Bovine Flashcards
What type of virus is BVD - bovine viral diarrhea
Pestivirus, flaviviridae - RNA virus
Why is it significant that BVD is an RNA virus
It can reassert and change, escaping immune mechanisms, remaining active
What are 3 major things /effects that have been attributed to BVD
Loss of productivity , reproductive wastage, increased morbidity and mortality
How can the RNA vins (bvd) be classified
Type 1 - cytopathic
Type 2 - non cytopathic
Does biotype of a virus indicate violence
No - just now the tissue behaves in tissue culture
What ave the 5 clinical forms of BVD
Subclinical, acute, hemorrhagic syndrome, reproductive loss and mucosal disease/ chronic
Describe subclinical BVD
Animal has antibodies present but has not been observed to have signs
Describe acute BVD - when is it most likely to occur , what is the incubation period and what signs do you see
Mostly in cattle 6 - 24 months old, after incubation for. 5-7 days, causes fever, leukopenia, anorexia, oculonasal discharge, oral erosions, ulcers and diarrhea
In acute bvd, what organs or organ systems are most affected
Damages the epithelium of the mouth, esophagus, intestine and bronchi
How can bacterial pathogens play a role in acute bvd
Can lead to immunosuppresion and pneumonia
Describe the hemorrhagic syndrome form of BVD
BVD virus induced thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets)
How does BVD affect reproduction in cattle
Infertility and early embryonic death, abortion - can occur at any stage of gestation
Infection by what virus at day 100 - 150 of gestation most commonly leads to congenital defects like hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia , ocular defects, hupomyelinogenesis, etc
BVD
How can you get a calf who is persistent infected with BVD
If the calf is infected between days 40 - 125 of gestation and was exposed to the non cytopathic bio type
What is the main way BVD is maintained in a herd
Pi infected calves - act as reservoirs and consistently shed the virus (calf is immunocompetent)
Describe mucosal disease (due to bvd) and chronic BVD
When a pi animal is super infected with the cytopathic biotype or the non cytopathic switches to the cytopathic type - mucosal disease is a peracute often fatal attack of bvd and chronic BVD is eventually fatal
How can you diagnose BVD
Through antigen detection - either with fluorescent antibodies , immuno histochemistry, or antigen ELISA, can also use PCRor serology
How can uw detect carriers of BVD
Ear notches for IHC
What is the most common treatment for BVD
Prevention of secondary infections (like Mannheima hemolytica) and providing fluids and electrolytes
What are the principle means of preventing and controlling BVD
Biosecurity, vaccination and detecting/ eliminating carriers of pi animals
How many doses are required for killed vaccines? Modified live virus vaccines?
2 for killed, one for MLV
When are replacement heifers vaccinated for BVD
5-6 months old with a MLV
When are cows vaccinated for BVD
Prior to breeding season bing a MLV with both biotypes 1 and 2 - cytophathic and non cytopathic
Can you vaccinate pregnant cows with MLV or killed vaccines for bvd
Safe to vaccinate with the killed vaccine - fetal protection better when MLV are used
How do you differentiate BVD and malignant catarrhal fever
MCF bully his greater lymph node enlargement and bilateral corneal opacity - most cases of BVD do not have corneal opacity
How can you differentiate between vesicular stomatitis and bovine papular stomatitis
Vs usually associated with oral lesions but not associated with diarrhea
What are differentials for BVD
MCF, rinderpest, FMD, vesicular stomatitis
What antibiotic can not be legally used in animals intended for mentor milk in the us
Chloramphenicol
What is a causative agent of necrotic laryngitis / calf diptheria
Initiated by histophilus Somni and then fusobacterium necrophorum proliferates where mucosa is damaged (causing necrosis of laryngeal cartilages, then toxemia and bacteremia then death)
What can be caused by oak toxicity in cattle
Vascular damage, fluid and blood loss from vessels, resulting in edema
What does pleocytosis mean
Increased cell count (particulary white cells)
How can you differentiate listeriosis from thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (teme)
CSF tap - expect mononuclear pleocytosis with Listeriosis and a neutrophilic pleocytosis
What do you expect to see with listeriosis in cattle
CNS signs, increased macrophages and monocytes
How could a young calf be infected with mycoplasma Bovis
Through milk from mom
What clinical signs do you expect to see with mycoplasma bovis infections in calves
Otitis media, aural discharge, head tilts, nystagmus, ataxia, facial nerve paralysis, respiratory disease - arthritis or tenosynovitis ,mastitis, abortion in older animals
What does fusobacterium necrophorum cause in cows
Hepatic abscesses, gastroenteritis , metritis or foot rot
What happens if you treat hypoderma Bovis larvae with ivermectin
The first stage larvae die in the spiral cord and can cause neuro signs like hindlimb ataxia
Describe lesions of hypoderma Bovis
Yellow oozing skin rash with warbles
What does spondylosis in older bulls mean
Degenerative intervertebral joint space disease
What is the most common dermatophyte in the casing ringworm (dermatomycosis)
Trichophyton verrucosum
How does corneybacterium pseudotuberclosis present in cattle
External sores and abscesses on the lateral thorax, flank, neck, etc - usually does not affect cows systemically
How do you treat C. Pseudo tuberculosis in cattle
Sores will usually resolve by themselves in 2-4 weeks - fish and let heal
Describe winter disentery - har do we treat it and that causes it
Epidemic in housed cattle during cold months, leads to fever then diarrhea - might be cased by a coronavirus, usually affects the colon and can cause a drop in milk production, here hill became immune and reaver in a few weeks
What is another name for fog fever
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
How do you treat Anaplasmosis
With oxytetrayline
When do you see nervous coccidiosis in cattle
Less than 1 year old
’ What causes thromboembolic disease in cows
H. Somni
What is the causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye in cattle)
Moroxella Bovis
Why is pinkeye in cattle (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) such an economic loss for farmers
Causes decreased weight gain , milk production and has a high cost of treatment
What factors an increase severity of pinkeye in cattle or increase the risk of secondary infections
Lack of pigmentation around the eye leading to UV damage and inflammation increasing risk of secondary infection
Why are Herefords being bred for pigment around the eyes
To decrease risk of pinkeyec and SCC
What environmental factors can play a role in pinkeye in cattle
Excessive UV light, flies , dust and plant material that acts airborne irritants
Which flies play a role in pinkeye in cattle and how
House fly (mucosa domestica ), face fly (mucosa automnalis), feed off eye secretions and cause irritation
How long is the face by (mucosa automnalis) infective after feeding off pinkeye secretions in cattle
3 days
How in pinkeye (infectious bovine kerato conjunctivitis) transmitted
Flies, direct contact , formites, asymptomatic carrier harboring infection in nasal secretions
