Tourism eq 3 Flashcards
What are the 3 main imapcts of tourism?
- economic
2.Socio-cultural - Environmental
What are the 2 positive economic impacts?
- Tourism can bring about employment opportunities.
- Tourism can generate revenue for the country
Expand on “Tourism can bring about employment opportunities.” and what impact this is.
ECONOMIC
- Direct Employment: Travel agents, tour guides, hotel staff
- Indirect Employment: Taxi drivers, shop owners, local suppliers
- Multiplier Effect/Cumulative causation: Investment in tourism triggers further economic activity/investment
EG: In 2017, the UNWTO estimated that the tourism industry employed over 300 million people worldwide. This is 10% of all the jobs in the world.
Expand on “Tourism can generate revenue for the country” and what impact this is.
Tax Revenue: Taxes on hotels & related industries provide funds for education, healthcare, etc.
Economic Contribution: Tourism is a major revenue source for many countries
Eg. In 2011, worldwide tourism receipts exceeded
US$1 trillion.
What are the 6 negative ECONOMIC impacts of tourism? and which is the number one counter argument
- Leakages [no. 1 counter argument]
- The multiplier effect of tourism investments on the local economy may be limited
- seasonal unemployment
- underuse of facilities
- Money borrowed to invest in the necessary infrastructure for tourism increases national debt
- Locations can become over-dependent on tourism, causing big problems if visitor numbers fall.
Talk about LEAKAGES and what iapct it falls under.
ECONOMIC.
- Not all tourism revenue stays in the country visited by tourists.
- Revenue may be paid to import goods and services from other countries to support tourist needs.
eg. Import of Heineken beer from Netherlands to cter to the needs of European tourists
- eg. 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food)
Talk about “multiplier effect of tourism investments on the local economy may be limited” and what impact it falls under
ECONOMIC
- Enclaved tourism: Tourists stay in all-inclusive resorts/cruises ➝ Everything provided in-house (meals, shopping, entertainment)
- Little to no interaction with local businesses
E.g. Caribbean cruises → guests are encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board + opportunities to spend in some ports are closely managed and restricted.
Talk about “Seasonal Unemployment” and what impact it falls under
ECONOMIC
- Some tourism types are seasonal (weather-dependent) ➝ Certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions
- Tourism-related jobs can be seasonal, leading to periods of unemployment.
- Workers may need to find alternative sources of income during off-peak seasons.
Eg. in Sapporo, Japan, many are employed in winter for tourism, but must find other jobs in summer.
Talk about “Underuse of facilities” and what impact it falls under
ECONOMIC
- Expensive facilities built for tourism events BUT After event ➝ low usage, high maintenance costs
_____
Eg. Beijing aimed to boost tourism by hosting the 2008 Olympics.
According to a Beijing Sports University Report, many Olympic venues now require renovation, as only one third have managed to break even.
Talk about “Money borrowed to invest in the necessary infrastructure for tourism increases national debt.” and what impact it falls under
ECONOMIC
- Developers may demand government improvements to infrastructure, tax breaks, and financial advantages → costly for the government.
- The Government of India took a $250 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
- The loan will be used for developing and conserving natural and cultural attractions → improving tourism facilities and connectivity.
- The loan will help build the capacity of local communities (will enhance local communities’ skills and resources to support tourism and economic growth).
- Opportunity costs incurred → public resources spent on infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce investment in areas like education and health.
Talk about “Locations can become over-dependent on tourism, causing big problems if visitor
numbers fall.” and what impact it falls under
ECONOMIC
- Heavy reliance on tourism = risky during crises
- Natural disasters, political unrest, economic downturns (recessions) ➝ massive income and emplyment loss
- Economic crises, like the 1998 Asian financial crisis, can severely affect inbound tourism.
Eg. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami devastated the Maldives, killing 88 people and damaging infrastructure. + 30% of Maldive’s GDP is from tourism
Visitor numbers in the Maldives dropped by 20-30% after the tsunami.
