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NAVLE > Bovine > Flashcards

Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

What type of virus is BVD - bovine viral diarrhea

A

Pestivirus, flaviviridae - RNA virus

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2
Q

Why is it significant that BVD is an RNA virus

A

It can reassert and change, escaping immune mechanisms, remaining active

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3
Q

What are 3 major things /effects that have been attributed to BVD

A

Loss of productivity , reproductive wastage, increased morbidity and mortality

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4
Q

How can the RNA vins (bvd) be classified

A

Type 1 - cytopathic
Type 2 - non cytopathic

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5
Q

Does biotype of a virus indicate violence

A

No - just now the tissue behaves in tissue culture

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6
Q

What ave the 5 clinical forms of BVD

A

Subclinical, acute, hemorrhagic syndrome, reproductive loss and mucosal disease/ chronic

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7
Q

Describe subclinical BVD

A

Animal has antibodies present but has not been observed to have signs

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8
Q

Describe acute BVD - when is it most likely to occur , what is the incubation period and what signs do you see

A

Mostly in cattle 6 - 24 months old, after incubation for. 5-7 days, causes fever, leukopenia, anorexia, oculonasal discharge, oral erosions, ulcers and diarrhea

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9
Q

In acute bvd, what organs or organ systems are most affected

A

Damages the epithelium of the mouth, esophagus, intestine and bronchi

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10
Q

How can bacterial pathogens play a role in acute bvd

A

Can lead to immunosuppresion and pneumonia

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11
Q

Describe the hemorrhagic syndrome form of BVD

A

BVD virus induced thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets)

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12
Q

How does BVD affect reproduction in cattle

A

Infertility and early embryonic death, abortion - can occur at any stage of gestation

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13
Q

Infection by what virus at day 100 - 150 of gestation most commonly leads to congenital defects like hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia , ocular defects, hupomyelinogenesis, etc

A

BVD

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14
Q

How can you get a calf who is persistent infected with BVD

A

If the calf is infected between days 40 - 125 of gestation and was exposed to the non cytopathic bio type

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15
Q

What is the main way BVD is maintained in a herd

A

Pi infected calves - act as reservoirs and consistently shed the virus (calf is immunocompetent)

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16
Q

Describe mucosal disease (due to bvd) and chronic BVD

A

When a pi animal is super infected with the cytopathic biotype or the non cytopathic switches to the cytopathic type - mucosal disease is a peracute often fatal attack of bvd and chronic BVD is eventually fatal

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17
Q

How can you diagnose BVD

A

Through antigen detection - either with fluorescent antibodies , immuno histochemistry, or antigen ELISA, can also use PCRor serology

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18
Q

How can uw detect carriers of BVD

A

Ear notches for IHC

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19
Q

What is the most common treatment for BVD

A

Prevention of secondary infections (like Mannheima hemolytica) and providing fluids and electrolytes

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20
Q

What are the principle means of preventing and controlling BVD

A

Biosecurity, vaccination and detecting/ eliminating carriers of pi animals

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21
Q

How many doses are required for killed vaccines? Modified live virus vaccines?

A

2 for killed, one for MLV

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22
Q

When are replacement heifers vaccinated for BVD

A

5-6 months old with a MLV

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23
Q

When are cows vaccinated for BVD

A

Prior to breeding season bing a MLV with both biotypes 1 and 2 - cytophathic and non cytopathic

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24
Q

Can you vaccinate pregnant cows with MLV or killed vaccines for bvd

A

Safe to vaccinate with the killed vaccine - fetal protection better when MLV are used

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25
Q

How do you differentiate BVD and malignant catarrhal fever

A

MCF bully his greater lymph node enlargement and bilateral corneal opacity - most cases of BVD do not have corneal opacity

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26
Q

How can you differentiate between vesicular stomatitis and bovine papular stomatitis

A

Vs usually associated with oral lesions but not associated with diarrhea

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27
Q

What are differentials for BVD

A

MCF, rinderpest, FMD, vesicular stomatitis

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28
Q

What antibiotic can not be legally used in animals intended for mentor milk in the us

A

Chloramphenicol

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29
Q

What is a causative agent of necrotic laryngitis / calf diptheria

A

Initiated by histophilus Somni and then fusobacterium necrophorum proliferates where mucosa is damaged (causing necrosis of laryngeal cartilages, then toxemia and bacteremia then death)

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30
Q

What can be caused by oak toxicity in cattle

A

Vascular damage, fluid and blood loss from vessels, resulting in edema

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31
Q

What does pleocytosis mean

A

Increased cell count (particulary white cells)

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32
Q

How can you differentiate listeriosis from thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (teme)

A

CSF tap - expect mononuclear pleocytosis with Listeriosis and a neutrophilic pleocytosis

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33
Q

What do you expect to see with listeriosis in cattle

A

CNS signs, increased macrophages and monocytes

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34
Q

How could a young calf be infected with mycoplasma Bovis

A

Through milk from mom

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35
Q

What clinical signs do you expect to see with mycoplasma bovis infections in calves

A

Otitis media, aural discharge, head tilts, nystagmus, ataxia, facial nerve paralysis, respiratory disease - arthritis or tenosynovitis ,mastitis, abortion in older animals

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36
Q

What does fusobacterium necrophorum cause in cows

A

Hepatic abscesses, gastroenteritis , metritis or foot rot

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37
Q

What happens if you treat hypoderma Bovis larvae with ivermectin

A

The first stage larvae die in the spiral cord and can cause neuro signs like hindlimb ataxia

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38
Q

Describe lesions of hypoderma Bovis

A

Yellow oozing skin rash with warbles

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39
Q

What does spondylosis in older bulls mean

A

Degenerative intervertebral joint space disease

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40
Q

What is the most common dermatophyte in the casing ringworm (dermatomycosis)

A

Trichophyton verrucosum

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41
Q

How does corneybacterium pseudotuberclosis present in cattle

A

External sores and abscesses on the lateral thorax, flank, neck, etc - usually does not affect cows systemically

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42
Q

How do you treat C. Pseudo tuberculosis in cattle

A

Sores will usually resolve by themselves in 2-4 weeks - fish and let heal

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43
Q

Describe winter disentery - har do we treat it and that causes it

A

Epidemic in housed cattle during cold months, leads to fever then diarrhea - might be cased by a coronavirus, usually affects the colon and can cause a drop in milk production, here hill became immune and reaver in a few weeks

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44
Q

What is another name for fog fever

A

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

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45
Q

How do you treat Anaplasmosis

A

With oxytetrayline

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46
Q

When do you see nervous coccidiosis in cattle

A

Less than 1 year old

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47
Q

’ What causes thromboembolic disease in cows

A

H. Somni

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48
Q

What is the causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye in cattle)

A

Moroxella Bovis

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49
Q

Why is pinkeye in cattle (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) such an economic loss for farmers

A

Causes decreased weight gain , milk production and has a high cost of treatment

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50
Q

What factors an increase severity of pinkeye in cattle or increase the risk of secondary infections

A

Lack of pigmentation around the eye leading to UV damage and inflammation increasing risk of secondary infection

