonotic!

753
Q

What is the treatment for nasal aspergillosis in dogs

A

Topical antifungal like clotrimazole - 80% cure rate with one application

754
Q

What is the treatment for nasal aspergillosis in dogs

A

Topical antifungal like clotrimazole - 80% cure rate with one application

755
Q

When using topical clotrimazole, what do you need to make sure of

A

Risk of CNS toxicity if the is erosion of the cribi form plate

756
Q

When using topical clotrimazole, what do you need to make sure of

A

Risk of CNS toxicity if the is erosion of the cribi form plate

757
Q

What is often the cause of skin fragility syndrome in cats

A

Poorly regulated diabetes mellitus due to cushings disease most likely

758
Q

A patient with a mass on the pancreas that is hypoglycemic likely has a

A

Insulinoma

759
Q

A patient with a mass on the pancreas that is hypoglycemic likely has a

A

Insulinoma

760
Q

What is contraindicated when treating fungal infections

A

Glucocorticoids - can cause hotter immune suppression, making the infection worse

761
Q

What is the general treatment for uncomplicated ear infections

A

Antifungal, antibiotic, anti inflammatory

762
Q

What is the general treatment for uncomplicated ear infections

A

Antifungal, antibiotic, anti inflammatory

763
Q

What is the general treatment for uncomplicated ear infections

A

Antifungal, antibiotic, anti inflammatory

764
Q

What injuries are cats predisposed to when they jump off of things

A

Hyper extension of carpal injuries because they try to and on their feet

765
Q

What injuries are cats predisposed to when they jump off of things

A

Hyper extension of carpal injuries because they try to and on their feet

766
Q

You suspect what in a cat with miliary dermatitis

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

767
Q

You suspect what in a cat with miliary dermatitis

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

768
Q

What is the most common skin tumor in dogs

A

Sebaceous gland tumors

769
Q

What is the most common skin tumor in dogs

A

Sebaceous gland tumors

770
Q

Where do you normally find sebaceous gland tumors - what do they look like

A

Trunk, eyelids and limbs - small wart or cauliflower like lesions

771
Q

Where do you normally find sebaceous gland tumors - what do they look like

A

Trunk, eyelids and limbs - small wart or cauliflower like lesions

772
Q

What commonly causes fibrosarcomas in cats

A

Post vaccine reaction

773
Q

What commonly causes fibrosarcomas in cats

A

Post vaccine reaction

774
Q

What happens when a neonate puppy is exposed to parvovirus in the uterus

A

Part virus localizes to the myocardium causing myocarditis and cardiac sudden death in puppies less than 3 months

775
Q

What happens when a neonate puppy is exposed to parvovirus in the uterus

A

Part virus localizes to the myocardium causing myocarditis and cardiac sudden death in puppies less than 3 months

776
Q

A 3 week old puppy dies suddenly with no previously observed clinical signs, what is your top differential

A

Canine parvovirus

777
Q

What is a common complication of surgical arytenoid lateralization (tie back) - used for treatment of laryngeal pablysis

A

Aspiration pneumonia because the airway is chronically open

778
Q

What is a common complication of surgical arytenoid lateralization (tie back) - used for treatment of laryngeal pablysis

A

Aspiration pneumonia because the airway is chronically open

779
Q

Describe clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis in a medium to large breed dog

A

Acute respiratory distress, change in bark, loud stridor , panting

780
Q

What is the most common route of transmission of toxocara canis

A

Transplacentally

781
Q

What is the most common route of transmission of toxocara canis

A

Transplacentally

782
Q

What respiratory disease looks like feline Alice virus without the oral ulcerations

