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NAVLE > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Tall and slander P waves can indicate (p pulmonale)

A

Right atrial enlargement

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2
Q

An increase in duration of P waves indicates (p mitrale)

A

Left atrial enlargement

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3
Q

What 3 things happen in response to acutebblood loss

A

Increased cardiac output due to vasoconstriction , water and sodium resorption by kidney due to increased adh release and splenic contraction to release stored RBCs

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4
Q

Toll body water is - of - 60% of body weight

A
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5
Q

Cardiogenic shock is always associated with

A

Primary heart disease

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6
Q

Describe cardiogenic shock

A

Decrease in myocardial contractility leading to decrease in oxygen delivery

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7
Q

Describe hypovolemic shock

A

Reduction in intravascular volume lading to vomiting, dehydration, prolonged heart rate, tachycardia mm

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8
Q

Describe obstructive shock - what’s an example

A

Abnormal blood distribution impairing blood return like GDV

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9
Q

Describe distributive shock and give examples

A

Usually secondary to sepsis or anaphylaxis

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10
Q

What does central venous pressure mean

A

Direct blood pressure measurement from cranial vena cava

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11
Q

S1 heart sound represents

A

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves - caused by vibration of blood during ventricular contraction

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12
Q

S2 heart sound represents

A

Closure of pulmonic and aortic values, heart at the beginning of diastole

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13
Q

S3 is associated with - while S4 is associated with _

A

S3 - ventricular relaxation
s4 - atrial contraction

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14
Q

A left heart base murmur can indicate

A

Pulmonic stenosis, PDA, subaortic stenosis

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15
Q

A left heart apex murmur can indicate

A

Mitral valve dysplasia

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16
Q

What intercostal spaces do you hear PAM

A

Pulmonic - 3rd ICS
Aortic - fourth
Mitral - fifth

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17
Q

A right heart murmur at the 3-4 ICS indicates dysfunction of what

A

Tricuspid valve

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18
Q

What closes the foramen ovale

A

During birth the lungs expand, causing right atrial pressure to decrease and left atrial pressure to increase which close, it

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19
Q

What happens if the foramen ovale does not close

A

Blood shunts from left atrium to right atrium

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20
Q

What is the most common congenital defect in both cattle and horses - what signs can it cause

A

Ventricular septal defects - pulmonary edema, pneumonia and failure to thrive, heart failure in horses

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21
Q

What type of murmur do you hear with a VSD and why

A

Continua’s murmur on both the left and right side because of flow from left to right heart

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22
Q

What’s the pathogenesis of a VSD

A

Oxygenated blood is pushed from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, causing dilation and hypertrophy, ultimately causing pulmonic stenosis as well

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23
Q

What makes up the tetralogy of fallot

A

Dextropositioned/overriding aorta, pulmonic value stenosis, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy

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24
Q

What clinical signs can you see with tetralogy of fallot

A

Cyanosis, right sided heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, syncope, bilateral basilar murmur, polycythemia and increased epo

25
Q

What is an important difference to note about blood flow with a VSD versus tetralogy of fallot

A

VSD - left to right shunting of blood flow
Tetralogy of fallot - right to left shunting of blood flow

26
Q

How is blood flow shunted in a PDA

A

Left to right usually (similar to VSD)

27
Q

How is blood flow shunted in a PDA

A

Left to right usually (similar to VSD)

28
Q

What is the most common congenital defect in dogs

A

Patent ductus arteriosis

29
Q

What kind of murmur Will you hear with a pda

A

Continuous washing machine murmur - will also hear a waterhammer pulse (largebunding pulse with rapid decline)

30
Q

When would you not repair a PDA

A

With blood shunting right to left

31
Q

What will you see radiographically with a PDA and why

A

An enlarged left heart and pulmonary vasculature became of the excess volume in the pulmonary arteries from exam blood going into the right heart

32
Q

What will you see radiographically with a PDA and why

A

An enlarged left heart and pulmonary vasculature became of the excess volume in the pulmonary arteries from exam blood going into the right heart

33
Q

Which valves are most likely affected by valvular endocarditis between cows, horses and small animals

A

Cows - tricuspid valve
Horses, small animals - aortic, then mitral

34
Q

A decrescendo holodiastolic murmur at the left heart base in a horse can indicate what

A

Aortic regurgitation likely due to valvular endocarditis

35
Q

A horse is diagnosed with valvular endocarditis causing aortic regurgitation - what do you tell owners

A

It should have no impact on horses performance

36
Q

What are potential causes of valvular endocarditis

A

Sepsis, foot abscesses , fever of unknown origin and signs of systemic illness

37
Q

Describe pulses paradoxis

A

Weak pulses during inhalation, strong pulses on expiration

38
Q

What are possible causes of pericardial effusion

A

Hemangiosarcoma, chemodectoma, trauma , heart base tumor from BLV in cattle

39
Q

What is electrical alternans and when would you see it

A

Different amplitudes of QRS due to heat shifting in fluid filled compartment due to pericardial effusion

40
Q

How should you not treat pericardial effusion

A

Furosemide because it will decrease intravascular volume and cause issues with circulation

41
Q

Why do we care about atrial premature complexes

A

They can be a cause of pulse deficits but are usually clinically insignificant

42
Q

What is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle

A

Atrial fibrillation (duh-above the ventricles)

43
Q

What is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle

A

Atrial fibrillation (duh-above the ventricles)

44
Q

What commonly causes atrial fibrillation in cattle

A

Digestive disturbance of electrolyte abnormality - hypo or hyperkalemia, calcium therapy

45
Q

What is the most common pathologic arrhythmia in horse,

A

Atrial fibrillation

46
Q

What does atrial fibrillation look like on ECG

A

No P waves, irregular QRS intervals

47
Q

If you palpate pulses alternans in a horse - what do you suspect

A

Atrial fibrillation - 2 quick pulses followed by no pulse

48
Q

What does an atrial fibrillation murmur sound like

A

Irregularly irregular rhythm with variable heart sounds

49
Q

What can you use to treat atrial fibrillation if quinidine does not work in horses

A

Digoxin (what you use in dogs)

50
Q

What can you use to treat atrial fibrillation if quinidine does not work in horses

A

Digoxin (what you use in dogs)

51
Q

What can you use to treat atrial fibrillation if quinidine does not work in horses

A

Digoxin (what you use in dogs)

52
Q

Describe hyperkalemia on ECG

A

No p waves, increased p-r interval, widened QRS, tall tented T waves

53
Q

Describe first degree AV block on ECG (why does it look like this)

A

Takes longer to get through the AV node - increased p r interval

54
Q

How to you heat list degree AV block

A

You don’t - this can be normal in a healthy racehorse

55
Q

Describe a wekenbach second degree AV block (morbits type 1)

A

P r interval gets progressively longer until QRS is dropped - dueto refractory AV node responding to delayed atrial depolarization

56
Q

The classic second degree AV block with some QRS waves missing a p wave is also called

A

Morbits type 2

57
Q

Differentiate between concentric and eccentric hypertrophy

A

Concentric - increased ventricular wall thickness (pressure overload)
Eccentric - increased left ventricular dilation (volume overload)

58
Q

What are 3 determinants of stroke volume

A

Preload, afterload, contractility

NAVLE (18 decks)

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