Clin Path And Hematology Flashcards
Lactate is a reflection of -, how?
Reflection of anaerobic metabolism - kept is produced from pyruvate in anaerobic environments to keep glycolysis going
What can you measure to assess perfusion
Lactate - Normal is 2.5
Polychromasia is a sign of
Regenerative anemia - immature RBCs, being released into circulation
How can you raise PCV 1%
Give 1 ml /kg of packed RBCs
When do you give a blood transfusion
If PCV is less than 20% with acute blood loss
Describe major cross matching
Donor RBCs to recipient plasma
Describe minor cross matching
Donor plasma to recipient RBCs
What are the most clinically relevant blood hypes in the
B and J
What coag pathways are evaluated with pt and PTT
Pt - extrinsic and common
PTT - inhinail and common
What does the buccal mucosal bleeding time assess
Platelets
What can you measure besides pt and ptt if you are concerned about DIC
Antithrombin time
What can you measure besides pt and ptt if you are concerned about DIC
Antithrombin time
If you have hypocalcemia - what else should you check for and why
Check for hyproproteinemia because calcium measured on chemistry is protein bound - double check if real with an ionized calcium
What are common causes of hypocalcemia
Eclampsia, renal disease, phosphate enema toxicity, ethylene glycol toxicity
What are common causes of hypercalcemia
Neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, hypervitaminisis D
What are common causes of hypercalcemia
Neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, hypervitaminisis D
What does normal joint fluid contain on cytology
Small mononuclear cells without neutrophils
Joint said full of mostly neutrophils indicates
Supportive inflammation
Describe a granulomatous inflammation
Mostly monocular cells - lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
Describe a pyogranulomatous joint fluid
Mix of neutrophils and mononuclear cells
How can you confirm an immune mediated thrombocytopenia
Spherocytes on a blood smear
How do we treat IMTP
Azathioprine - immunosuppresive drug
What is a Coombs test
Blood test to detect antibodies to RBCs
How in you diagnose IMHA
See spherocytes, agglutination, polychromasia , smaller deep red RBCs with a lot of hemoglobin, regenerative anemia on CBC
How do you treat IMHA
Just like IMTP - azathioprine immunosuppressant
What is hemophilia A - how do you treat -
Severe inherited coagulation deficiency of factor 8 causing prolonged act and APTT - treat with plasma
What is hemophilia A - how do you treat -
Severe inherited coagulation deficiency of factor 8 causing prolonged act and APTT - treat with plasma
What coagulation disorder are Bassett hounds predisposed to - describe it
Canine thrombopathia - inherited platelet disorder where platelets fail to aggregate and excrete granules
Describe an iron deficiency anemia
Microcytic hypochromic non regenerative anemia
DIC is a severe coagulopathy where both - and - are occurring
Thrombosis and hemorrhage
What clinical signs can you see with DIC
Thrombocytopenia, elevated pt and ptt, positive D diners , decreased antithrombin
What cytokine is most important for sirs - systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Interleukin 1 - major upregulator of inflammatory response
What clinical signs can you see with sirs
Fever, leukopenia and tachycardia
Describe type I hypersensitivity and its causes
Ig E mediated immune sensitivity, often caused by vaccinations
Describe type I hypersensitivity and its causes
Ig E mediated immune sensitivity, often caused by vaccinations
Why do type 2 immune hypesensitivities occur
Antibody mediated to IgG or igm against normal self antigens and foreign antigens
Why do type 2 immune hypesensitivities occur
Antibody mediated to IgG or igm against normal self antigens and foreign antigens
What can cause type 3 hypersensitivities - what can cause this
Immune complexes overwhelming macrophages leading to arthritis, nephritis , uveitis -can be caused by sulfa drugs in Dobermans
What can cause type 3 hypersensitivities - what can cause this
Immune complexes overwhelming macrophages leading to arthritis, nephritis , uveitis -can be caused by sulfa drugs in Dobermans
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity
Delayed cell mediated response - has to do with helper T cells producing cytokines
What is SDH specific for
Liver specific in cow, sheep, horse and goat
What is the best measure of liver function
Products like bun, sibrinoga, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol, coagulation factors
A rise in creatinine is proportional to a fall in
GFR
Elected venal valves with a hyper concentrated urine indicates _
Prevent azotemia, dehydration
How much renal function has to be lost in a dog , horse and cat before the kidney can not concertante urine anymore
65% - dog, 75% -cat, horse -66%
How much renal function has to be lost in a dog for an azotemia to develop
75%
What does hyposthenuria indicate about renal function:
Means the kidneys are working - need the kidneys to dilute urine
What are indications to perform a urine culture
Isosthenuria or if there are wbcs or bacteria found in the urine
When do you perform a water deprivation test
In patients with normal renal values and a low USG in the face of adequate hydration
What are you trying to diagnose with a water deprivation test
If pu/pd in an animal is due to diabetes insipidus or psychogenic water consumption
What causes a post renal azotenmia
Urinary obstruction or ruptured urinary bladder
What is pigment nephropathy
Kidney condition where toxic pigments like hemoglobin or myoglobin build up in the kidneys
What can cause a renal azotemia
Aminoglycoside toxicity , pigment nephropathy, ingestion of oxalate containing plants
What can cause a renal azotemia
Aminoglycoside toxicity , pigment nephropathy, ingestion of oxalate containing plants
What causes release of ADH - antidiuretic hormone
Hyperosmorality and decreased circulating blood volume
Aldosterone increases kidney resorption of - while ADH increases kidney absorption of -
Aldosterone - increases sodium resorption
ADH - increases water resorption