A

Chlamydophilia felis

783
Q

Anal sac adenocarcinoma is the second most common cause of-

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

784
Q

Anal sac adenocarcinoma is the second most common cause of-

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

785
Q

What is your top differential for a dog with an anal sac mass and hypercalcemia

A

Anal sac adenococinoma

786
Q

What is your top differential for a dog with an anal sac mass and hypercalcemia

A

Anal sac adenococinoma

787
Q

What clinical sign do you see with cats infected with panleukopenia virus

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

788
Q

What clinical sign do you see with cats infected with panleukopenia virus

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

789
Q

What cells and where does feline panleekopenia virus usually attack

A

Rapidly dividing cells - in bone marrow and git usually

790
Q

What would be contraindicated in a case of treating demodicosis

A

Steroids like prednisone because of the immune suppression

791
Q

What would be contraindicated in a case of treating demodicosis

A

Steroids like prednisone because of the immune suppression

792
Q

Is ringworm itchy

A

In dogs no, in people yes

793
Q

Is ringworm itchy

A

In dogs no, in people yes

794
Q

Cocci in the cytoplasm of neutrophils from skin sample most likely indicates

A

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius

795
Q

Cocci in the cytoplasm of neutrophils from skin sample most likely indicates

A

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius

796
Q

How can you differentiate between degenerate joint disease and degenerative myelopathy

A

Reflexes should not be affected by degenerative joint disease

797
Q

What common toxin in dogs causes insulin release and therefore hypoglycemia

A

Xylitol toxicity

798
Q

What common toxin in dogs causes insulin release and therefore hypoglycemia

A

Xylitol toxicity

799
Q

What organ should he monitored with xylitol toxicity

A

Liver - risk of hepatopathy if ingestion is severe

800
Q

What organ should he monitored with xylitol toxicity

A

Liver - risk of hepatopathy if ingestion is severe

801
Q

What should you test for in a cat who has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Test for hyperthyroidism - often a cause

802
Q

Why would you test a Dobermans buccal mucosal bleeding time

A

Dobermans are predisposed to Von willebrands disease (missing an essential clotting factor

803
Q

Why would you test a Dobermans buccal mucosal bleeding time

A

Dobermans are predisposed to Von willebrands disease (missing an essential clotting factor

804
Q

What are Persian cats predisposed to

A

Feline idiopathic cystitis

805
Q

What are Persian cats predisposed to

A

Feline idiopathic cystitis

806
Q

What are Persian cats predisposed to

A

Feline idiopathic cystitis

807
Q

Large breeds like Newfies are predisposed to this cardiac condition while breeds like chihuahuas one predisposed to

A

Newfies - subaortic stenosis
Chihuahuas - pulmonic stenosis

808
Q

Dogs on raw diets are predisposed to what

A

Salmonella or listeria infections

809
Q

Describe the typical liver shunts developed by yang toy breed dogs

A

Single Extrahepatic portosystemic shunts

810
Q

Describe the typical liver shunts developed by yang toy breed dogs

A

Single Extrahepatic portosystemic shunts

811
Q

What type of congenital liver shunts are large breed dogs predisposed to

A

Intra hepatic shunts

812
Q

What type of congenital liver shunts are large breed dogs predisposed to

A

Intra hepatic shunts

813
Q

Acquired liver shunts in older dogs one almost always

A

Extrahepatic

814
Q

What are clinical signs of cervical spondylopathy (cervical vertebral malformation)

A

Ataxia and paresis of all 4 limbs, imper motor neuron signs in all 4 limbs (hyperreflexive spinal reflexes, delayed cp in all 4 limbs

815
Q

What is the cause of myasthenia gravis

A

Antibody mediated destruction of acetylcholine receptors

816
Q

What is panosteitis and when are you likely to see it

A

Seen in young rapidly growing large breed dogs - paint information of the periosteum which is the inside layer of the bone

817
Q

How do you normally treat panosteitis in young large breed dogs

A

Limit activity and anti inflammatories - self limiting disease that almost always resolves so treatment is mostly supportive care

818
Q

What type of urinary crystals usually form in liver shunt patients and why

A

Ammonium birurate crystals due to increased ammonia in blood and urine

819
Q

What type of urinary crystals usually form in liver shunt patients and why

A

Ammonium birurate crystals due to increased ammonia in blood and urine

820
Q

Lymphocytic thyroiditis is the cause of

A

Primary hypothyroidism in dogs

821
Q

Lymphocytic thyroiditis is the cause of

A

Primary hypothyroidism in dogs

822
Q

What are far top differentials for Suppurative non septic inflammatory joint fluid

A

Polyarthritis (immune mediated or rickettsial caused)