When are you more likely to see cases of pinkeye in the (ibk)
Summer and fall - increased flies, UV light and pollen
What are common clinical signs of Pinkeye/ IBK in cattle
Conjunctivitis, blepharospasm I small opaque region of Cornea (center) that progresses to deep central ulceration, epiphora, blindness I decreased appetite, milk production
Define epiphora
Excess tears/ watery eyes
Define blepharospasm
Involuntary movement of eyelids
How can you diagnose IBK / pinkeye in cattle
Submit conjunctival swab and lacrinal secretion for culture for moroxella Bovis
How can you treat pinkeye / IBK in cattle
Oxytetracycline LA 200 systemically, penicillin subconjuctively, etc or surgically by doing a 3rd eyelid flap or tarrsorrhaphy
Define tarrsohaphy
Partially or completely closing the eyelids together - temporary to protect Cornea
Can you vaccinate for IBK / Pinkeye in cattle
Not consistently effective so not yet in widespread use
Why are clostridial diseases often difficult to treat
They produce endospores that ave extremely resistant to heat, drought and disinfectants so they’re able to grow and release toxins
Are clostridial diseases contagious
Not usually through direct transmission
In what animals do you see blackleg - infection with clostridium chauvoei and when
Cows - 6 months to 2 years old
Sheep - inoculation through a wound or at partuition
What is the pathogenesis of blackleg
Endosperm ingested, travel to the git then bloodstream where they are deposited throughout the body (or enter a wound) - bacteria activate and multiply in anaerobic environments like braised or damaged muscle tissue
Where does C. Chauveoi (blackleg) like to multiple in and when does this usually occur
Anaerobic environments like bruised or damaged muscle tissue - like after transport, handling or injections in sheep and cattle
What are clinical signs of blackleg? Do all animals present with clinical signs
Lamere», fever, anorexia, swelling with palpable crepitus (gas bubbles) - sudden death within 12-48 hours (often without showing any signs )
How do you diagnose blackleg
Antemortem -Presumptive based on gaseous swelling in a young animal
Post Mortem - black necrotic area with gas bubbles, foul sweet odor like rancid butter
How do you treat blackleg? What can you tell the producer to expect
Usually fatal lien found and treated early with penicillin - anima will have a permanent deformity
How can you prevent blackleg in cattle
Vaccinate with 7 way batterin vaccine - 2 doses at one month intervals
What does the 7 way clostridial vaccine protect against
C. Chauvoei, septicemia, novyi type Aand B, sordetelli, perfingens type C and D
Can you leave the carcasses of animals that died from blackleg in the field for wildlife
No - dispose immediately without contaminating the environment due to endospores
What is the causative agent for malignant edema in catte, sheep, goats and horses
Any of the clostridium’s treated for with the 7 way vaccine - chauvei, septicum, novyi type A and B, sordelli and perfingers type C and D
What is the causative agent for blackleg affecting cattle and sheep
Closhidium chauvei
How does malignant edema occur
When open wound is infected with bacteria - injury, castration, difficult partuition, etc
What are clinical signs of malignant edema
Localized swelling und edema in the dependent portion of the wound, depression, anorexia, high fever - death with 24- 48 hours
How can you differentiate post marten lesions ave to blackleg from malignant edema
Both cause dark necrotic lesions with a foul Oder - blackleg has bubbles and gas swelling1 malignant edema has swelling without gas accumulation
How can you differentiate post marten lesions ave to blackleg from malignant edema
Both cause dark necrotic lesions with a foul Oder - blackleg has bubbles and gas swelling1 malignant edema has swelling without gas accumulation
How do you treat malignant edema
Fatal unless heated early with penicillin
How do you prevent malignant edema
Vaccinated with 7 way bacterin vaccine and keep surgical procedures clean
What is the causative agent of red water disease, affecting cattle and sheep
Clostridium haemolyticum
What is another name for red water disease caused by C. Hemolyticum
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
What is often the reason C. Hemolyticum replicates in the liver with red water disease
Cattle or sheep are often infected with liver flukes (fasicola hepatica) which case damage to the liver and then replication of the closhidial bacteria
Describe the pathogenesis of bacillary hemoglobinura/ redwater disease
Endospores are ingested and the bacteria lodges in the liver where it replicates once the liver is damaged often due to liver flukes, then releases a toxin which causes red blood cell lysis
What are clinical signs of redwater disease
Red colored wine due to hemoglobinuria due to red blood cell lysis , labored breathing, anemia, fever, icterus
How do you diagnose redwater disease in cattle and sheep
Pale animal with red urine and thin, watery blood - postmortem will see a large necrotic area in the liver
How do you treat and prevent redwater disease
Treat early with penicillins or tetracycline and antitoxin serum - prevent by vaccinating with batterin (2 doses, booster every 6 months) / control liver flukes
What are clinical signs of black disease in cattle
Reluctance to move, loss of appetite, due, listless appearance
What is the causative agent of enterotoxemia and which species are affected (and when)
Clostridium perfringens type B, C, E - affects calves, lambs / kids, piglets and foals less than 7 days old
You perform a culture intestinal contents of a calf and find clostridium perfringens, is this the definitive cause of disease in that calf
Maybe if clinical sign- match, but C. Perfringens is normal flora in the git so only causes disease in certain circumstances
What are clinical signs of enterotoxemia
Weakness, abdominal distention , bloody diarrhea, convulsions - some calves may die without showing any signs
What often helps C. Perfingens cause disease in the git of calves
Increased dietry intake that creates a favorable environment for bacteria to grow
How do you diagnose enterotoxemia
Find extremely reddened sections of fluid filled small intestines “purple gut”
How do you treat enterotoxemia caused by C perfringens
Usually fatal once signs present but can provide supportive cave with IV fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics
How can you prevent cases of enterotoxemia in calves
Herd vaccination - either give antitoxin at birth or vaccinate dams twice with bacterin
What disease does clostridium perfringens type A cause in which species
Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or hemorrhagic enteritis) cattle, yellow lamb disease, intestinal clostridiosis in horses
What are clinical signs of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in cattle
Acute death, increased heart rate , enlarged abdomen, ileus, digested or closed blood in feces
How do you diagnose jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in cattle - what labwork findings do you expect to see
Abdominal US, increased small intestinal diameter, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypermagnesia
How can you treat / prevent jejunal hemorrhage syndrome? Is there a vaccine ?