What are the 4 positive socio-culture imapcts of tourism?
- preservation of culture
- better infrastructure development and increase the range of social facilities for the locals.
- greater understanding between people of different cultures
- strengthening communities
Talk about “preservation of culture” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Governments restore Historical/cultural Sites to attract tourists ➝ Culture and identity of locals are preserved, enhancing their sense of history and belonging to their community
- Tourists develop a greater appreciation for the host country’s history and culture
Eg. Tourists pay to visit villages Inle Lake in Myanmar to photograph the Kayan Lahwi women ➝ entrance fees ranging from 500 to 600 baht.
The Kayan Lahwi women earn revenue by selling clothing and souvenirs.
Talk about “better infrastructure development and increase the range of social facilities for the locals” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Roads that link airports, cities and tourist sites allow tourists access to local attractions (eg. Universal Studios Singapore, Marina Bay Sands).
- They also allow local people better access to markets, health care, education and jobs.
Talk about “greater understanding between people of different cultures” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Interaction between locals and tourists can lead to intercultural understanding
- Cultural exchange fosters mutual sympathy and reduces prejudices
- Educational element promotes understanding and cultural exchange between hosts and guests
- Influx of tourists may sometimes cause tension between locals and tourists
Talk about “strengthening communities” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Events and festivals rejuvenated by tourist interest
- Jobs created by tourism can act as an incentive to reduce emigration from rural areas
- Locals gain affluence and improve job prospects through tourism training
E.g. The San of Namibia and Aboriginal peoples of Australia manage eco-lodges and national parks, while maintaining their heritage
gimme the 4 negative socio economic impacts
- increased crime and vice
- Loss of locally owned land
- Competition for resources (locals VS tourists.)
- cultural loss and commodificatiob
talk about “increased crime and vice” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Increased crime targeting tourists (e.g. pickpocketing in Europe, tourist traps in China with inflated prices)
- Armed security agents often present, leading to tension with locals
- Increased availability of alcohol and drugs to meet foreign tourists’ needs –> Alcoholism and drug abuse
talk about “loss of locally owned land” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Tourism companies buy large tracts of scenic land, displacing locals
- Locals denied access to tourist-exclusive areas (e.g. beaches in Bintan)
- Land grabbing by powerful entities (TNCs, government) increases tourism revenue
- Local culture and environment sacrificed due to land loss and development
talk about “Competition for resources (locals VS tourists.)” and what impact it falls under
SOCiO CULTURAL
- Increased demand from tourism raises prices of goods and services
- Locals and tourists compete for scarce resources, leading to tensions
E.g. Airbnb prices in Barcelona have increased (overtourism) → companies cater to tourists → drives up demand for short-term rentals.
Rent has risen 68% in the last 10 years, while property prices have increased by 38% → pushing locals out of the market and contributing to the housing crisis.
What are the 2 sub points of cultural losee and commodification?
- cultural loss
- cultural commodification
Talk about cultural loss and what impact it falss under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Cultural identity of a place may be affected
- Adaptive reuse: Older buildings may be converted for contemporary use
Loss of heritage due to commodification; often only the exterior is preserved (empty shell where on exterior preserved)
E.g. CHIJMES: Exterior of a 1840s church preserved, but interior converted to modern restaurants and bars
talk about “Cultural commodification” and what impact it falls under
SOCIO CULTURAL
- Cultural identity of a place may be commercialized for profit
- Religious or cultural rituals may be modified or repeated frequently → reduces authenticity and significance → r locals to forget the original meaning.
- Commercializing cultures/ zooification by curating them for tourists, leading to inauthentic experiences
E.g. Chinatown: Western brands like McDonald’s, Chinese signboards for aesthetics, and performative elements for tourist appeal → insta worthy → tourists wld wanna accumulate cultural capital
what is the 1 positive environmental imapct?
- conservatipn of the environment