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51
Q

Why are Herefords being bred for pigment around the eyes

A

To decrease risk of pinkeyec and SCC

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52
Q

What environmental factors can play a role in pinkeye in cattle

A

Excessive UV light, flies , dust and plant material that acts airborne irritants

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53
Q

Which flies play a role in pinkeye in cattle and how

A

House fly (mucosa domestica ), face fly (mucosa automnalis), feed off eye secretions and cause irritation

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54
Q

How long is the face by (mucosa automnalis) infective after feeding off pinkeye secretions in cattle

A

3 days

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55
Q

How in pinkeye (infectious bovine kerato conjunctivitis) transmitted

A

Flies, direct contact , formites, asymptomatic carrier harboring infection in nasal secretions

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56
Q

When are you more likely to see cases of pinkeye in the (ibk)

A

Summer and fall - increased flies, UV light and pollen

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57
Q

What are common clinical signs of Pinkeye/ IBK in cattle

A

Conjunctivitis, blepharospasm I small opaque region of Cornea (center) that progresses to deep central ulceration, epiphora, blindness I decreased appetite, milk production

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58
Q

Define epiphora

A

Excess tears/ watery eyes

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59
Q

Define blepharospasm

A

Involuntary movement of eyelids

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60
Q

How can you diagnose IBK / pinkeye in cattle

A

Submit conjunctival swab and lacrinal secretion for culture for moroxella Bovis

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61
Q

How can you treat pinkeye / IBK in cattle

A

Oxytetracycline LA 200 systemically, penicillin subconjuctively, etc or surgically by doing a 3rd eyelid flap or tarrsorrhaphy

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62
Q

Define tarrsohaphy

A

Partially or completely closing the eyelids together - temporary to protect Cornea

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63
Q

Can you vaccinate for IBK / Pinkeye in cattle

A

Not consistently effective so not yet in widespread use

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64
Q

Why are clostridial diseases often difficult to treat

A

They produce endospores that ave extremely resistant to heat, drought and disinfectants so they’re able to grow and release toxins

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65
Q

Are clostridial diseases contagious

A

Not usually through direct transmission

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66
Q

In what animals do you see blackleg - infection with clostridium chauvoei and when

A

Cows - 6 months to 2 years old
Sheep - inoculation through a wound or at partuition

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67
Q

What is the pathogenesis of blackleg

A

Endosperm ingested, travel to the git then bloodstream where they are deposited throughout the body (or enter a wound) - bacteria activate and multiply in anaerobic environments like braised or damaged muscle tissue

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68
Q

Where does C. Chauveoi (blackleg) like to multiple in and when does this usually occur

A

Anaerobic environments like bruised or damaged muscle tissue - like after transport, handling or injections in sheep and cattle

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69
Q

What are clinical signs of blackleg? Do all animals present with clinical signs

A

Lamere», fever, anorexia, swelling with palpable crepitus (gas bubbles) - sudden death within 12-48 hours (often without showing any signs )

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70
Q

How do you diagnose blackleg

A

Antemortem -Presumptive based on gaseous swelling in a young animal
Post Mortem - black necrotic area with gas bubbles, foul sweet odor like rancid butter

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71
Q

How do you treat blackleg? What can you tell the producer to expect

A

Usually fatal lien found and treated early with penicillin - anima will have a permanent deformity

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72
Q

How can you prevent blackleg in cattle

A

Vaccinate with 7 way batterin vaccine - 2 doses at one month intervals

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73
Q

What does the 7 way clostridial vaccine protect against

A

C. Chauvoei, septicemia, novyi type Aand B, sordetelli, perfingens type C and D

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74
Q

Can you leave the carcasses of animals that died from blackleg in the field for wildlife

A

No - dispose immediately without contaminating the environment due to endospores

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75
Q

What is the causative agent for malignant edema in catte, sheep, goats and horses

A

Any of the clostridium’s treated for with the 7 way vaccine - chauvei, septicum, novyi type A and B, sordelli and perfingers type C and D

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76
Q

What is the causative agent for blackleg affecting cattle and sheep

A

Closhidium chauvei

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77
Q

How does malignant edema occur

A

When open wound is infected with bacteria - injury, castration, difficult partuition, etc

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78
Q

What are clinical signs of malignant edema

A

Localized swelling und edema in the dependent portion of the wound, depression, anorexia, high fever - death with 24- 48 hours

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79
Q

How can you differentiate post marten lesions ave to blackleg from malignant edema

A

Both cause dark necrotic lesions with a foul Oder - blackleg has bubbles and gas swelling1 malignant edema has swelling without gas accumulation

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80
Q

How can you differentiate post marten lesions ave to blackleg from malignant edema

A

Both cause dark necrotic lesions with a foul Oder - blackleg has bubbles and gas swelling1 malignant edema has swelling without gas accumulation

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81
Q

How do you treat malignant edema

A

Fatal unless heated early with penicillin

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82
Q

How do you prevent malignant edema

A

Vaccinated with 7 way bacterin vaccine and keep surgical procedures clean

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83
Q

What is the causative agent of red water disease, affecting cattle and sheep

A

Clostridium haemolyticum

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84
Q

What is another name for red water disease caused by C. Hemolyticum

A

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

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85
Q

What is often the reason C. Hemolyticum replicates in the liver with red water disease

A

Cattle or sheep are often infected with liver flukes (fasicola hepatica) which case damage to the liver and then replication of the closhidial bacteria

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86
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bacillary hemoglobinura/ redwater disease

A

Endospores are ingested and the bacteria lodges in the liver where it replicates once the liver is damaged often due to liver flukes, then releases a toxin which causes red blood cell lysis

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87
Q

What are clinical signs of redwater disease

A

Red colored wine due to hemoglobinuria due to red blood cell lysis , labored breathing, anemia, fever, icterus

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88
Q

How do you diagnose redwater disease in cattle and sheep

A

Pale animal with red urine and thin, watery blood - postmortem will see a large necrotic area in the liver

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89
Q

How do you treat and prevent redwater disease

A

Treat early with penicillins or tetracycline and antitoxin serum - prevent by vaccinating with batterin (2 doses, booster every 6 months) / control liver flukes

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90
Q

What are clinical signs of black disease in cattle

A

Reluctance to move, loss of appetite, due, listless appearance

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91
Q

What is the causative agent of enterotoxemia and which species are affected (and when)

A

Clostridium perfringens type B, C, E - affects calves, lambs / kids, piglets and foals less than 7 days old

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92
Q

You perform a culture intestinal contents of a calf and find clostridium perfringens, is this the definitive cause of disease in that calf

A

Maybe if clinical sign- match, but C. Perfringens is normal flora in the git so only causes disease in certain circumstances

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93
Q

What are clinical signs of enterotoxemia

A

Weakness, abdominal distention , bloody diarrhea, convulsions - some calves may die without showing any signs

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94
Q

What often helps C. Perfingens cause disease in the git of calves

A

Increased dietry intake that creates a favorable environment for bacteria to grow

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95
Q

How do you diagnose enterotoxemia

A

Find extremely reddened sections of fluid filled small intestines “purple gut”

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96
Q

How do you treat enterotoxemia caused by C perfringens

A

Usually fatal once signs present but can provide supportive cave with IV fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics

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97
Q

How can you prevent cases of enterotoxemia in calves

A

Herd vaccination - either give antitoxin at birth or vaccinate dams twice with bacterin

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98
Q

What disease does clostridium perfringens type A cause in which species

A

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or hemorrhagic enteritis) cattle, yellow lamb disease, intestinal clostridiosis in horses

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99
Q

What are clinical signs of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in cattle

A

Acute death, increased heart rate , enlarged abdomen, ileus, digested or closed blood in feces

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100
Q

How do you diagnose jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in cattle - what labwork findings do you expect to see

A

Abdominal US, increased small intestinal diameter, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypermagnesia

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101
Q

How can you treat / prevent jejunal hemorrhage syndrome? Is there a vaccine ?