Increase amount of long stem fiber in diet - no available vaccine,
Anaplasmoss causes - in cattle
Extravascular hemolysis
What causes uterine prolapses in cattle
Hypocalcemia - usually following partition
What is the causative agent of lumpy jaw
Actinomyces Bovis
Can you use sodium iodide to treat a pregnant cow with lumpy jaw
No -can cause abortions (also has food safety concerns in general - so maybe use penicillins
How an you treat woody tongue
IV sodium iodide or systemic antibiotics like tetracyclines
What is the causative agent of woody tongue
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Can you use ceftiofur extra label
No
What are common stomach worms in cattle
Haemonchus, ostertagia , trichostrongylus
What are the 3 most common causes of colic
IntUssuception , Cecal dilation with or without torsion, abomasal volvulus
What will you see with an intussception in cattle
Dark scant feces and palpable hard and painful Mass on the right
How can you diagnose cattle infected with BVDV and what should you do once identified
Elisa antigen capture of ear notch tissue
What is the main vector of M. Bovis (pink eye) - moroxella Bovis
Flies
What is usually used to treat digital dermatitis in cattle
Topical Oxytetracycline or spray Lincomycin
What hormone can help increase the milk production in a low producing cow
Somatotropin every 14 days - Granth hormone that prolongs the lactation curve
What can cause a nutmeg liver
Right sided heart failure due to passive congestion of sinusoid, of hepatic cellular hypoxia
How is babesia transmitted to cattle
Rhipicephalus Annulatus - tick that feeds on infected animal then transmits to offspring
- Is prohibited for use in food animals to treat something like a cranial ulcer
Chloramphenicol
What effect can neospora caninum have in pregnant cattle
Can lead to abortion between 4-6 months of gestation
What effect can neospora caninum have on calves born from affected latte
Neurologic abnormalities like encephalomyelitis
What effect can neospora caninum have on calves born from affected latte
Neurologic abnormalities like encephalomyelitis
Can you use gentamicin in dairy cattle
Not a good choice - have to discard milk and has long meat and milk withdrawls
What most commonly causes frothy bloat
Mostly happens when cattle are put on lush legume pastures
What are possible clinic signs of frothy bloat in cattle
Sudden death after being put un lash pasture like alfalfa, distended abdomen (left flank mostly) open mouth breathing, grunting
What percent of cattle with BLV develop lymphoma
0-5%
What clinical signs are you likely to see with IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Hacking cough, sneezing, fever, open mouth breathing, mucopurelent nasal discharge , white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium, hyperemia in nose, abortions
What are you likely to see with bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Atypical pneumonia with honking cough
Where are the PAM valves located ( rib location)
Pulmonary - 3rd intercostal
Aortic - 4th intercostal
Mitral - 5th interested
Where can you near the tricuspid value in cattle
3rd - 4th intercostal space
Where is gossypol found and how can it cause toxicity
Cottonseed - cardiotoxic to calves, cases sterility in bulls and decreased conception in cows
How con moldy sweet clover be toxic to cattle
Is a vitamin K inhibitor so can cause coagulopathy
How is St John’s wort toxic
Result in photosensitivity due to hypericin
How can tansy ragwort be toxic
A pyrrolizidine alkaloid that causes liver disease
What is a milk ring test
Brocella screening test performed on bulk tank - if positive a redidion cream ring hill form at milk line and all cows will have to be serologically tested
What’s the most common cause of enzootoc pneumonia in dairy calves
P. Multicoda
What do calves with enzootic pneumonia often have concurrently
Coccidiosis caused by eimeria Bovis
What do calves with enzootic pneumonia often have concurrently
Coccidiosis caused by eimeria Bovis
What is the main causative factor of enzootic pneumonia in calves
Poor housing and sanitary condition
What clinical signs might you see with enzootic pneumonia in calves
Cranioventral lung consolidation, slow weight gain and delayed calving
What can you give to treat a freshened heifer with ketosis due to lactation demands
IV glucose, subQ insulin, oral propelyne glycol (precursor to glucose) or corticosteroids (induce gluconeogenesis)
What can you give to treat a freshened heifer with ketosis due to lactation demands
IV glucose, subQ insulin, oral propelyne glycol (precursor to glucose) or corticosteroids (induce gluconeogenesis)
What is the causative agent of TEME - thromboembolic meringioercephalitis
H. Somni
What can you add to a high concentrate diet in cattle to help over rumen pH
Sodium bicarb
What is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever
Sheep associated ovine herpesvirus 2
What is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever
Sheep associated ovine herpesvirus 2
What % normal morphology and mobility of sperm is needed to pass a bull for BSE
70% normal morphology , 30% normal motility
What % normal morphology and mobility of sperm is needed to pass a bull for BSE
70% normal morphology , 30% normal motility
When can you give PGF2 to cars to cause abortion and why
If fetus is less than 4 months became the cl is the main contributor of progesteure - thenn in the last month became the placenta stops contributing
When can you give PGF2 to cars to cause abortion and why
If fetus is less than 4 months became the cl is the main contributor of progesteure - thenn in the last month became the placenta stops contributing
What clinical signs might you see in a calf infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Honking cough , tachypnea , dyspnea , febrile with no signs of discharge
What predisposes ruminants to poloencephalomalacia
High concentrate diets, high grain intake promoting proliferation of thisminase producing bacteria, ingestion of plant thiaminases
What are clinical signs of the acute form of polioencephalamalacia
Blindness, seizures, recumbency
What are clinical signs of the subacute form of policencephalamalacia
Twitching of ears and face , staggering, hypermetric gait - then later will see cortical blindness , about menace, intact palpeoral and PLR , head pressing, teeth grinding
How can you diagnose polioencephalomalacia postmortem in ruminants
Brain tine can fluoresce under UV light
What is most commonly the source of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?is it contagious
Contaminated feed with ingredients like bone meal from infected cattle - not contagious through direct contact of cattle
What is the causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Abnormal proteins / prions that are resistant to heat and normal sterilization procedures
What are key clinical signs of BSE
Hyperestresia (exaggerated reflexes), incoordination, abnormal posture, progressive ataxia, persistent licking of muzzle
What are key clinical signs of BSE
Hyperestresia (exaggerated reflexes), incoordination, abnormal posture, progressive ataxia, persistent licking of muzzle