823
Q

How does acute uveitis affect IOP

A

Decreases it below normal

824
Q

How does chronic uveitis affect IOP

A

Leads to glaucoma and high IOP

825
Q

How does chronic uveitis affect IOP

A

Leads to glaucoma and high IOP

826
Q

What type of parasites can cause aremin and dermatitis of footpads

A

Hookworms

827
Q

What type of parasites can cause aremin and dermatitis of footpads

A

Hookworms

828
Q

Why do most vets use phenylpropanalamine for urinary incontinence

A

Its a weak alpha agonist that works on muscles of the urethra to increase sphincter tone

829
Q

Why do most vets use phenylpropanalamine for urinary incontinence

A

Its a weak alpha agonist that works on muscles of the urethra to increase sphincter tone

830
Q

What does “cis plat splats cats” mean

A

Cisplatin (chemotherapy drug) causes fetal pulmonary edema in cats

831
Q

How can you differentiate between mammary gland hyperplasia and mammary cancer

A

Hyperplasia in younger cats and often see more symmetrical swelling , mammary cancer usually in older cats and is les likely to affect all the glands in a cat at the same time

832
Q

How can you differentiate between mammary gland hyperplasia and mammary cancer

A

Hyperplasia in younger cats and often see more symmetrical swelling , mammary cancer usually in older cats and is les likely to affect all the glands in a cat at the same time

833
Q

What causes DCM in cats

A

Taurine deficiency

834
Q

What causes DCM in cats

A

Taurine deficiency

835
Q

What causes DCM in cats

A

Taurine deficiency

836
Q

Describe transmission of canine distemper virus

A

Mainly spread through aerosolized secretions, highly contagious and shed for several weeks after infection

837
Q

Describe transmission of canine distemper virus

A

Mainly spread through aerosolized secretions, highly contagious and shed for several weeks after infection

838
Q

Describe transmission of canine distemper virus

A

Mainly spread through aerosolized secretions, highly contagious and shed for several weeks after infection

839
Q

What clinical signs would you see that indicate large bowel diarrhea

A

Urgency to go, tenesmus, mucus, frank blood

840
Q

What clinical signs would you see that indicate large bowel diarrhea

A

Urgency to go, tenesmus, mucus, frank blood

841
Q

What clinical signs would indicate small bowel diarrhea

A

Increased frequency, melena, no straining

842
Q

What clinical signs would indicate small bowel diarrhea

A

Increased frequency, melena, no straining

843
Q

What do you suspect in a dog with ascites with glucose at least 20 mg/dL less than peripheral blood

A

Sepsis

844
Q

What do you suspect in a dog with ascites with glucose at least 20 mg/dL less than peripheral blood

A

Sepsis

845
Q

How can you identify paradoxical vestibular disease

A

If there are vestibular signs and proprioceptive deficits - then the lesion can be localized to the ipsilateral side

846
Q

How can you identify paradoxical vestibular disease

A

If there are vestibular signs and proprioceptive deficits - then the lesion can be localized to the ipsilateral side

847
Q

A cat presents with both neurologic signs and uveitis - what is your top differential and how can you confirm

A

Toxoplasma gondii - if Igm is elevated, shows active infection

848
Q

How do you treat toxoplasma Gondii infections in cats

A

Clindamycin

849
Q

What are 3 treatment options for demodex in dogs

A

Amitraz/mitaban (only approved), ivermectin, milbemycin

850
Q

A mobile oval flaggeled Protozoa from the rectum of a kitten with persistent water diarrhea leads you to suspect

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

851
Q

A mobile oval flaggeled Protozoa from the rectum of a kitten with persistent water diarrhea leads you to suspect

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

852
Q

Feline asthma causes - inspiration and - expiration

A

Normal inspiration, exporter dyspnea with an abdominal push

853
Q

What can you use to treat black spots /acne in cats

A

Benzyl peroxide - antiseptic w/ good penetration

854
Q

What can cause a deep pyometra

A

allergies, immune mediated skin reactions, skin fold anomalies, bacterial or fungal infections

855
Q

What are indications for DIC - disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Elevated pt and PTT, elected D dimers from fibrin degradation, low antithrombin, low platelets

856
Q

What is the most common gram negative rod isolate in dog ear infections

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

857
Q

What are clinical signs of erichiosis in dogs

A

Acute - fever, swollen lymph nodes , spontaneous hemorrhage, respiratory distress which if it progresses In go undetected in the subclinical phase leading to lameness, bone marrow production problems