A

Increase amount of long stem fiber in diet - no available vaccine,

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102
Q

Anaplasmoss causes - in cattle

A

Extravascular hemolysis

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103
Q

What causes uterine prolapses in cattle

A

Hypocalcemia - usually following partition

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104
Q

What is the causative agent of lumpy jaw

A

Actinomyces Bovis

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105
Q

Can you use sodium iodide to treat a pregnant cow with lumpy jaw

A

No -can cause abortions (also has food safety concerns in general - so maybe use penicillins

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106
Q

How an you treat woody tongue

A

IV sodium iodide or systemic antibiotics like tetracyclines

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107
Q

What is the causative agent of woody tongue

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

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108
Q

Can you use ceftiofur extra label

A

No

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109
Q

What are common stomach worms in cattle

A

Haemonchus, ostertagia , trichostrongylus

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110
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of colic

A

IntUssuception , Cecal dilation with or without torsion, abomasal volvulus

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111
Q

What will you see with an intussception in cattle

A

Dark scant feces and palpable hard and painful Mass on the right

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112
Q

How can you diagnose cattle infected with BVDV and what should you do once identified

A

Elisa antigen capture of ear notch tissue

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113
Q

What is the main vector of M. Bovis (pink eye) - moroxella Bovis

A

Flies

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114
Q

What is usually used to treat digital dermatitis in cattle

A

Topical Oxytetracycline or spray Lincomycin

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115
Q

What hormone can help increase the milk production in a low producing cow

A

Somatotropin every 14 days - Granth hormone that prolongs the lactation curve

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116
Q

What can cause a nutmeg liver

A

Right sided heart failure due to passive congestion of sinusoid, of hepatic cellular hypoxia

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117
Q

How is babesia transmitted to cattle

A

Rhipicephalus Annulatus - tick that feeds on infected animal then transmits to offspring

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118
Q
  • Is prohibited for use in food animals to treat something like a cranial ulcer
A

Chloramphenicol

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119
Q

What effect can neospora caninum have in pregnant cattle

A

Can lead to abortion between 4-6 months of gestation

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120
Q

What effect can neospora caninum have on calves born from affected latte

A

Neurologic abnormalities like encephalomyelitis

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121
Q

What effect can neospora caninum have on calves born from affected latte

A

Neurologic abnormalities like encephalomyelitis

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122
Q

Can you use gentamicin in dairy cattle

A

Not a good choice - have to discard milk and has long meat and milk withdrawls

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123
Q

What most commonly causes frothy bloat

A

Mostly happens when cattle are put on lush legume pastures

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124
Q

What are possible clinic signs of frothy bloat in cattle

A

Sudden death after being put un lash pasture like alfalfa, distended abdomen (left flank mostly) open mouth breathing, grunting

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125
Q

What percent of cattle with BLV develop lymphoma

A

0-5%

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126
Q

What clinical signs are you likely to see with IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Hacking cough, sneezing, fever, open mouth breathing, mucopurelent nasal discharge , white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium, hyperemia in nose, abortions

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127
Q

What are you likely to see with bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

Atypical pneumonia with honking cough

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128
Q

Where are the PAM valves located ( rib location)

A

Pulmonary - 3rd intercostal
Aortic - 4th intercostal
Mitral - 5th interested

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129
Q

Where can you near the tricuspid value in cattle

A

3rd - 4th intercostal space

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130
Q

Where is gossypol found and how can it cause toxicity

A

Cottonseed - cardiotoxic to calves, cases sterility in bulls and decreased conception in cows

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131
Q

How con moldy sweet clover be toxic to cattle

A

Is a vitamin K inhibitor so can cause coagulopathy

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132
Q

How is St John’s wort toxic

A

Result in photosensitivity due to hypericin

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133
Q

How can tansy ragwort be toxic

A

A pyrrolizidine alkaloid that causes liver disease

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134
Q

What is a milk ring test

A

Brocella screening test performed on bulk tank - if positive a redidion cream ring hill form at milk line and all cows will have to be serologically tested

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135
Q

What’s the most common cause of enzootoc pneumonia in dairy calves

A

P. Multicoda

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136
Q

What do calves with enzootic pneumonia often have concurrently

A

Coccidiosis caused by eimeria Bovis

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137
Q

What do calves with enzootic pneumonia often have concurrently

A

Coccidiosis caused by eimeria Bovis

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138
Q

What is the main causative factor of enzootic pneumonia in calves

A

Poor housing and sanitary condition

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139
Q

What clinical signs might you see with enzootic pneumonia in calves

A

Cranioventral lung consolidation, slow weight gain and delayed calving

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140
Q

What can you give to treat a freshened heifer with ketosis due to lactation demands

A

IV glucose, subQ insulin, oral propelyne glycol (precursor to glucose) or corticosteroids (induce gluconeogenesis)

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141
Q

What can you give to treat a freshened heifer with ketosis due to lactation demands

A

IV glucose, subQ insulin, oral propelyne glycol (precursor to glucose) or corticosteroids (induce gluconeogenesis)

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142
Q

What is the causative agent of TEME - thromboembolic meringioercephalitis

A

H. Somni

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143
Q

What can you add to a high concentrate diet in cattle to help over rumen pH

A

Sodium bicarb

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144
Q

What is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Sheep associated ovine herpesvirus 2

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145
Q

What is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Sheep associated ovine herpesvirus 2

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146
Q

What % normal morphology and mobility of sperm is needed to pass a bull for BSE

A

70% normal morphology , 30% normal motility

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147
Q

What % normal morphology and mobility of sperm is needed to pass a bull for BSE

A

70% normal morphology , 30% normal motility

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148
Q

When can you give PGF2 to cars to cause abortion and why

A

If fetus is less than 4 months became the cl is the main contributor of progesteure - thenn in the last month became the placenta stops contributing

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149
Q

When can you give PGF2 to cars to cause abortion and why

A

If fetus is less than 4 months became the cl is the main contributor of progesteure - thenn in the last month became the placenta stops contributing

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150
Q

What clinical signs might you see in a calf infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

Honking cough , tachypnea , dyspnea , febrile with no signs of discharge

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151
Q

What predisposes ruminants to poloencephalomalacia

A

High concentrate diets, high grain intake promoting proliferation of thisminase producing bacteria, ingestion of plant thiaminases

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152
Q

What are clinical signs of the acute form of polioencephalamalacia

A

Blindness, seizures, recumbency

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153
Q

What are clinical signs of the subacute form of policencephalamalacia

A

Twitching of ears and face , staggering, hypermetric gait - then later will see cortical blindness , about menace, intact palpeoral and PLR , head pressing, teeth grinding

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154
Q

How can you diagnose polioencephalomalacia postmortem in ruminants

A

Brain tine can fluoresce under UV light

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155
Q

What is most commonly the source of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?is it contagious

