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NAVLE > Clin Path And Hematology > Flashcards

Clin Path And Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Lactate is a reflection of -, how?

A

Reflection of anaerobic metabolism - kept is produced from pyruvate in anaerobic environments to keep glycolysis going

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2
Q

What can you measure to assess perfusion

A

Lactate - Normal is 2.5

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3
Q

Polychromasia is a sign of

A

Regenerative anemia - immature RBCs, being released into circulation

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4
Q

How can you raise PCV 1%

A

Give 1 ml /kg of packed RBCs

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5
Q

When do you give a blood transfusion

A

If PCV is less than 20% with acute blood loss

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6
Q

Describe major cross matching

A

Donor RBCs to recipient plasma

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7
Q

Describe minor cross matching

A

Donor plasma to recipient RBCs

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8
Q

What are the most clinically relevant blood hypes in the

A

B and J

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9
Q

What coag pathways are evaluated with pt and PTT

A

Pt - extrinsic and common
PTT - inhinail and common

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10
Q

What does the buccal mucosal bleeding time assess

A

Platelets

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11
Q

What can you measure besides pt and ptt if you are concerned about DIC

A

Antithrombin time

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12
Q

What can you measure besides pt and ptt if you are concerned about DIC

A

Antithrombin time

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13
Q

If you have hypocalcemia - what else should you check for and why

A

Check for hyproproteinemia because calcium measured on chemistry is protein bound - double check if real with an ionized calcium

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14
Q

What are common causes of hypocalcemia

A

Eclampsia, renal disease, phosphate enema toxicity, ethylene glycol toxicity

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15
Q

What are common causes of hypercalcemia

A

Neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, hypervitaminisis D

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16
Q

What are common causes of hypercalcemia

A

Neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, hypervitaminisis D

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17
Q

What does normal joint fluid contain on cytology

A

Small mononuclear cells without neutrophils

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18
Q

Joint said full of mostly neutrophils indicates

A

Supportive inflammation

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19
Q

Describe a granulomatous inflammation

A

Mostly monocular cells - lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

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20
Q

Describe a pyogranulomatous joint fluid

A

Mix of neutrophils and mononuclear cells

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21
Q

How can you confirm an immune mediated thrombocytopenia

A

Spherocytes on a blood smear

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22
Q

How do we treat IMTP

A

Azathioprine - immunosuppresive drug

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23
Q

What is a Coombs test

A

Blood test to detect antibodies to RBCs

24
Q

How in you diagnose IMHA

A

See spherocytes, agglutination, polychromasia , smaller deep red RBCs with a lot of hemoglobin, regenerative anemia on CBC

25
Q

How do you treat IMHA

A

Just like IMTP - azathioprine immunosuppressant

26
Q

What is hemophilia A - how do you treat -

A

Severe inherited coagulation deficiency of factor 8 causing prolonged act and APTT - treat with plasma

27
Q

What is hemophilia A - how do you treat -

A

Severe inherited coagulation deficiency of factor 8 causing prolonged act and APTT - treat with plasma

28
Q

What coagulation disorder are Bassett hounds predisposed to - describe it

A

Canine thrombopathia - inherited platelet disorder where platelets fail to aggregate and excrete granules

29
Q

Describe an iron deficiency anemia

A

Microcytic hypochromic non regenerative anemia

30
Q

DIC is a severe coagulopathy where both - and - are occurring

A

Thrombosis and hemorrhage

31
Q

What clinical signs can you see with DIC

A

Thrombocytopenia, elevated pt and ptt, positive D diners , decreased antithrombin

32
Q

What cytokine is most important for sirs - systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

Interleukin 1 - major upregulator of inflammatory response

33
Q

What clinical signs can you see with sirs

A

Fever, leukopenia and tachycardia

34
Q

Describe type I hypersensitivity and its causes

A

Ig E mediated immune sensitivity, often caused by vaccinations

35
Q

Describe type I hypersensitivity and its causes

A

Ig E mediated immune sensitivity, often caused by vaccinations

36
Q

Why do type 2 immune hypesensitivities occur

A

Antibody mediated to IgG or igm against normal self antigens and foreign antigens

37
Q

Why do type 2 immune hypesensitivities occur

A

Antibody mediated to IgG or igm against normal self antigens and foreign antigens

38
Q

What can cause type 3 hypersensitivities - what can cause this

A

Immune complexes overwhelming macrophages leading to arthritis, nephritis , uveitis -can be caused by sulfa drugs in Dobermans

39
Q

What can cause type 3 hypersensitivities - what can cause this

A

Immune complexes overwhelming macrophages leading to arthritis, nephritis , uveitis -can be caused by sulfa drugs in Dobermans

40
Q

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Delayed cell mediated response - has to do with helper T cells producing cytokines

41
Q

What is SDH specific for

A

Liver specific in cow, sheep, horse and goat

42
Q

What is the best measure of liver function

A

Products like bun, sibrinoga, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol, coagulation factors

43
Q

A rise in creatinine is proportional to a fall in

A

GFR

44
Q

Elected venal valves with a hyper concentrated urine indicates _

A

Prevent azotemia, dehydration

45
Q

How much renal function has to be lost in a dog , horse and cat before the kidney can not concertante urine anymore

A

65% - dog, 75% -cat, horse -66%

46
Q

How much renal function has to be lost in a dog for an azotemia to develop

A

75%

47
Q

What does hyposthenuria indicate about renal function:

A

Means the kidneys are working - need the kidneys to dilute urine

48
Q

What are indications to perform a urine culture

A

Isosthenuria or if there are wbcs or bacteria found in the urine

49
Q

When do you perform a water deprivation test

A

In patients with normal renal values and a low USG in the face of adequate hydration

50
Q

What are you trying to diagnose with a water deprivation test

A

If pu/pd in an animal is due to diabetes insipidus or psychogenic water consumption

51
Q

What causes a post renal azotenmia

A

Urinary obstruction or ruptured urinary bladder

52
Q

What is pigment nephropathy

A

Kidney condition where toxic pigments like hemoglobin or myoglobin build up in the kidneys

53
Q

What can cause a renal azotemia

A

Aminoglycoside toxicity , pigment nephropathy, ingestion of oxalate containing plants

54
Q

What can cause a renal azotemia

A

Aminoglycoside toxicity , pigment nephropathy, ingestion of oxalate containing plants

55
Q

What causes release of ADH - antidiuretic hormone

A

Hyperosmorality and decreased circulating blood volume

56
Q

Aldosterone increases kidney resorption of - while ADH increases kidney absorption of -

A

Aldosterone - increases sodium resorption
ADH - increases water resorption

NAVLE (18 decks)

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