858
Q

What are clinical signs of erichiosis in dogs

A

Acute - fever, swollen lymph nodes , spontaneous hemorrhage, respiratory distress which if it progresses In go undetected in the subclinical phase leading to lameness, bone marrow production problems

859
Q

What is the most common cause of erlichiosis in dogs

A

Erhlicia canis

860
Q

What does fvrcp stand for

A

Feline viral rhinobacheitis, calcifivirus and pan leukopenia

861
Q

What is a ranula

A

Swelling under the tongue (sublingual) due to saliva leakage from damage to a salivary gland

862
Q

Is the treatment for hearthorm the same for cats and dogs

A

No - melarsomine can be toxic and fatal to cats

863
Q

What is the treatment for hepatic lipidosis in cats and why

A

Esophageal tube feedings - need to stop the cycle of fat metabolism by providing nutrition

864
Q

Why are cat bite abscesses often treated with a drain placement

A

Usually caused by anaerobes so rain help present abscess from closing back up

865
Q

What almost always follows phthysis bulbi in cats and blindness after trauma to the eye

A

Feline traumatic sarcoma - very malignant

866
Q

What almost always follows phthysis bulbi in cats and blindness after trauma to the eye

A

Feline traumatic sarcoma - very malignant

867
Q

Bartonella is spread by - and zoonotic to people through -

A

Fleas, spread by flea dirt and open wounds

868
Q

What is the causative agent of feline infectious anemia

A

Mycoplasma felis

869
Q

What does mycoplasma felis cause in cats and how is it transmitted

A

Regenerative hemolytic anemia, fever, inappetence - spread through direct contact (fighting)

870
Q

What can you give in cases of a low serum albumin to prevent excess blood clotting

A

Aspirin - also can be used as an NSAID

871
Q

What can you give in cases of a low serum albumin to prevent excess blood clotting

A

Aspirin - also can be used as an NSAID

872
Q

Feline infections peritonitis is caused by what

A

Coronavirus

873
Q

Feline infections peritonitis is caused by what

A

Coronavirus

874
Q

Describe diabetes insipidus compared to diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes insipidus - Pu / Pd with enormous volumes of extremely dilute urine (tasteless)
Diabetes millets - issue with pancreas function and abnormal blood sugar leading to sweet urine (glucose in urine)

875
Q

How can you diagnose diabetes insipidus

A

Water deprivation test

876
Q

What kind of diet is barf

A

Raw meat and bone diet

877
Q

What kind of diet is barf

A

Raw meat and bone diet

878
Q

What clinical signs are classic with notoedres Cati - how do you treat

A

Lichenification of ear tips, face and distal extremities - treat with selamectin

879
Q

Describe the esophagus muscle in cats

A

Cranial 2/3 is smooth muscle, caudal 1/3 is striated muscle

880
Q

With geriatric vestibular disease - what underlying cause should you look for

A

Hypothyroidism

881
Q

Who is the definitive host of sarcacystic Cruzi - how do they get infected

A

Dog-gets infected by eating infected cow muscle

882
Q

What is the prognosis for acute cholangiohepatitis in young cats about 3 years old

A

50% chance of long term survival 150% of dying in 3 months

883
Q

What histopath results would you expect in a case of acute cholangiohepatitis

A

Fibrosis , with portal triads, bile duct proliferation, centrolobular accumulation of bile with casts in canicular areas

884
Q

Define cholangio hepatitis

A

Information of bile ducts, gallbladder, and surrounding liver tissue

885
Q

What is the most important test to run if you have a cat with urinary tract obstruction

A

Electrolytes to look for hyperkalemia - especially if they are bradycardic because the cardiac abnormalities can cause death

886
Q

Cats shed panleukopenia for

A

6 weeks

887
Q

What are the 2 most important ways to prevent recurrence of a medially luxating patella

A

Lateral transposition of tibial tibersity and modification of the trochee groove of the femur

888
Q

What lesion is associated with sudden death in a dog with cushings

A

Pulmonary thromboembolism

889
Q

The cause of EPI in dogs is - while cats is -

A

Dogs - pancreatic acinar atrophy
Cats - chronic pancreatitis

890
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of sarcocustis - how can you prevent it