A

Contaminated feed with ingredients like bone meal from infected cattle - not contagious through direct contact of cattle

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156
Q

What is the causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A

Abnormal proteins / prions that are resistant to heat and normal sterilization procedures

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157
Q

What are key clinical signs of BSE

A

Hyperestresia (exaggerated reflexes), incoordination, abnormal posture, progressive ataxia, persistent licking of muzzle

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158
Q

What are key clinical signs of BSE

A

Hyperestresia (exaggerated reflexes), incoordination, abnormal posture, progressive ataxia, persistent licking of muzzle

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159
Q

How do you diagnose BSE

A

Histo of the brain showing bilateral intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons

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160
Q

Describe BSEs relation to creutzfedlt - Jakob disease

A

Humans are infected with cruetzfedlt jakobs disease , a neuro degenerative disease in humans linked to consuming BSE contaminated items

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161
Q

What’s the biggest clinical difference between subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis

A

Don’t allows see clinical signs of subdinical mastitis, may just notice a drop in milk production or altered milk composition - hill see signs of inflammation with clinical mastitis

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162
Q

What are 2 ways to detect subclinical mastitis

A

Somatic cell count and California mastitis test

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163
Q

Describe somatic cell count in terms of diagnosing subclinical mastitis

A

If over 100,000 - indicates inflammation
If over 200,000 - indicates infection

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164
Q

Describing the meaning of California mash’s test in terms of diagnosing subclinical mastitis

A

Purpose is to look to gelling of the milk in each quarter with CMT reagent which is given a grade (grade is less than 200,000, which means no infection)

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165
Q

Describe electrolyte changes that occur with mastitis

A

Increase in sodium and chloride and a decrease in potassium concentration (means increased electrical conductivity)

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166
Q

How can you detect clinical mastitis

A

Mild - abnormal milk viscosity, color, etc
Moderate - swollen mammary gland, firm, abnormal milk and decreased milk production
Severe - similar gland and milk changes, systemically ill cow

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167
Q

How long after treating mastitis infection will somatic cell counts be normal

A

After 2 weeks

168
Q

What pathogens are usually involved in contagious mastitis

A

Strep agalactiae, Staph aureus - cornerbacterium bovis minor but still contagious, mycoplasma especially contagious once in the mammary gland

169
Q

What contagious pathogens are most difficult to eradicate - what does this mean

A

Staph aureus and mycoplasma - often cull these cows

170
Q

What pathogens are often involved in environmental mastitis

A

Coliforms, coagulase negative Staphs, pseudomonas, nocardia, pasteurella, mycobacterium

171
Q

What does using wood bedding product increase the risk of in cattle

A

Klebsiella mastitis

172
Q

Describe the basic pathophysiology of ketosis in ruminants

A

Negative energy balance in combo with inadequate feed intake leading to the mobilization of fats and an excess production of ketone bodies

173
Q

Describe the basic pathophysiology of ketosis in ruminants

A

Negative energy balance in combo with inadequate feed intake leading to the mobilization of fats and an excess production of ketone bodies

174
Q

Why does ketosis most often happen in lactating dairy cows

A

Glucose needs for heavy milk production is higher than caloric intake , so the gluconeogenesis that occurs in the liver can not keep up with how much glucose the mammary gland is using - so adipose stores is made into free fatty acids to help this process until the liver becomes overwhelmed and the FFAs (ketone bodies) remain in excess in the body

175
Q

What primary diseases can result in a secondary ketosis

A

Displaced abomasum, metritis, peritonitis, mastitis

176
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies elevated in ketosis

A

Acetoacetic acid, acetone, B-hydroxybuturic acid

177
Q

What clinical signs could you expect to see with bovine ketosis

A

Decreased appetite, weight loss, decrease rumen motility, odor of ketones on breath - lots of nonspecific signs

178
Q

How can you diagnose ketosis in ruminants

A

Recent history of a predisposing factor (recent partition, heavy lactation), elevated blood or urine ketones, decreased blood glucose, elevated liver enzymes

179
Q

Why would live enzymes be elevated in ketosis cases

A

Live plays a big role in gluconeogenesis and energy metabolism (all are affected in these cases)

180
Q

What is typically done to treat ketosis

A

Treat primary disease causing the anorexia, then give something like IV glucose, cortiasteroids or oral propellyne glycol

181
Q

Why would you use propylene glycol to treat ketosis

A

It is a precursor to glucose

182
Q

Why would you use corticosteroids like Dexamethasone to treat ketosis

A

They prolong hyperglycemia (gluconeogenic), also appetite stimulating

183
Q

What is the best way to prevent ketosis

A

Make sure dry cats or pregnant cows are in a good body condition at calving and during dry period

184
Q

What is used to treat listeriosis

A

Penicillin

185
Q

How can you prevent rumen acidosis causing ulcerations

A

Introduce concentrates slowly, add a buffer like sodium bicarbonate

186
Q

How can you prevent rumen acidosis causing ulcerations

A

Introduce concentrates slowly, add a buffer like sodium bicarbonate

187
Q

What are corns

A

Interdigital hyperplasia either due stretching of the distal interphalangeal ligament or chronic source of irritation

188
Q

What are corns

A

Interdigital hyperplasia either due stretching of the distal interphalangeal ligament or chronic source of irritation

189
Q

What is often the cause of bacillary hemoglobinemia

A

Clostridium novyi type D, germinated by liver flukes that cause hepatic damage and anaerobic areas

190
Q

What is often the cause of bacillary hemoglobinemia

A

Clostridium novyi type D, germinated by liver flukes that cause hepatic damage and anaerobic areas

191
Q

Describe what clinical signs occur with bacillary hemoglobinemia

A

Sudden death, staggering, pyrexia, icteric mucus membranes, uremia, elevated hr and rr

192
Q

Describe what clinical signs occur with bacillary hemoglobinemia

A

Sudden death, staggering, pyrexia, icteric mucus membranes, uremia, elevated hr and rr

193
Q

What is elso heel

A

Spastic paresis - a hereditary disease in cattle causing continuous stiffness of the hocks bilaterally or unilaterally

194
Q

Why does lumpy jaw occur

A

Actinomyces Bovis is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity and rumen so usually rough or prickly feed causes mucosal damage and then the bacteria invades

195
Q

Why does lumpy jaw occur

A

Actinomyces Bovis is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity and rumen so usually rough or prickly feed causes mucosal damage and then the bacteria invades

196
Q

What clinical signs can you see with fescue toxicity

A

Lameness , sloughing of the rear hooves, decreased weight gain and milk production, fat necrosis

197
Q

What clinical signs can you see with malignant catarrhal fever

A

Corneal opacity, high fever, lymphadenopathy , CNS signs

198
Q

What should you watch for when removing a corn (interdigital hyperplasia)

A

The interdigital fat pad

199
Q

What should you watch for when removing a corn (interdigital hyperplasia)

A

The interdigital fat pad

200
Q

What occurs in cattle due to failure of omasal transport

A

Vagal indigestion - fluid and gas accumulates in the rumen, lack of motility and inappetence

201
Q

What occurs in cattle due to failure of omasal transport

A

Vagal indigestion - fluid and gas accumulates in the rumen, lack of motility and inappetence