How do you diagnose BSE
Histo of the brain showing bilateral intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons
Describe BSEs relation to creutzfedlt - Jakob disease
Humans are infected with cruetzfedlt jakobs disease , a neuro degenerative disease in humans linked to consuming BSE contaminated items
What’s the biggest clinical difference between subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis
Don’t allows see clinical signs of subdinical mastitis, may just notice a drop in milk production or altered milk composition - hill see signs of inflammation with clinical mastitis
What are 2 ways to detect subclinical mastitis
Somatic cell count and California mastitis test
Describe somatic cell count in terms of diagnosing subclinical mastitis
If over 100,000 - indicates inflammation
If over 200,000 - indicates infection
Describing the meaning of California mash’s test in terms of diagnosing subclinical mastitis
Purpose is to look to gelling of the milk in each quarter with CMT reagent which is given a grade (grade is less than 200,000, which means no infection)
Describe electrolyte changes that occur with mastitis
Increase in sodium and chloride and a decrease in potassium concentration (means increased electrical conductivity)
How can you detect clinical mastitis
Mild - abnormal milk viscosity, color, etc
Moderate - swollen mammary gland, firm, abnormal milk and decreased milk production
Severe - similar gland and milk changes, systemically ill cow
How long after treating mastitis infection will somatic cell counts be normal
After 2 weeks
What pathogens are usually involved in contagious mastitis
Strep agalactiae, Staph aureus - cornerbacterium bovis minor but still contagious, mycoplasma especially contagious once in the mammary gland
What contagious pathogens are most difficult to eradicate - what does this mean
Staph aureus and mycoplasma - often cull these cows
What pathogens are often involved in environmental mastitis
Coliforms, coagulase negative Staphs, pseudomonas, nocardia, pasteurella, mycobacterium
What does using wood bedding product increase the risk of in cattle
Klebsiella mastitis
Describe the basic pathophysiology of ketosis in ruminants
Negative energy balance in combo with inadequate feed intake leading to the mobilization of fats and an excess production of ketone bodies
Describe the basic pathophysiology of ketosis in ruminants
Negative energy balance in combo with inadequate feed intake leading to the mobilization of fats and an excess production of ketone bodies
Why does ketosis most often happen in lactating dairy cows
Glucose needs for heavy milk production is higher than caloric intake , so the gluconeogenesis that occurs in the liver can not keep up with how much glucose the mammary gland is using - so adipose stores is made into free fatty acids to help this process until the liver becomes overwhelmed and the FFAs (ketone bodies) remain in excess in the body
What primary diseases can result in a secondary ketosis
Displaced abomasum, metritis, peritonitis, mastitis
What are the 3 ketone bodies elevated in ketosis
Acetoacetic acid, acetone, B-hydroxybuturic acid
What clinical signs could you expect to see with bovine ketosis
Decreased appetite, weight loss, decrease rumen motility, odor of ketones on breath - lots of nonspecific signs
How can you diagnose ketosis in ruminants
Recent history of a predisposing factor (recent partition, heavy lactation), elevated blood or urine ketones, decreased blood glucose, elevated liver enzymes
Why would live enzymes be elevated in ketosis cases
Live plays a big role in gluconeogenesis and energy metabolism (all are affected in these cases)
What is typically done to treat ketosis
Treat primary disease causing the anorexia, then give something like IV glucose, cortiasteroids or oral propellyne glycol
Why would you use propylene glycol to treat ketosis
It is a precursor to glucose
Why would you use corticosteroids like Dexamethasone to treat ketosis
They prolong hyperglycemia (gluconeogenic), also appetite stimulating
What is the best way to prevent ketosis
Make sure dry cats or pregnant cows are in a good body condition at calving and during dry period
What is used to treat listeriosis
Penicillin
How can you prevent rumen acidosis causing ulcerations
Introduce concentrates slowly, add a buffer like sodium bicarbonate
How can you prevent rumen acidosis causing ulcerations
Introduce concentrates slowly, add a buffer like sodium bicarbonate
What are corns
Interdigital hyperplasia either due stretching of the distal interphalangeal ligament or chronic source of irritation
What are corns
Interdigital hyperplasia either due stretching of the distal interphalangeal ligament or chronic source of irritation
What is often the cause of bacillary hemoglobinemia
Clostridium novyi type D, germinated by liver flukes that cause hepatic damage and anaerobic areas
What is often the cause of bacillary hemoglobinemia
Clostridium novyi type D, germinated by liver flukes that cause hepatic damage and anaerobic areas
Describe what clinical signs occur with bacillary hemoglobinemia
Sudden death, staggering, pyrexia, icteric mucus membranes, uremia, elevated hr and rr
Describe what clinical signs occur with bacillary hemoglobinemia
Sudden death, staggering, pyrexia, icteric mucus membranes, uremia, elevated hr and rr
What is elso heel
Spastic paresis - a hereditary disease in cattle causing continuous stiffness of the hocks bilaterally or unilaterally
Why does lumpy jaw occur
Actinomyces Bovis is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity and rumen so usually rough or prickly feed causes mucosal damage and then the bacteria invades
Why does lumpy jaw occur
Actinomyces Bovis is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity and rumen so usually rough or prickly feed causes mucosal damage and then the bacteria invades
What clinical signs can you see with fescue toxicity
Lameness , sloughing of the rear hooves, decreased weight gain and milk production, fat necrosis
What clinical signs can you see with malignant catarrhal fever
Corneal opacity, high fever, lymphadenopathy , CNS signs
What should you watch for when removing a corn (interdigital hyperplasia)
The interdigital fat pad
What should you watch for when removing a corn (interdigital hyperplasia)
The interdigital fat pad
What occurs in cattle due to failure of omasal transport
Vagal indigestion - fluid and gas accumulates in the rumen, lack of motility and inappetence
What occurs in cattle due to failure of omasal transport
Vagal indigestion - fluid and gas accumulates in the rumen, lack of motility and inappetence
What clinical signs might indicate right displaced abomasum
Elevated heart rate , episcleral injection, distress, right sided abomasal ping
What type of pings should you hear with a left displaced abomasum
Variably pitched, should not be monotone
What urinary stores are feedlot cattle prone to developing and why
Struvite because cattle have alkaline urine and diets high in phosphorous and magnesium
What urinary stores are feedlot cattle prone to developing and why
Struvite because cattle have alkaline urine and diets high in phosphorous and magnesium