A

Carnivore eats cow with cyst in muscle, sporocysts are shed in feces which is ingested by the cow which the invades the muscle - reed to prevent carnivore feces from contaminating cow fields

891
Q

What is the causative agent of FIP - is it contagious, why or why not

A

Coronavirus - not contagious , transmitted fecal oral and tip has to mutate in young and immunosuppressed cats

892
Q

What is the causative agent of FIP - is it contagious, why or why not

A

Coronavirus - not contagious , transmitted fecal oral and tip has to mutate in young and immunosuppressed cats

893
Q

What is the prognosis of FIP - how do you diagnose

A

Poor, considered fatal - diagnose with histopath and biopsy to see progranlomatous and fibrinorecrotic reaction around small veins

894
Q

Differentiate between the dry and wet forms of FIP

A

Wet form - complement mediated, pleural and peritoneal fluids
Dry form - partial call mediated, granuloma formation affecting organs

895
Q

What makes FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) a unique virus

A

FIV is transmitted through bite wound saliva but is not passed through direct contact or by sharing a litter box

896
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of FIV - feline immunodeficiency virus

A

Virs replicates in lymphoid and salivary tissues, causing a viremia that stays in the host for years causing immunosuppression (cats are 10-15 years old at this point) - leads to failure of immune system and increasing infections

897
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of FIV - feline immunodeficiency virus

A

Virs replicates in lymphoid and salivary tissues, causing a viremia that stays in the host for years causing immunosuppression (cats are 10-15 years old at this point) - leads to failure of immune system and increasing infections

898
Q

How do you diagnose FIV

A

Antibody ELISA for FIV because it doesn’t produce enough antigens

899
Q

How do you diagnose FIV

A

Antibody ELISA for FIV because it doesn’t produce enough antigens

900
Q

How is felv transmitted

A

Through saliva - requires prolonged and close contact for transmission

901
Q

How is felv transmitted

A

Through saliva - requires prolonged and close contact for transmission

902
Q

Describe the disease process of felv

A

Cats older than 10 years old are infected, leading to inadequate immune system where it persistently sheds and the disease occurs months to years later when stressed

903
Q

What do yo most commonly see with felv in cats

A

Cats 3 yr and under see mediastinal lymphoma that causes dyspnea and Horners syndrome / secondarily see multicentric disease

904
Q

How do you diagnose felv versus FIV

A

Antigen ELISA for FeLV and antibody ELISA for FIV

905
Q

What is the causative agent of feline panleukopenia virus

A

Parvovirus - also called kitten distemper or kitten parvo

906
Q

What is the causative agent of feline panleukopenia virus

A

Parvovirus - also called kitten distemper or kitten parvo

907
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia virus (kitten parvo)

A

Damages rapidly dividing tissues (in bone marrow or git) causing vomiting, anorexia, etc - will cause cerebellar hypoplasia if infected in utero along with other neurologic signs

908
Q

How do you treat feline calicivirus

A

Clindamycin

909
Q

What indicates fatal feline calicivirus

A

Ulcerative and edematous lesions of the skin on the head and limbs on top of the ulcers and stomatitis in the mouth

910
Q

What is the cause of feline viral rhinotracheitis

A

Feline herpesvirus

911
Q

What lesions are highly suggestive of feline viral rhinotracheitis/ feline herpesvirus

A

Linear dendritic ulcers, eosinophilic keratitis, corneal sequestrum

912
Q

What makes chlamydophilia felis URI different from herpes or caliciviros

A

Chlamydophilia felis does not cause oral or cutaneous lesions like calicivirus or herpes

913
Q

How do cats become infected with bartonella

A

ABCs are infected through fleas and humans get cat scratch fever because cats have flea dirt under their nails

914
Q

How do cats become infected with bartonella

A

ABCs are infected through fleas and humans get cat scratch fever because cats have flea dirt under their nails

915
Q

You find a cat covered in fleas with mandibular lymphadenopathy and draining tracts under the chin - what is your top differential

A

Yersinia pestis

916
Q

You find a cat covered in fleas with mandibular lymphadenopathy and draining tracts under the chin - what is your top differential