202
Q

What clinical signs might indicate right displaced abomasum

A

Elevated heart rate , episcleral injection, distress, right sided abomasal ping

203
Q

What type of pings should you hear with a left displaced abomasum

A

Variably pitched, should not be monotone

204
Q

What urinary stores are feedlot cattle prone to developing and why

A

Struvite because cattle have alkaline urine and diets high in phosphorous and magnesium

205
Q

What urinary stores are feedlot cattle prone to developing and why

A

Struvite because cattle have alkaline urine and diets high in phosphorous and magnesium

206
Q

What general types of disease can occur with IBR viral infection

A

Abortion, ocular disease, respiratory disease

207
Q

What are 6 types of disease that can occur with IBR viral infection

A

Abortion, ocular disease, respiratory disease, infections pustular vulvovaginitis, generalized neonatal infection and encephalitis

208
Q

What is the causative agent of IBR

A

BHV1 - 1.1 (respiratory), 1.2 (respiratory and genital), type 5 (neurologic)

209
Q

What is the causative agent of IBR

A

BHV1 - 1.1 (respiratory), 1.2 (respiratory and genital), type 5 (neurologic)

210
Q

What can happen if you use a MLV to IBR in a pregnant cow

A

Abortion

211
Q

What is another name for red nose and what is the causative agent

A

Rhinotacheitis - IBR, BHVI

212
Q

How is BHV I causing IBR spread

A

Airborne, breeding, in utero, during birth if passing through infected vagina - can have carriers with latent infections

213
Q

What are clinical signs of the respiratory form of IBR

A

Fever, red nose (inflammation of muzzle and nostrils), nasal discharge, white plaques on nares, tracheotomy with a non productive cough

214
Q

What are clinical signs of the respiratory form of IBR

A

Fever, red nose (inflammation of muzzle and nostrils), nasal discharge, white plaques on nares, tracheotomy with a non productive cough

215
Q

What is the morbidity and mortality of the respiratory form of IBR

A

High morbidity, low mortality

216
Q

What is the morbidity and mortality of the respiratory form of IBR

A

High morbidity, low mortality

217
Q

Describe the clinical signs of the ocular form of IBR

A

Severe conjunctivitis, excessive clear ocular discharge with corneal opacity, crusty surrounding hair

218
Q

What are clinical signs of infectious pustular vulvovaginitus - what is the causative agent

A

IBR / BHV1 - drop in milk production, red spots on vulva or vagina, frequent urination, tail twitching

219
Q

When does abortion usually occur with IBR infection

A

5-6 months - can also be caused by giving a MLV vaccine

220
Q

How do you treat IBR infections

A

Supportive care, antimicrobials for secondary bacterial infections , nsaids

221
Q

What are common causative agents of Pyelonephritis in cattle

A

Ascending infection with e.coli, coliforms or corneybacterium renale

222
Q

What are common causative agents of Pyelonephritis in cattle

A

Ascending infection with e.coli, coliforms or corneybacterium renale

223
Q

What is another name for foot rot

A

Interdigital necrobacillosis

224
Q

What is another name for foot rot

A

Interdigital necrobacillosis

225
Q

What is the esophageal groove

A

Also called the Reticular groove - closes in response to drinking milk and directs milk to the

226
Q

What is the esophageal groove

A

Also called the Reticular groove - closes in response to drinking milk and directs milk to the

227
Q

Describe the causative agent of anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis - gram positive rod

228
Q

A farmer suspects his cow died from anthrax - what do you do

A

Call the state vet- anthrax is zoonotic and reportable

229
Q

What are key clinical signs of anthrax in the

A

Bloody discharge from orifices, absence of rigor mortis, rapid bloating , dark blood that doesn’t clot

230
Q

How does anthrax cause disease

A

Spores/endospored (which can be inactive for decades) affect herbivores, germinate in the animal and grow rapidly in vegetative form leading to a fatal septicemia

231
Q

What do you do with a suspect anthrax case

A

Bury or burn carcass without moving it and absolutely do not necropsy the body

232
Q

Describe fog fever in cattle / acute bovine pulmonary edema

A

Lush pastures, leading to toxic injury to the lung causing emphysema and interstitial pneumonia

233
Q

What clinical signs do you typically see with BLV

A

Peripheral lymphadenopathy, weight loss, decreased milk production - often causes Lymphosarcoma

234
Q

What is the most common cause of ringworm in cattle

A

Tricophyton verracum

235
Q

What is the most common cause of ringworm in cattle

A

Tricophyton verracum

236
Q

Acid fast rods from the stain of a lymph node imply infection with what disease

A

Johnes disease - mycobacterium avian paratuberculosis

237
Q

You suspect a down cow has hypocalcemia - what do you do

A

Give calcium gluconate salts IV - don’t risk oral admin because swallow reflex is unreliable

238
Q

You suspect a down cow has hypocalcemia - what do you do

A

Give calcium gluconate salts IV - don’t risk oral admin because swallow reflex is unreliable

239
Q

What are clinical signs of hypocalcemia

A

Newly freshened cow , tachycardia, weak pulses - sternal recumbency and unable to get up, obtunded mention, low body temp

240
Q

What are clinical signs of hypocalcemia

A

Newly freshened cow , tachycardia, weak pulses - sternal recumbency and unable to get up, obtunded mention, low body temp

241
Q

What’s another name for milk fever

A

Hypocalcemia

242
Q

What’s another name for milk fever

A

Hypocalcemia

243
Q

What’s another name for milk fever

A

Hypocalcemia

244
Q

Describe the course of disease for winter dysentery - when do you see cases

A

Diseased of housed adult cattle - fever, then diarrhea (orange brown to hemorrhagic), weak rumen motility and decreased milk production, outbreak affecting multiple cattle that runs its course in a few weeks before herd will became immune and rare - milk production may not return to normal

245
Q

What is a cause of crooked calf disease and what clinical signs do you see

A

Cow eating lupine plants early in gestation - calves born with cleft palates, crooked legs, malformed spines

246
Q

What is a cause of crooked calf disease and what clinical signs do you see

A

Cow eating lupine plants early in gestation - calves born with cleft palates, crooked legs, malformed spines

247
Q

What is a cause of crooked calf disease and what clinical signs do you see

A

Cow eating lupine plants early in gestation - calves born with cleft palates, crooked legs, malformed spines

248
Q

How do you treat endometritis in cattle - what should you try to avoid if possible

A

Systemic ceftiofur - intrauterine should be avoided if possible due to longer milk residues

249
Q

How do you treat endometritis in cattle - what should you try to avoid if possible

A

Systemic ceftiofur - intrauterine should be avoided if possible due to longer milk residues

250
Q

Infection at what stage of ingestion will lead to persistently infected calves with BVD

A

60 - 150 days - if infected with the cytopathic biotype

251
Q

Infection at what stage of ingestion will lead to persistently infected calves with BVD

A

60 - 150 days - if infected with the cytopathic biotype

252
Q

What is the difference between cytopathic and non cytopathic form of BVD

A

Cytopathic kills cells during viral infection, is relatively rare and causes persistently infected calves (noncytopathic does not)

253
Q

What digits are most commonly affected in bovine limb lameness and why

A

Internal rear digit most often - they bear the majority of rear limb weight

254
Q

What digits bear the majority of front limb weight

A

Medial claws

255
Q

What is the causative agent of mucosal disease

A

Chronic BVD infection - a pi calf infected with the non cytopathic BVD in gestation is superinfected with the cytopathic due to RNA rearrangement