What general types of disease can occur with IBR viral infection
Abortion, ocular disease, respiratory disease
What are 6 types of disease that can occur with IBR viral infection
Abortion, ocular disease, respiratory disease, infections pustular vulvovaginitis, generalized neonatal infection and encephalitis
What is the causative agent of IBR
BHV1 - 1.1 (respiratory), 1.2 (respiratory and genital), type 5 (neurologic)
What is the causative agent of IBR
BHV1 - 1.1 (respiratory), 1.2 (respiratory and genital), type 5 (neurologic)
What can happen if you use a MLV to IBR in a pregnant cow
Abortion
What is another name for red nose and what is the causative agent
Rhinotacheitis - IBR, BHVI
How is BHV I causing IBR spread
Airborne, breeding, in utero, during birth if passing through infected vagina - can have carriers with latent infections
What are clinical signs of the respiratory form of IBR
Fever, red nose (inflammation of muzzle and nostrils), nasal discharge, white plaques on nares, tracheotomy with a non productive cough
What are clinical signs of the respiratory form of IBR
Fever, red nose (inflammation of muzzle and nostrils), nasal discharge, white plaques on nares, tracheotomy with a non productive cough
What is the morbidity and mortality of the respiratory form of IBR
High morbidity, low mortality
What is the morbidity and mortality of the respiratory form of IBR
High morbidity, low mortality
Describe the clinical signs of the ocular form of IBR
Severe conjunctivitis, excessive clear ocular discharge with corneal opacity, crusty surrounding hair
What are clinical signs of infectious pustular vulvovaginitus - what is the causative agent
IBR / BHV1 - drop in milk production, red spots on vulva or vagina, frequent urination, tail twitching
When does abortion usually occur with IBR infection
5-6 months - can also be caused by giving a MLV vaccine
How do you treat IBR infections
Supportive care, antimicrobials for secondary bacterial infections , nsaids
What are common causative agents of Pyelonephritis in cattle
Ascending infection with e.coli, coliforms or corneybacterium renale
What are common causative agents of Pyelonephritis in cattle
Ascending infection with e.coli, coliforms or corneybacterium renale
What is another name for foot rot
Interdigital necrobacillosis
What is another name for foot rot
Interdigital necrobacillosis
What is the esophageal groove
Also called the Reticular groove - closes in response to drinking milk and directs milk to the
What is the esophageal groove
Also called the Reticular groove - closes in response to drinking milk and directs milk to the
Describe the causative agent of anthrax
Bacillus anthracis - gram positive rod
A farmer suspects his cow died from anthrax - what do you do
Call the state vet- anthrax is zoonotic and reportable
What are key clinical signs of anthrax in the
Bloody discharge from orifices, absence of rigor mortis, rapid bloating , dark blood that doesn’t clot
How does anthrax cause disease
Spores/endospored (which can be inactive for decades) affect herbivores, germinate in the animal and grow rapidly in vegetative form leading to a fatal septicemia
What do you do with a suspect anthrax case
Bury or burn carcass without moving it and absolutely do not necropsy the body
Describe fog fever in cattle / acute bovine pulmonary edema
Lush pastures, leading to toxic injury to the lung causing emphysema and interstitial pneumonia
What clinical signs do you typically see with BLV
Peripheral lymphadenopathy, weight loss, decreased milk production - often causes Lymphosarcoma
What is the most common cause of ringworm in cattle
Tricophyton verracum
What is the most common cause of ringworm in cattle
Tricophyton verracum
Acid fast rods from the stain of a lymph node imply infection with what disease
Johnes disease - mycobacterium avian paratuberculosis
You suspect a down cow has hypocalcemia - what do you do
Give calcium gluconate salts IV - don’t risk oral admin because swallow reflex is unreliable
You suspect a down cow has hypocalcemia - what do you do
Give calcium gluconate salts IV - don’t risk oral admin because swallow reflex is unreliable
What are clinical signs of hypocalcemia
Newly freshened cow , tachycardia, weak pulses - sternal recumbency and unable to get up, obtunded mention, low body temp
What are clinical signs of hypocalcemia
Newly freshened cow , tachycardia, weak pulses - sternal recumbency and unable to get up, obtunded mention, low body temp
What’s another name for milk fever
Hypocalcemia
What’s another name for milk fever
Hypocalcemia
What’s another name for milk fever
Hypocalcemia
Describe the course of disease for winter dysentery - when do you see cases
Diseased of housed adult cattle - fever, then diarrhea (orange brown to hemorrhagic), weak rumen motility and decreased milk production, outbreak affecting multiple cattle that runs its course in a few weeks before herd will became immune and rare - milk production may not return to normal
What is a cause of crooked calf disease and what clinical signs do you see
Cow eating lupine plants early in gestation - calves born with cleft palates, crooked legs, malformed spines
What is a cause of crooked calf disease and what clinical signs do you see
Cow eating lupine plants early in gestation - calves born with cleft palates, crooked legs, malformed spines
What is a cause of crooked calf disease and what clinical signs do you see
Cow eating lupine plants early in gestation - calves born with cleft palates, crooked legs, malformed spines
How do you treat endometritis in cattle - what should you try to avoid if possible
Systemic ceftiofur - intrauterine should be avoided if possible due to longer milk residues
How do you treat endometritis in cattle - what should you try to avoid if possible
Systemic ceftiofur - intrauterine should be avoided if possible due to longer milk residues
Infection at what stage of ingestion will lead to persistently infected calves with BVD
60 - 150 days - if infected with the cytopathic biotype
Infection at what stage of ingestion will lead to persistently infected calves with BVD
60 - 150 days - if infected with the cytopathic biotype
What is the difference between cytopathic and non cytopathic form of BVD
Cytopathic kills cells during viral infection, is relatively rare and causes persistently infected calves (noncytopathic does not)
What digits are most commonly affected in bovine limb lameness and why
Internal rear digit most often - they bear the majority of rear limb weight
What digits bear the majority of front limb weight
Medial claws
What is the causative agent of mucosal disease
Chronic BVD infection - a pi calf infected with the non cytopathic BVD in gestation is superinfected with the cytopathic due to RNA rearrangement
What is the causative agent of mucosal disease
Chronic BVD infection - a pi calf infected with the non cytopathic BVD in gestation is superinfected with the cytopathic due to RNA rearrangement
What clinical signs would make you suspicious of bovine leukemia virus causing a clinical lymphoma
Poor milk production, weight loss, multiple enlarged lymph nodes