A

Yersinia pestis

917
Q

How do you differentiate between cholangiohepatitis and lymphocytic portal hepatitis

A

Biopsy-
Cholangiolepatitis- neutrophils in portal areas
Lymphocytic portal hepatitis - lymphocytes and plasma cells in portal area but not bile ducts
M

918
Q

Hou do you confirm a pyothorax

A

A decreased glucose in effusion compared to serum is consistent with infectious etiology

919
Q

When do you not drain fluid in the chest

A

If its a hemothorax - blood will naturally reabsorb and draining it will cause it to get worse or to be infected

920
Q

A diffuse bronchial pattern with tracks and doughnuts in a cat indicates

A

Feline asthma

921
Q

What should not be used to treat feline asthma and why

A

Atropine - thickens mucosal secretions and encourages plugging of airways

922
Q

What is the causative agent of canine distemper

A

Paramyxovirus

923
Q

What trio of signs do you see with canine distemper virus

A

GI (diarrhea), neuro (seizures), and respiratory (pneumonia)

924
Q

You have a dog with enamel hypoplasia of the lower canines - what does this indicate to you

A

The dog had canine distemper virus as a puppy

925
Q

When are you likely to see cases of canine distemper and how is it transmitted

A

Puppies 3-6 months old - aerosol transmission

926
Q

What is body system is affected with canine parvovirus - how is it transmitted

A

Git and bone marrow - transmitted fecal orally

927
Q

What virus affects rapidly dividing tissues of youg puppies

A

Canine parvovirus

928
Q

What virus affects rapidly dividing tissues of youg puppies

A

Canine parvovirus

929
Q

What is the causative agent of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

A

Closhidium difficile

930
Q

What bacterial infection is associated with grass awn migration

A

Actinomyces

931
Q

What bacterial infection is associated with grass awn migration

A

Actinomyces

932
Q

Describe collie eye anomaly

A

Affects 80% of the breed - choroidial hypoptasin with crazy looking vessels, varying degrees of ocular dysfunction (some blind some not)

933
Q

What breed is often affected by extra ocular polymyositis causing bilateral exopthalamos with no pain or swelling

A

Golden retreviers

934
Q

How do you treat extrocular myositis and why

A

Prednisone or azothioprine - caused by an auto immune reactionto muscle antigens

935
Q

Who is often affected with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

A

Middle aged obese female spayed dogs with Cushing’s disease

936
Q

Describe clinical signs of sards (and why)

A

Pu/pd 1 polyphagia and increased liver enzymes (because often cushinoid) - acute blindness with neovalularization and taperal hyperreflectivity a month later

937
Q

Describe fundic exam findings of a toy breed dog affected with progressive retinal atrophy/ degeneration

A

Grey lines on fundus, tapetal hyper reflectivity, retinal vascular attenuation

938
Q

How can you identify iris atrophy

A

Dog over 10 years old, slow PLR, irregular iris/pupil margins, normal menace and palpebral

939
Q

How can you identify iris atrophy

A

Dog over 10 years old, slow PLR, irregular iris/pupil margins, normal menace and palpebral

940
Q

What is pannus in German shepherds and how do you treat it

A

Chronic superficial keratitis - immune mediated condition affecting the cornea, treat with topical steroids and cuccosporire for life

941
Q

What is pannus in German shepherds and how do you treat it

A

Chronic superficial keratitis - immune mediated condition affecting the cornea, treat with topical steroids and cuccosporire for life

942
Q

Which radiographs are important to take if you suspect tracheal collapse

A

End inspiratory thorax and end expiratory thorax

943
Q

If you suspect laryngeal paralysis - what should you give on a sedated exam and why

A

Doxaprom - stimulates respiration (whereas sedation reduces it)

944
Q

You see hyperpigmentation in the axillary and groin region of a dachshund - what is your diagnosis

A

Acanthuses nigricans - inherited disease

945
Q

You see hyperpigmentation in the axillary and groin region of a dachshund - what is your diagnosis

A

Acanthuses nigricans - inherited disease

946
Q

Which species are normally affected by color dilution alopecia

A

Fawn colored Dobermans and Yorkies

947
Q

Describe clinical signs of canine familial dermatomyositis affecting collies and sheep dogs