256
Q

What is the causative agent of mucosal disease

A

Chronic BVD infection - a pi calf infected with the non cytopathic BVD in gestation is superinfected with the cytopathic due to RNA rearrangement

257
Q

What clinical signs would make you suspicious of bovine leukemia virus causing a clinical lymphoma

A

Poor milk production, weight loss, multiple enlarged lymph nodes

258
Q

What clinical signs would make you suspicious of bovine leukemia virus causing a clinical lymphoma

A

Poor milk production, weight loss, multiple enlarged lymph nodes

259
Q

You see a cow with multiple enlarged lymph nodes - what is your top differential

A

Bovine leukemia virus

260
Q

You see a cow with multiple enlarged lymph nodes - what is your top differential

A

Bovine leukemia virus

261
Q

When are you likely to see cases of myophosphoylase deficiencies

A

Genetic in Charolais cattle

262
Q

When are you likely to see cases of myophosphoylase deficiencies

A

Genetic in Charolais cattle

263
Q

Describe type I vagal indigestion and its cause

A

An inability to eructate causing free gas bloat

264
Q

Describe type I vagal indigestion and its cause

A

An inability to eructate causing free gas bloat

265
Q

Describe type 2 vagal indigestion and its cause

A

Omasal transfer failure leading to a large fluid filled rumen

266
Q

Describe type 3 vagal indigestion and its cause

A

Failure of pyloric outflow, leading to internal vomiting and chloride accumulation in the rumen - appear much sicker because they are alkalotic, hypochloremic, hypokalemic

267
Q

A honking cough in a calf that is tachypnea and dysneic makes you suspect

A

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

268
Q

What is the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion and how is it spread

A

Caused by P abortibovis (bactein) and transmitted through ticks ornithodorous corincecus

269
Q

What fetal lesions will you see with brucellosis

A

Autolysis, placentitis, bronchopneumonia

270
Q

What fetal lesions will you see with abortions caused by IBR

A

Rapid fetal death - autolysis and foal necrosis of organs

271
Q

What fetal lesions will you see with abortions caused by IBR

A

Rapid fetal death - autolysis and foal necrosis of organs

272
Q

You see white plaques on the nasal epithelium of a coughing cow - what is your top differential

A

IBR - infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis

273
Q

How can you differentiate between BVDand IBR based on clinical signs

A

BVD causes oral ulcerations, IBR causes white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium

274
Q

How can you differentiate between BVDand IBR based on clinical signs

A

BVD causes oral ulcerations, IBR causes white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium

275
Q

How do cows normally become infected with valvular endocarditis

A

Bacteria enter through a septic site like through a hoof abscess

276
Q

If a low develops a hoof abscess, what can they normally be treated with

A

Penicillin or ceftiofur

277
Q

If a low develops a hoof abscess, what can they normally be treated with

A

Penicillin or ceftiofur

278
Q

Fibrin in abdominal fluid tells you what

A

The origin of the abdominal fluid is inflammatory

279
Q

Fibrin in abdominal fluid tells you what

A

The origin of the abdominal fluid is inflammatory

280
Q

Describe clinical signs of metritis in cattle

A

Off feed, depressed , decreased milk production , reddish brown discharge, failure to pass placenta

281
Q

When are you likely to see cases of metritis in cattle

A

Within 2 weeks of calving

282
Q

When are you likely to see cases of metritis in cattle

A

Within 2 weeks of calving

283
Q

Define metritis

A

Inflammation of the uterus

284
Q

What often predisposes to metritis

A

Dystocia, still birth, retained fetal membranes, twinning

285
Q

What often predisposes to metritis

A

Dystocia, still birth, retained fetal membranes, twinning

286
Q

Mannheimia hemolytica is a primary cause of shipping fever in cattle - why

A

M. Hemolytica is a communal organism so stress from shipping can cause proliferation and infect the lungs

287
Q

Cows put on lush pastures often develop

A

Frothy bloat

288
Q

What are the 3 general subtypes of disease caused by IBR

A

Respiratory infections, genital infections, neuro infections

289
Q

What causes a free martin in cattle

A

Female calf in a twinning situation is exposed to anti mullerian hormone being released by the male leading to an enlarged clitoris and a short ano-genital distance

290
Q

What is often the cause of flexural deformities

A

Contracted flexor tendons - splint mild to moderate cases

291
Q

What is often the cause of flexural deformities

A

Contracted flexor tendons - splint mild to moderate cases

292
Q

What is often the cause of flexural deformities

A

Contracted flexor tendons - splint mild to moderate cases

293
Q

What is the best way to test for Johnes in a herd

A

Serum ELISA of affected cattle

294
Q

Pulsus paradoxis is associated with

A

Pericardial effusion

295
Q

What clinical signs do you see with acute oak toxicosis in cattle

A

Hemorrhagic diarrhea , renal tubular necrosis - renal and GI signs due to mucosal damage , can also see edema of vulva and pernium

296
Q

What clinical signs do you see with acute oak toxicosis in cattle

A

Hemorrhagic diarrhea , renal tubular necrosis - renal and GI signs due to mucosal damage , can also see edema of vulva and pernium

297
Q

Describe the effects of ponderosa pine needles on pregnant cattle

A

Abortions in he last month or so of gestation, no fetal lesions usually, cows moribund and hemorrhage at delivery

298
Q

Describe the effects of ponderosa pine needles on pregnant cattle

A

Abortions in he last month or so of gestation, no fetal lesions usually, cows moribund and hemorrhage at delivery

299
Q

Necrosis of laryngeal cartilages in calves causing septicemia, dyspnea, etc is called

A

Calf diphtheria

300
Q

What is the treatment for calf Diptheria

A

Tetracycline (IV and long acting) and NSAIDs

301
Q

What are the vectors of vesicular stomatitis

A

Sand flies and black flies

302
Q

What clinical signs are associated with lupine ingestion in cattle

A

Neuro signs or teratogenesis (specifically cleft palates Or crooked calf)

303
Q

What clinical signs are associated with lupine ingestion in cattle

A

Neuro signs or teratogenesis (specifically cleft palates Or crooked calf)

304
Q

Bone marrow suppression occurs with ingestion of large amounts of

A

Bracken fern

305
Q

A farmer is upset because some cattle developed jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome ever though he vaccinated with the 7 way clostridial vaccine - what do you tell him

A

Clostridium perfingens type A is not included in this vaccine

306
Q

Where do you percuss for the rumen

A

From ribs 9-13 to the hips - sounds like a boink not a ping

307
Q

Where do you percuss for the rumen

A

From ribs 9-13 to the hips - sounds like a boink not a ping

308
Q

When are you most likely to see postpartiant hemoglobinaria

A

High producing dairy cows at the onset of lactation

309
Q

What is the causative agent of postpartient hemoglobinuria

A

Hypophosphatemia

310
Q

Describe postpartuent hemoglobinuria

A

Acute intravascular hemolysis which can lead to potentially life threatening anemia

311
Q

Finding an anemic infarct on necropsy is indicative of

A

Red water disease or bacillary hemoglobinuria

312
Q

What is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria

A

Clostridium novyi type D

313
Q

What is often associated with bacillary hemoglobinaria/ red water disease and why