What clinical signs would make you suspicious of bovine leukemia virus causing a clinical lymphoma
Poor milk production, weight loss, multiple enlarged lymph nodes
You see a cow with multiple enlarged lymph nodes - what is your top differential
Bovine leukemia virus
You see a cow with multiple enlarged lymph nodes - what is your top differential
Bovine leukemia virus
When are you likely to see cases of myophosphoylase deficiencies
Genetic in Charolais cattle
When are you likely to see cases of myophosphoylase deficiencies
Genetic in Charolais cattle
Describe type I vagal indigestion and its cause
An inability to eructate causing free gas bloat
Describe type I vagal indigestion and its cause
An inability to eructate causing free gas bloat
Describe type 2 vagal indigestion and its cause
Omasal transfer failure leading to a large fluid filled rumen
Describe type 3 vagal indigestion and its cause
Failure of pyloric outflow, leading to internal vomiting and chloride accumulation in the rumen - appear much sicker because they are alkalotic, hypochloremic, hypokalemic
A honking cough in a calf that is tachypnea and dysneic makes you suspect
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
What is the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion and how is it spread
Caused by P abortibovis (bactein) and transmitted through ticks ornithodorous corincecus
What fetal lesions will you see with brucellosis
Autolysis, placentitis, bronchopneumonia
What fetal lesions will you see with abortions caused by IBR
Rapid fetal death - autolysis and foal necrosis of organs
What fetal lesions will you see with abortions caused by IBR
Rapid fetal death - autolysis and foal necrosis of organs
You see white plaques on the nasal epithelium of a coughing cow - what is your top differential
IBR - infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis
How can you differentiate between BVDand IBR based on clinical signs
BVD causes oral ulcerations, IBR causes white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium
How can you differentiate between BVDand IBR based on clinical signs
BVD causes oral ulcerations, IBR causes white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium
How do cows normally become infected with valvular endocarditis
Bacteria enter through a septic site like through a hoof abscess
If a low develops a hoof abscess, what can they normally be treated with
Penicillin or ceftiofur
If a low develops a hoof abscess, what can they normally be treated with
Penicillin or ceftiofur
Fibrin in abdominal fluid tells you what
The origin of the abdominal fluid is inflammatory
Fibrin in abdominal fluid tells you what
The origin of the abdominal fluid is inflammatory
Describe clinical signs of metritis in cattle
Off feed, depressed , decreased milk production , reddish brown discharge, failure to pass placenta
When are you likely to see cases of metritis in cattle
Within 2 weeks of calving
When are you likely to see cases of metritis in cattle
Within 2 weeks of calving
Define metritis
Inflammation of the uterus
What often predisposes to metritis
Dystocia, still birth, retained fetal membranes, twinning
What often predisposes to metritis
Dystocia, still birth, retained fetal membranes, twinning
Mannheimia hemolytica is a primary cause of shipping fever in cattle - why
M. Hemolytica is a communal organism so stress from shipping can cause proliferation and infect the lungs
Cows put on lush pastures often develop
Frothy bloat
What are the 3 general subtypes of disease caused by IBR
Respiratory infections, genital infections, neuro infections
What causes a free martin in cattle
Female calf in a twinning situation is exposed to anti mullerian hormone being released by the male leading to an enlarged clitoris and a short ano-genital distance
What is often the cause of flexural deformities
Contracted flexor tendons - splint mild to moderate cases
What is often the cause of flexural deformities
Contracted flexor tendons - splint mild to moderate cases
What is often the cause of flexural deformities
Contracted flexor tendons - splint mild to moderate cases
What is the best way to test for Johnes in a herd
Serum ELISA of affected cattle
Pulsus paradoxis is associated with
Pericardial effusion
What clinical signs do you see with acute oak toxicosis in cattle
Hemorrhagic diarrhea , renal tubular necrosis - renal and GI signs due to mucosal damage , can also see edema of vulva and pernium
What clinical signs do you see with acute oak toxicosis in cattle
Hemorrhagic diarrhea , renal tubular necrosis - renal and GI signs due to mucosal damage , can also see edema of vulva and pernium
Describe the effects of ponderosa pine needles on pregnant cattle
Abortions in he last month or so of gestation, no fetal lesions usually, cows moribund and hemorrhage at delivery
Describe the effects of ponderosa pine needles on pregnant cattle
Abortions in he last month or so of gestation, no fetal lesions usually, cows moribund and hemorrhage at delivery
Necrosis of laryngeal cartilages in calves causing septicemia, dyspnea, etc is called
Calf diphtheria
What is the treatment for calf Diptheria
Tetracycline (IV and long acting) and NSAIDs
What are the vectors of vesicular stomatitis
Sand flies and black flies
What clinical signs are associated with lupine ingestion in cattle
Neuro signs or teratogenesis (specifically cleft palates Or crooked calf)
What clinical signs are associated with lupine ingestion in cattle
Neuro signs or teratogenesis (specifically cleft palates Or crooked calf)
Bone marrow suppression occurs with ingestion of large amounts of
Bracken fern
A farmer is upset because some cattle developed jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome ever though he vaccinated with the 7 way clostridial vaccine - what do you tell him
Clostridium perfingens type A is not included in this vaccine
Where do you percuss for the rumen
From ribs 9-13 to the hips - sounds like a boink not a ping
Where do you percuss for the rumen
From ribs 9-13 to the hips - sounds like a boink not a ping
When are you most likely to see postpartiant hemoglobinaria
High producing dairy cows at the onset of lactation
What is the causative agent of postpartient hemoglobinuria
Hypophosphatemia
Describe postpartuent hemoglobinuria
Acute intravascular hemolysis which can lead to potentially life threatening anemia
Finding an anemic infarct on necropsy is indicative of
Red water disease or bacillary hemoglobinuria
What is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria
Clostridium novyi type D
What is often associated with bacillary hemoglobinaria/ red water disease and why
Liver flukes - clostridium novyi type D needs an anaerobic environment to cause disease and liver nukes fighting through the liver can cause this disease
Why can you not use penicillin to treat mycoplasma Bovis
Mycoplasma doesn’t have a cell wall and penicillins and cephalosporins attack bacterial cell walls
What causes cystic ovarian disease in cattle
Failure of follicular estrogen to release gn Rh during estrus to trigger LH, leading to continued growth of the dominant follicle plus other follicles - when due to metabolic compromise after partuition, with decreasing body condition and increasing milk production