A

Atrophy of miles with crusting and erosions of skin - which worsen with heat and sun

948
Q

Describe discoid lupus erythmatosis

A

Depigmentation and iteration of the nasal planum, alopecia around the muzzle, lips

949
Q

Which species is normally affected by fatal lupuid dermatitis

A

German shorthaired pointers

950
Q

Atopy (atopic dermatitis) is often seen _

A

Seasonally, when high pollen is out

951
Q

How do you treat atopic dermatitis

A

Hyposensitization with intradermal allergen injections to increase tolerance - also cyclosorine, antihistamines and corticosteroids

952
Q

Why are you more likely to see bacterial pyoderma in dogs caused by staph pseudointermedius

A

Dogs stratum corneum is a less efficient barrier because its lacking ostial plugs in hair follicles allowing bacterial colonization

953
Q

Which dog breeds are most likely to be affected with sebaceous gland tumors - where are you likely to see them

A

Cockers, beagles, poodles, schnauzers - see wart like lesions on limbs, trunks and eyelids

954
Q

How do you treat megaesophagus caused by myasthenia gravis

A

Anticholinesterases like pyridogostimire along with metaclopromidec and cisapride to stimulate esophageal peristalsis

955
Q

How do you diagnose a septic abdomen

A

Compare blood Glucose to peritoneal glucose - peritoneal should be 20 less than blood if septic

956
Q

How do you treat esophagitis and why

A

Suralfate - proton pump inhibitor that decreases gastric acid and coats to protect the esophagus from ulceration

957
Q

Which breed most often is affected by perineal fistulas - how do you treat

A

German shepherds - treat with immunisupposive drugs because this is an immune mediated disease

958
Q

When do you usually see perineal adenomas and why

A

Intact males because it is a testosterone dependent tumor

959
Q

What bloodwork abnormalities can you see with lymphangiectasia

A

Panhypoproteinemia - this is a PLE casing dilation of lymphatics in the intestines caring leakage into the intestinal lumen

960
Q

How should you treat hip luxation in dogs

A

Closed reduction - place inan Elmer sling for 7-10 days to prevent weight bearing but aid in abduction und internal rother of affected limb

961
Q

How should you treat hip luxation in dogs

A

Closed reduction - place inan Elmer sling for 7-10 days to prevent weight bearing but aid in abduction und internal rother of affected limb

962
Q

How can you differentiate between trigeminal nerve neuropathy and masticatory muscle myositis

A

Trigeminal neuropathy - unilateral muscle atrophy of master and temporalis muscles
Mashiatory muscle myositis - bilateral atrophy, autoimmune disorder

963
Q

How can you differentiate between trigeminal nerve neuropathy and masticatory muscle myositis

A

Trigeminal neuropathy - unilateral muscle atrophy of master and temporalis muscles
Mashiatory muscle myositis - bilateral atrophy, autoimmune disorder

964
Q

What is the difference between lymphoma and leukemia

A

Leukemia affects the bone marrow

965
Q

What is the difference between lymphoma and leukemia

A

Leukemia affects the bone marrow

966
Q

Castration decreases the risk of - not -

A

Prostatic not prostatic neoplasia

967
Q

Castration decreases the risk of - not -

A

Prostatic not prostatic neoplasia

968
Q

Night blindness can be caused by a deficit in

A

Vitamin A - affects the retina

969
Q

What breed is susceptible to copper toxicosis

A

Bedlington terriers

970
Q

What breed is susceptible to amlyoidiosis

A

Sharpies

971
Q

What breed is susceptible to amlyoidiosis

A

Sharpies

972
Q

What is the active thyroid hormone and which thyroid hormone do yo test for to diagnose hyperthyroidism

A

T3 is active, free T4 to diagnose

973
Q

What is a common complication of feline hyperthyroidism and how do yountreat it

A

Hypertension - treat with atenolol, especially if animal goes acutely blind

974
Q

What is a common cause of hypothyroidism in dogs and how do you treat it

A

Immune mediated lymphocytic thyroiditis - treat with sodium levathyroxine

975
Q

How do ketones affect acid base status

A

Cause a metabolic acidosis - ketones are acidic

976
Q

Describe bloodwork abnormalities seen with diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia , hyponatremia, hypochloremia, prerenal azotemia