A

Liver flukes - clostridium novyi type D needs an anaerobic environment to cause disease and liver nukes fighting through the liver can cause this disease

314
Q

Why can you not use penicillin to treat mycoplasma Bovis

A

Mycoplasma doesn’t have a cell wall and penicillins and cephalosporins attack bacterial cell walls

315
Q

What causes cystic ovarian disease in cattle

A

Failure of follicular estrogen to release gn Rh during estrus to trigger LH, leading to continued growth of the dominant follicle plus other follicles - when due to metabolic compromise after partuition, with decreasing body condition and increasing milk production

316
Q

How do you treat cystic ovarian disease in cattle and why

A

Gnrh to bigger an LH surge followed by prostaglandin to use the CL and begin ovulation

317
Q

What does the LH surge do and what causes the LH surge

A

Gnrh leads to the release of LH - LH surge causes rupture of the dominant follicle leading to ovulation

318
Q

What does the LH surge do and what causes the LH surge

A

Gnrh leads to the release of LH - LH surge causes rupture of the dominant follicle leading to ovulation

319
Q

What is the purpose of FSH and where is it released from

A

Stimulates a new follicular wave and contributes to estradiol production - released from the pituitary gland

320
Q

What is the purpose of FSH and where is it released from

A

Stimulates a new follicular wave and contributes to estradiol production - released from the pituitary gland

321
Q

Where is gnrh released from

A

Hypothalamus

322
Q

What is melengestrol acetate (mga) and what is it used for

A

Acts as progesterone almost - feed supplement that suppresses Estrus to allow for estrus synchronization and also helps feedlot heifers grow more

323
Q

Give some examples of pathogens transmitted by milk

A

M avium paratuverculosis (johnes). Salmonella, mycoplasma, listeria, campylobacter, m Borvis, ecoli, staph and strep

324
Q

Nasal serous discharge, short loud coughs and hyperemia of nasal mucosa in feedlot heifers makes you suspect

A

IBR

325
Q

How do you differentiate between primary vs secondary photo sensitization

A

Primary - when animal ingests a plant with photodynamic agents (clovers, alfalfa)
Secondary - liver disease prevents metabolization of photodynamic agents

326
Q

Feed lot cattle who are lame, showing respiratory signs and pneumonia and on necropsy show fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis make you suspect -

A

Histophilus somni

327
Q

Feed lot cattle who are lame, showing respiratory signs and pneumonia and on necropsy show fibrinous pleuritis and papillary muscle necrosis make you suspect -

A

Histophilus somni

328
Q

Give examples of disease that can be caused by histophilos Somni

A

Abortion, fibrous pleuropneumoniae with BVD, myocarditis, arthritis septicemia

329
Q

How do you treat pylorephritis in a law showing hematuria

A

Intramuscular procaine penicillin G

330
Q

When are you more likely to see ketosis in cattle

A

3 weeks after partuition

331
Q

What is the relationship between feedlot steers and gentamicin

A

Bad - gentamicin stays in tissues for many months

332
Q

How do you treat organophosphate toxicity in heifers

A

Alpine - blocks the effects from the muscarinic receptors

333
Q

If you see a neutrophilic pleocytosis, on CSF in cattle - what is your top differential

A

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

334
Q

A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF tap indicates

A

Listeriosis

335
Q

A mononuclear pleocytosis on CSF tap indicates

A

Listeriosis

336
Q

Bloody diarrhea in a calf followed by neuro signs leads you to suspect

A

Nervous Coccidiosis caused by eimeria

337
Q

How do you treat penile warts in bulls caused by bovine papilloma virus 1

A

Surgical removal - sing the work to make vaccines is not dove really anymore

338
Q

You have a case of endometitis in a postpartum cow - what is your top suspect

A

Trueperella pyogenes

339
Q

What is moniezia and what does it look like

A

Anoplocephalid tapeworm in young cattle, usually not pathogenic but can cause intestinal stasis

340
Q

What is cochliomyia hominivorax - what does it look like and what is its pathogenesis

A

Screwworm - blue green metallic fly, female lays eggs at the edges of fresh wounds on cow where the hatch and eat the living him, making the wand even bigger

341
Q

What is cochliomyia hominivorax - what does it look like and what is its pathogenesis

A

Screwworm - blue green metallic fly, female lays eggs at the edges of fresh wounds on cow where the hatch and eat the living him, making the wand even bigger

342
Q

If you have a case of cattle screwworm (colichomnia homniovorax) - what do you do

A

Report!

343
Q

A one week old calf doesn’t have a menace reflux - what are we worried about

A

Nothing - calves develop menace at 2 weeks old

344
Q

What would you expect in the urine of a cow with an LDA and why

A

Ketones due to not eating and a negative every balance

345
Q

What clinical signs indicate suspects infected with e.coli

A

Can be in the intestines of healthy the without causing signs - test a fecal culture from all cattle

346
Q

With which type of mastitis could you see systemic signs

A

Coliform mastitis due to absorbed LPs endotoxin

347
Q

What fetal lesions do you often see with neospora caninum infection

A

Autolusis of fetus with granulomas in the brain

348
Q

When do you normally see abortions with neospora caninum infections

A

4-6 months

349
Q

When do you normally see abortions with neospora caninum infections

A

4-6 months

350
Q

When do you normally see abortions with neospora caninum infections

A

4-6 months

351
Q

What do you see clinically with IBR infection caused by BHVI

A

Upper respiratory signs with white plaques on conjunctiva and nasal epithelium - can also see abortion with severe inflammation of the fetuses

352
Q

What type of virus is bovine leukemia virus or bovine leukosis

A

Lentivirus

353
Q

What type of virus is BRSV - bovine respiratory synctial virus

A

Paramyxovirus

354
Q

A cow presents for a loud honking cough , rapid breathing, increased salivation and loud crackles are heard throughout the lung fields - what is your top differential

A

BRSV - bovine respiratory syncticial virus

355
Q

What type of virus is BVD

A

Flavivirus

356
Q

What type of virus is BVD

A

Flavivirus

357
Q

What congenital disorders can you see with BVD

A

Cerebella hypoplasia, micropthalmia, hydranocephaly

358
Q

What type of bloodwork abnormality can you see particularly with BVD and why

A

Thrombocytopenia - because virus adheres to thrombocytes and then immune system removes tem

359
Q

Describe mucosal disease - why does it happen

A

A pi calve infected with noncytopathic bvd strain is super infected with A cytopathic strain

360
Q

What clinical signs can you see with mucosal disease caused by BVD

A

Diarrhea, oral ulcerations on dental pad, corneal opacity, acute death

361
Q

What clinical signs can you see with mucosal disease caused by BVD

A

Diarrhea, oral ulcerations on dental pad, corneal opacity, acute death

362
Q

A calf dies acutely- on necropsy you find severe ulcerations throughout the git and erosions on the dental pad - what is your top differential

A

Mucosal disease caused by BVD

363
Q

What type of virus is pseudocowpox

A

Paradox virus

364
Q

What are differentials for proliferative teat lesions in cattle

A

Pseudocowpox, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue

365
Q

What type of virus is bovine papular stomatitis

A

Parapox virus

366
Q

What are differentials for oral ulcerations in the mouth of cattle

A

Vesicular stomatitis, bvd, Bovine papular stomatitis, foot and mouth disease

367
Q

What usually results from infection of bovine papular stomatitis

A

Usually a mild calfhood disease and they should recover in 3 weeks

368
Q

It is December and you find explosive diarrhea in stabled cattle and clotted, dark blood- what is your top differential