How do you treat cystic ovarian disease in cattle and why
Gnrh to bigger an LH surge followed by prostaglandin to use the CL and begin ovulation
What does the LH surge do and what causes the LH surge
Gnrh leads to the release of LH - LH surge causes rupture of the dominant follicle leading to ovulation
What does the LH surge do and what causes the LH surge
Gnrh leads to the release of LH - LH surge causes rupture of the dominant follicle leading to ovulation
What is the purpose of FSH and where is it released from
Stimulates a new follicular wave and contributes to estradiol production - released from the pituitary gland
What is the purpose of FSH and where is it released from
Stimulates a new follicular wave and contributes to estradiol production - released from the pituitary gland
Where is gnrh released from
Hypothalamus
What is melengestrol acetate (mga) and what is it used for
Acts as progesterone almost - feed supplement that suppresses Estrus to allow for estrus synchronization and also helps feedlot heifers grow more
Give some examples of pathogens transmitted by milk
M avium paratuverculosis (johnes). Salmonella, mycoplasma, listeria, campylobacter, m Borvis, ecoli, staph and strep
Nasal serous discharge, short loud coughs and hyperemia of nasal mucosa in feedlot heifers makes you suspect
IBR
How do you differentiate between primary vs secondary photo sensitization
Primary - when animal ingests a plant with photodynamic agents (clovers, alfalfa)
Secondary - liver disease prevents metabolization of photodynamic agents
Feed lot cattle who are lame, showing respiratory signs and pneumonia and on necropsy show fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis make you suspect -
Histophilus somni
Feed lot cattle who are lame, showing respiratory signs and pneumonia and on necropsy show fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis make you suspect -
Histophilus somni
Give examples of disease that can be caused by histophilos Somni
Abortion, fibrous pleuropneumoniae with BVD, myocarditis, arthritis septicemia
How do you treat pylorephritis in a law showing hematuria
Intramuscular procaine penicillin G
When are you more likely to see ketosis in cattle
3 weeks after partuition
What is the relationship between feedlot steers and gentamicin
Bad - gentamicin stays in tissues for many months
How do you treat organophosphate toxicity in heifers
Alpine - blocks the effects from the muscarinic receptors
If you see a neutrophilic pleocytosis, on CSF in cattle - what is your top differential
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF tap indicates
Listeriosis
A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF tap indicates
Listeriosis
Bloody diarrhea in a calf followed by neuro signs leads you to suspect
Nervous Coccidiosis caused by eimeria
How do you treat penile warts in bulls caused by bovine papilloma virus 1
Surgical removal - sing the work to make vaccines is not dove really anymore
You have a case of endometitis in a postpartum cow - what is your top suspect
Trueperella pyogenes
What is moniezia and what does it look like
Anoplocephalid tapeworm in young cattle, usually not pathogenic but can cause intestinal stasis
What is cochliomyia hominivorax - what does it look like and what is its pathogenesis
Screwworm - blue green metallic fly, female lays eggs at the edges of fresh wounds on cow where the hatch and eat the living him, making the wand even bigger
What is cochliomyia hominivorax - what does it look like and what is its pathogenesis
Screwworm - blue green metallic fly, female lays eggs at the edges of fresh wounds on cow where the hatch and eat the living him, making the wand even bigger
If you have a case of cattle screwworm (colichomnia homniovorax) - what do you do
Report!
A one week old calf doesn’t have a menace reflux - what are we worried about
Nothing - calves develop menace at 2 weeks old
What would you expect in the urine of a cow with an LDA and why
Ketones due to not eating and a negative every balance
What clinical signs indicate suspects infected with e.coli
Can be in the intestines of healthy the without causing signs - test a fecal culture from all cattle
With which type of mastitis could you see systemic signs
Coliform mastitis due to absorbed LPs endotoxin
What fetal lesions do you often see with neospora caninum infection
Autolusis of fetus with granulomas in the brain
When do you normally see abortions with neospora caninum infections
4-6 months
When do you normally see abortions with neospora caninum infections
4-6 months
When do you normally see abortions with neospora caninum infections
4-6 months
What do you see clinically with IBR infection caused by BHVI
Upper respiratory signs with white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium - can also see abortion with severe inflammation of the fetuses
What type of virus is bovine leukemia virus or bovine leukosis
Lentivirus
What type of virus is BRSV - bovine respiratory synctial virus
Paramyxovirus
A cow presents for a loud honking cough , rapid breathing, increased salivation and loud crackles are heard throughout the lung fields - what is your top differential
BRSV - bovine respiratory syncticial virus
What type of virus is BVD
Flavivirus
What type of virus is BVD
Flavivirus
What congenital disorders can you see with BVD
Cerebella hypoplasia, micropthalmia, hydranocephaly
What type of bloodwork abnormality can you see particularly with BVD and why
Thrombocytopenia - because virus adheres to thrombocytes and then immune system removes tem
Describe mucosal disease - why does it happen
A pi calve infected with noncytopathic bvd strain is super infected with A cytopathic strain
What clinical signs can you see with mucosal disease caused by BVD
Diarrhea, oral ulcerations on dental pad, corneal opacity, acute death
What clinical signs can you see with mucosal disease caused by BVD
Diarrhea, oral ulcerations on dental pad, corneal opacity, acute death
A calf dies acutely- on necropsy you find severe ulcerations throughout the git and erosions on the dental pad - what is your top differential
Mucosal disease caused by BVD
What type of virus is pseudocowpox
Paradox virus
What are differentials for proliferative teat lesions in cattle
Pseudocowpox, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue
What type of virus is bovine papular stomatitis
Parapox virus
What are differentials for oral ulcerations in the mouth of cattle
Vesicular stomatitis, bvd, Bovine papular stomatitis, foot and mouth disease
What usually results from infection of bovine papular stomatitis
Usually a mild calfhood disease and they should recover in 3 weeks
It is December and you find explosive diarrhea in stabled cattle and clotted, dark blood- what is your top differential
Bovine winter dysentery
Actinomyces Bovis causing lumpy jaw is gram _ while actinobacillus linguiresi is gram -
Lumpy jaw - gram positive
Woody tongue - gram negative
Actinomyces Bovis causing lumpy jaw is gram _ while actinobacillus linguiresi is gram -
Lumpy jaw - gram positive
Woody tongue - gram negative