977
Q

How to you treat DKA

A

Regular insulin - quick acting

978
Q

What should you look for in a diabetic patient with sudden DKA

A

Underlying cause - cats check for hyperthyroidism, dogs check for cushings

979
Q

Which type of DM are dogs likely to have versus cats

A

Dogs almost always insulin dependent (type 1) - cats 70% type 1 and 30% non insulin dependent (type 2)

980
Q

Describe central diabetes insipidus and how to treat it

A

Lack of vasopressin ADH) release by posterior pituitary - treat with DDAVP C(a synthetic adh), see response in 3 days

981
Q

Describe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - how do you treat it

A

Lack of response from kidney ADH receptors - treat with hydrochlorothiazide

982
Q

What bloodwork is suggestive of an insulinoma

A

Normal to high insulin in the face of low blood glucose

983
Q

What are the 2 most common bloodwork findings of hypoadrenocorticism

A

Hyperkalemia and hypontremia due to deficiency in mineral corticoids

984
Q

Primary hyper parathyroidism causes a hyper - and hypo-

A

Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

985
Q

Primary hyper parathyroidism causes a hyper - and hypo-

A

Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

986
Q

Is HCM concentric Or eccentric

A

Concentric hypertrophy - a thilkered left ventricle wall impairs diastolic filling but there is no issue with contractility

987
Q

Which breed of cats are predisposed to HCM - why

A

Main coons - often associated with hype thyroidism or hypertension due to renal disease

988
Q

What does HCM predispose main coon cats to

A

Aortic thromboembolisms (saddle thrombi)

989
Q

How do you treat HCM and why

A

Goal is to increase diastolic function (increasing filling time) by decreasing heart rate - use Beta blockers, calcium Channel inhibitors Or ace inhibitors; also want to prevent saddle thrombus with things like aspirin or heparin

990
Q

Is DCM in dogs comcentric or eccentric

A

Eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle

991
Q

How can you treat dcm

A

Pimobendan to increase contractility by increasing calcium sensitivity, can also use diuretics or ace inhibitors like enclapril

992
Q

Pulmonic stenosis most often occurs in - dogs while aortic stenosis occurs in - dogs

A

Pulmonic - small dogs, aortic - large dogs

993
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of pulmonic stenosis

A

Dilation occurs downstream of stenosis leading to concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle due to increased pressure

994
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of pulmonic stenosis

A

Dilation occurs downstream of stenosis leading to concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle due to increased pressure

995
Q

Where will you hear a murmur indicating pulmonic stenosis

A

Left heart base

996
Q

Where will you hear a murmur indicating pulmonic stenosis

A

Left heart base

997
Q

Describe what happens with aortic stenosis - what an occur secondarily

A

Concentric hypertrophy of the left heart causing post stenotic dilation of the aorta which ultimately causes vehicular arrhythmia - risk of sudden death or infective endocarditis

998
Q

How do you treat aortic stenosis

A

Prophylactic antibiotics, Beta blockers (atenolol) to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and reduce frequency of arrhythmia

999
Q

What heart pathology do mastiffs get

A

Pulmonic stenosis (even though that’s usually a small dog problem)

1000
Q

What breeds are predisposed to tricuspid valve desplasia

A

Labs, large males, German shepherds

1001
Q

Where do you hear a murmur indicating mitral valve dysplasia

A

Left heart apex

1002
Q

What is the most common site of intussuseption

A

Ileocolic

1003
Q

Dogs with EPI have - cobalamin and - folate

A

High folate and low cobalamin

1004
Q

Dogs with EPI have - cobalamin and - folate

A

High folate and low cobalamin

1005
Q

What causes small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs

A

EPI

1006
Q

A dog with pale voluminous diarrhea and a low TLI indicates

A

EPI

1007
Q

Inguinal hernia usually occur due to - while umbilical hernia occurs due to

A

Inguinal -trauma, umbilical - congenital

1008
Q

If you have a cryptorchid dog, what other congenital abnormality should you look for

A

Umbilical hernia

1009
Q

Do dogs have complete tracheal rings

A

No - birds do

1010
Q

What side of the neck is the esophagus on in birds

A

Right side

1011
Q

What side of the neck is the esophagus on in birds

A

Right side