Cardiology Flashcards
Tall and slander P waves can indicate (p pulmonale)
Right atrial enlargement
An increase in duration of P waves indicates (p mitrale)
Left atrial enlargement
What 3 things happen in response to acutebblood loss
Increased cardiac output due to vasoconstriction , water and sodium resorption by kidney due to increased adh release and splenic contraction to release stored RBCs
Toll body water is - of - 60% of body weight
Cardiogenic shock is always associated with
Primary heart disease
Describe cardiogenic shock
Decrease in myocardial contractility leading to decrease in oxygen delivery
Describe hypovolemic shock
Reduction in intravascular volume lading to vomiting, dehydration, prolonged heart rate, tachycardia mm
Describe obstructive shock - what’s an example
Abnormal blood distribution impairing blood return like GDV
Describe distributive shock and give examples
Usually secondary to sepsis or anaphylaxis
What does central venous pressure mean
Direct blood pressure measurement from cranial vena cava
S1 heart sound represents
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves - caused by vibration of blood during ventricular contraction
S2 heart sound represents
Closure of pulmonic and aortic values, heart at the beginning of diastole
S3 is associated with - while S4 is associated with _
S3 - ventricular relaxation
s4 - atrial contraction
A left heart base murmur can indicate
Pulmonic stenosis, PDA, subaortic stenosis
A left heart apex murmur can indicate
Mitral valve dysplasia
What intercostal spaces do you hear PAM
Pulmonic - 3rd ICS
Aortic - fourth
Mitral - fifth
A right heart murmur at the 3-4 ICS indicates dysfunction of what
Tricuspid valve
What closes the foramen ovale
During birth the lungs expand, causing right atrial pressure to decrease and left atrial pressure to increase which close, it
What happens if the foramen ovale does not close
Blood shunts from left atrium to right atrium
What is the most common congenital defect in both cattle and horses - what signs can it cause
Ventricular septal defects - pulmonary edema, pneumonia and failure to thrive, heart failure in horses
What type of murmur do you hear with a VSD and why
Continua’s murmur on both the left and right side because of flow from left to right heart
What’s the pathogenesis of a VSD
Oxygenated blood is pushed from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, causing dilation and hypertrophy, ultimately causing pulmonic stenosis as well
What makes up the tetralogy of fallot
Dextropositioned/overriding aorta, pulmonic value stenosis, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy
What clinical signs can you see with tetralogy of fallot
Cyanosis, right sided heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, syncope, bilateral basilar murmur, polycythemia and increased epo
What is an important difference to note about blood flow with a VSD versus tetralogy of fallot
VSD - left to right shunting of blood flow
Tetralogy of fallot - right to left shunting of blood flow
How is blood flow shunted in a PDA
Left to right usually (similar to VSD)
How is blood flow shunted in a PDA
Left to right usually (similar to VSD)
What is the most common congenital defect in dogs
Patent ductus arteriosis
What kind of murmur Will you hear with a pda
Continuous washing machine murmur - will also hear a waterhammer pulse (largebunding pulse with rapid decline)
When would you not repair a PDA
With blood shunting right to left
What will you see radiographically with a PDA and why
An enlarged left heart and pulmonary vasculature became of the excess volume in the pulmonary arteries from exam blood going into the right heart
What will you see radiographically with a PDA and why
An enlarged left heart and pulmonary vasculature became of the excess volume in the pulmonary arteries from exam blood going into the right heart
Which valves are most likely affected by valvular endocarditis between cows, horses and small animals
Cows - tricuspid valve
Horses, small animals - aortic, then mitral
A decrescendo holodiastolic murmur at the left heart base in a horse can indicate what
Aortic regurgitation likely due to valvular endocarditis
A horse is diagnosed with valvular endocarditis causing aortic regurgitation - what do you tell owners
It should have no impact on horses performance
What are potential causes of valvular endocarditis
Sepsis, foot abscesses , fever of unknown origin and signs of systemic illness
Describe pulses paradoxis
Weak pulses during inhalation, strong pulses on expiration
What are possible causes of pericardial effusion
Hemangiosarcoma, chemodectoma, trauma , heart base tumor from BLV in cattle
What is electrical alternans and when would you see it
Different amplitudes of QRS due to heat shifting in fluid filled compartment due to pericardial effusion
How should you not treat pericardial effusion
Furosemide because it will decrease intravascular volume and cause issues with circulation
Why do we care about atrial premature complexes
They can be a cause of pulse deficits but are usually clinically insignificant
What is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle
Atrial fibrillation (duh-above the ventricles)
What is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle
Atrial fibrillation (duh-above the ventricles)
What commonly causes atrial fibrillation in cattle
Digestive disturbance of electrolyte abnormality - hypo or hyperkalemia, calcium therapy
What is the most common pathologic arrhythmia in horse,
Atrial fibrillation
What does atrial fibrillation look like on ECG
No P waves, irregular QRS intervals
If you palpate pulses alternans in a horse - what do you suspect
Atrial fibrillation - 2 quick pulses followed by no pulse
What does an atrial fibrillation murmur sound like
Irregularly irregular rhythm with variable heart sounds
What can you use to treat atrial fibrillation if quinidine does not work in horses
Digoxin (what you use in dogs)
What can you use to treat atrial fibrillation if quinidine does not work in horses
Digoxin (what you use in dogs)
What can you use to treat atrial fibrillation if quinidine does not work in horses
Digoxin (what you use in dogs)
Describe hyperkalemia on ECG
No p waves, increased p-r interval, widened QRS, tall tented T waves
Describe first degree AV block on ECG (why does it look like this)
Takes longer to get through the AV node - increased p r interval
How to you heat list degree AV block
You don’t - this can be normal in a healthy racehorse
Describe a wekenbach second degree AV block (morbits type 1)
P r interval gets progressively longer until QRS is dropped - dueto refractory AV node responding to delayed atrial depolarization
The classic second degree AV block with some QRS waves missing a p wave is also called
Morbits type 2
Differentiate between concentric and eccentric hypertrophy
Concentric - increased ventricular wall thickness (pressure overload)
Eccentric - increased left ventricular dilation (volume overload)
What are 3 determinants of stroke volume
Preload, afterload, contractility