What is the biggest difference between woody tongue and lumpy jaw
Woody tongue is very painful and causes a granulomatous inflammation
What is the biggest difference between woody tongue and lumpy jaw
Woody tongue is very painful and causes a granulomatous inflammation
Which diseases are commonly treated with sodium iodine
Lumpy jaw and woody tongue
How does fusobacterium necrophorum affect calves (and when)
Calf diptheria between 3-18 months - causes a moist painful cough, head and neck extension, respiratory distress, larynx swelling and death it not treated within a week
Differentiate between salmonella Dublin and salmonella typhimiruim infection in cattle
Dublin - infects calves 4-8 weeks caring septicemia, fever, labored breathing
Typhimiruim - adults casing septic tank odor, gray necrotic membrane in intestines, watery green diarrhea
on necropsy, a calves lungs are described as heavy and wet - what does this indicate
Salmonella Dublin infection casing a septicemia
How do you treat salmonella in cattle
Ceftiofur if typhimurium, cull and vaccinate calves if Dublin
How do you treat salmonella in cattle
Ceftiofur if typhimurium, cull and vaccinate calves if Dublin
Can you use penicillin to treat mycoplasma Bovis -why
No - mycoplasma does not have a cell wall and penicillins target cell wall
How can you prevent milk fever in peripartuiant cattle
Feed a DCAD diet starting 2-3 weeks before partuition - makes cows more acidiodic (urine pH of 6.2-6.8), mans they’ll absorb calcium more readily
Describe the DCAD diet - what is the equation
Dietary cation anion difference - DCAD = (Na + K) - (CL+S)
What is a risk of treating with calcium gluconate, like in cattle with milk fever
Calcium gluconate is a cardiotoxin so don’t give too much too fast
In cattle, hypomagnesia causes - while hypophosphatemia causes _
Hypomagnesia causes grass tetany, hypophosphatemia causes postparturient hemoglobinaria
Phosphorous levels less than 2 mg/dL cause
Hemolysis
What bloodwork changes occur with calf diarrhea
Hypovolemia, severe metabolic acidosis with hyperkalemia and possible sepsis
Describe type 2 abomasal ulcers - what do they require
Bleeding ulcers causing anemia, melena pale mm and that require 4-8 L of fresh whole blood IV
What would you expect to hear with an abomasal torsion or volvulus
Right sided monotone ping from 9th - 13th rib, no rumen contractions, distention of the right frank
What bloodwork charges would you see with an abomasal torsion or volvulus and thy
Hypochloremic hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis - sequesters HCL in the abdomen so to maintain blood pressure the body tries to conserve and retain sodium bicarbonate
What is paradoxical aciduria caused by abomasal torsion
Kidneys exchange hydrogen for sodium due to hypovolemia and hypokalemia - hydrogen excreted into urine
What sounds do you hear with a LDA
Prominent ping with variable pitch on the left abdomen between 10th and 13th rivs
What is the biggest difference between an LDA and an RDA
LDA has a normal tPR, RDA cows show more systemic distress (episcleral injection, elevated HR)
Scant dark feces with no rumen motility and a dilated small bowel indicate
Intusseception
You feel a hard painful mass on rectal palpation - what is your top differential
Intussusception - commonly the ileum
What sounds will you hear with cecal dilation with or without torsion
Right sided ping from the last rib to the pelvis (high up)
What sounds will you hear with gas in spiral colon
8 inch circular ping high on the last rib or just behind
How do you treat frothy bloat caused by consumption of lush legumes
Poluxalene orally
A boink hollow ping sound between ribs 9-13 extending to the hip along with a papple shape indicates
Vagal indigestion
What are the 4 types of vagal indigestion and their causes
Type I - failure to eructate
Type 2 - failure of omasal transport
Type 3 - failure of pyloric outflow
Type 4 - abomasa impaction
What is bovine somatotropin (BST) used for
Promote milk production (like prolactin does naturally)
What are 3 causes of contagious mastitis
Strep agalactiae, staph aureus and mycoplasma Bovis
What is the causative agent of shipping fever /fibronupurulent pneumonia
Mannhermia hemolytica
What is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia
Pasteurella Multocida - also usually have eimeria coccidia causing diarrhea
What is a big differentiator between shipping fever caused by Mannheimia hemolytica and enzootic pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida
Will not see systemic signs like sepsis, depression or inappetence with enzootic pneumonia like you will with shipping fever
When do you commonly see enzootic pneumonia - what type of lung sounds will you hear and where
Calves 3-8 months old - hear harsh cranioventral consolidation
Where does disease most often occur in cow feet
Lateral rear digit - where cows bear most weight
What direction does a coxofemoral luxation usually occur
Cranial dorsal displacement
What is the most common site of OCD in cattle
Hock - elbow is the least common
Describe elso heel
Stiffness in hocks 3 weeks to I year old - cant flex hock due to continuous gastrocnemius tension caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors
Which genetic breed of cattle is usually affected by the glycogen storage disease myphosphorylase deficiency
Charolais
What is myotonia congenital
Inherited disorder of skeletal muscle chloride Channel - non progressive rigidity
How can you differentiate between myotonia congenital and periodic spasticity
Periodic spasticity is gradually progressive, myotonia congenital is non progressive
Feedlot cattle with absent plrs in both eyes can indicate
Vitamin A deficiency causing retinal degeneration and constriction of cranial nerve 7
How do you differentiate between vitamin A deficiency in cattle and salt poisoning
Vitamin A deficiency causes absent plrs and salt poisoning or polioencephalomalacia doesn’t
How do you differentiate between vitamin A deficiency in cattle and salt poisoning
Vitamin A deficiency causes absent plrs and salt poisoning or polioencephalomalacia doesn’t
How does pseudorabies affect ruminants - what are clinical signs
First sign is paresthesia (mad itch) at inoculation site, ataxia, circling, death - often see when pigs are housed nearby
How does bluetongue affect calves
Causes hydrocephalus
What is the vector of bluetongue - what clinical signs do you see
Culicoides - widespread vasculitis causing edema of the lips, face and muzzle, cyanotic tongue, oral lesions, teratogenic effects like hydrocephalus
What is the vector of bluetongue - what clinical signs do you see
Culicoides - widespread vasculitis causing edema of the lips, face and muzzle, cyanotic tongue, oral lesions, teratogenic effects like hydrocephalus
What is your top differential if a cow has a large bleeding/pus filled sore on the flank and neck but is otherwise systemically line
Corneybacterium pseudotuberculosis
What lesions on necropsy make you suspect Johne’s disease caused by mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Granulomatous bowel (iliecolic, ileum, and colitis), losing albumin into gut and rapid weight loss