A

Bovine winter dysentery

369
Q

Actinomyces Bovis causing lumpy jaw is gram _ while actinobacillus linguiresi is gram -

A

Lumpy jaw - gram positive
Woody tongue - gram negative

370
Q

Actinomyces Bovis causing lumpy jaw is gram _ while actinobacillus linguiresi is gram -

A

Lumpy jaw - gram positive
Woody tongue - gram negative

371
Q

What is the biggest difference between woody tongue and lumpy jaw

A

Woody tongue is very painful and causes a granulomatous inflammation

372
Q

What is the biggest difference between woody tongue and lumpy jaw

A

Woody tongue is very painful and causes a granulomatous inflammation

373
Q

Which diseases are commonly treated with sodium iodine

A

Lumpy jaw and woody tongue

374
Q

How does fusobacterium necrophorum affect calves (and when)

A

Calf diptheria between 3-18 months - causes a moist painful cough, head and neck extension, respiratory distress, larynx swelling and death it not treated within a week

375
Q

Differentiate between salmonella Dublin and salmonella typhimiruim infection in cattle

A

Dublin - infects calves 4-8 weeks caring septicemia, fever, labored breathing
Typhimiruim - adults casing septic tank odor, gray necrotic membrane in intestines, watery green diarrhea

376
Q

on necropsy, a calves lungs are described as heavy and wet - what does this indicate

A

Salmonella Dublin infection casing a septicemia

377
Q

How do you treat salmonella in cattle

A

Ceftiofur if typhimurium, cull and vaccinate calves if Dublin

378
Q

How do you treat salmonella in cattle

A

Ceftiofur if typhimurium, cull and vaccinate calves if Dublin

379
Q

Can you use penicillin to treat mycoplasma Bovis -why

A

No - mycoplasma does not have a cell wall and penicillins target cell wall

380
Q

How can you prevent milk fever in peripartuiant cattle

A

Feed a DCAD diet starting 2-3 weeks before partuition - makes cows more acidiodic (urine pH of 6.2-6.8), mans they’ll absorb calcium more readily

381
Q

Describe the DCAD diet - what is the equation

A

Dietary cation anion difference - DCAD = (Na + K) - (CL+S)

382
Q

What is a risk of treating with calcium gluconate, like in cattle with milk fever

A

Calcium gluconate is a cardiotoxin so don’t give too much too fast

383
Q

In cattle, hypomagnesia causes - while hypophosphatemia causes _

A

Hypomagnesia causes grass tetany, hypophosphatemia causes postparturient hemoglobinaria

384
Q

Phosphorous levels less than 2 mg/dL cause

A

Hemolysis

385
Q

What bloodwork changes occur with calf diarrhea

A

Hypovolemia, severe metabolic acidosis with hyperkalemia and possible sepsis

386
Q

Describe type 2 abomasal ulcers - what do they require

A

Bleeding ulcers causing anemia, melena pale mm and that require 4-8 L of fresh whole blood IV

387
Q

What would you expect to hear with an abomasal torsion or volvulus

A

Right sided monotone ping from 9th - 13th rib, no rumen contractions, distention of the right frank

388
Q

What bloodwork charges would you see with an abomasal torsion or volvulus and thy

A

Hypochloremic hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis - sequesters HCL in the abdomen so to maintain blood pressure the body tries to conserve and retain sodium bicarbonate

389
Q

What is paradoxical aciduria caused by abomasal torsion

A

Kidneys exchange hydrogen for sodium due to hypovolemia and hypokalemia - hydrogen excreted into urine

390
Q

What sounds do you hear with a LDA

A

Prominent ping with variable pitch on the left abdomen between 10th and 13th rivs

391
Q

What is the biggest difference between an LDA and an RDA

A

LDA has a normal tPR, RDA cows show more systemic distress (episcleral injection, elevated HR)

392
Q

Scant dark feces with no rumen motility and a dilated small bowel indicate

A

Intusseception

393
Q

You feel a hard painful mass on rectal palpation - what is your top differential

A

Intussusception - commonly the ileum

394
Q

What sounds will you hear with cecal dilation with or without torsion

A

Right sided ping from the last rib to the pelvis (high up)

395
Q

What sounds will you hear with gas in spiral colon

A

8 inch circular ping high on the last rib or just behind

396
Q

How do you treat frothy bloat caused by consumption of lush legumes

A

Poluxalene orally

397
Q

A boink hollow ping sound between ribs 9-13 extending to the hip along with a papple shape indicates

A

Vagal indigestion

398
Q

What are the 4 types of vagal indigestion and their causes

A

Type I - failure to eructate
Type 2 - failure of omasal transport
Type 3 - failure of pyloric outflow
Type 4 - abomasa impaction

399
Q

What is bovine somatotropin (BST) used for

A

Promote milk production (like prolactin does naturally)

400
Q

What are 3 causes of contagious mastitis

A

Strep agalactiae, staph aureus and mycoplasma Bovis

401
Q

What is the causative agent of shipping fever /fibronupurulent pneumonia

A

Mannhermia hemolytica

402
Q

What is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia

A

Pasteurella Multocida - also usually have eimeria coccidia causing diarrhea

403
Q

What is a big differentiator between shipping fever caused by Mannheimia hemolytica and enzootic pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida

A

Will not see systemic signs like sepsis, depression or inappetence with enzootic pneumonia like you will with shipping fever

404
Q

When do you commonly see enzootic pneumonia - what type of lung sounds will you hear and where

A

Calves 3-8 months old - hear harsh cranioventral consolidation

405
Q

Where does disease most often occur in cow feet

A

Lateral rear digit - where cows bear most weight

406
Q

What direction does a coxofemoral luxation usually occur

A

Cranial dorsal displacement

407
Q

What is the most common site of OCD in cattle

A

Hock - elbow is the least common

408
Q

Describe elso heel

A

Stiffness in hocks 3 weeks to I year old - cant flex hock due to continuous gastrocnemius tension caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors

409
Q

Which genetic breed of cattle is usually affected by the glycogen storage disease myphosphorylase deficiency

A

Charolais

410
Q

What is myotonia congenital

A

Inherited disorder of skeletal muscle chloride Channel - non progressive rigidity

411
Q

How can you differentiate between myotonia congenital and periodic spasticity

A

Periodic spasticity is gradually progressive, myotonia congenital is non progressive

412
Q

Feedlot cattle with absent plrs in both eyes can indicate

A

Vitamin A deficiency causing retinal degeneration and constriction of cranial nerve 7

413
Q

How do you differentiate between vitamin A deficiency in cattle and salt poisoning

A

Vitamin A deficiency causes absent plrs and salt poisoning or polioencephalomalacia doesn’t

414
Q

How do you differentiate between vitamin A deficiency in cattle and salt poisoning

A

Vitamin A deficiency causes absent plrs and salt poisoning or polioencephalomalacia doesn’t

415
Q

How does pseudorabies affect ruminants - what are clinical signs

A

First sign is paresthesia (mad itch) at inoculation site, ataxia, circling, death - often see when pigs are housed nearby

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