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Acadamic Subjects > Coasts EQ2 > Flashcards

Coasts EQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

define coastal ecosystems

A

Coastal ecosystems are areas where land and water join to create an environment with a distinct structure,
diversity, and flow of energy.

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2
Q

what exactlya re include in coastal ecosystems?

A

coral reefs, mangroves, wetlands, estuaries, and bays and are
home to many different types of plants and animals.

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3
Q

what are ecosystem benefits?

A

Ecosystem services are benefits people obtain from ecosystems.

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4
Q

what are the 4 ecosystem services classification headers?

A

provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services.

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5
Q

provisioning services
[5 sub points]

A
  1. Seafood: Fish, seafood, and algae for food and income.
  2. Energy: Wave and tidal energy can be converted into electrical energy.
  3. Timber: Timber from mangrove forests for building boats, houses, and wood fuel.
  4. Food: “Attap chee” from Nipa palm trees for local consumption.
  5. Ornamental Resources: Seashells and coral pieces for decoration.
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5
Q

Regulating services
[3 main points]

A
  1. Shoreline Stabilization: Coral reefs and mangroves help reduce shoreline erosion and stabilize shorelines.
  2. Flood Prevention: Mangroves and coastal lagoons reduce the likelihood of coastal flooding by containing substantial amounts of water.
  3. Storm Protection: Mangroves absorb wave energy better than open coastlines, protecting coasts from storms and natural hazards.
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6
Q

cultural services

A
  1. Recreation: Sea sports, beach activities, and eco-tourism.
  2. Inspiration: Coasts inspire art, folklore, and architecture.
  3. Tourism: Scenic coasts attract tourists.
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7
Q

Supporting Services

A

Coastal ecosystems support diverse habitats like mangroves, coral reefs, and beaches, which are valuable to both people and wildlife.

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8
Q

Human activities in coastal areas include:
5 points

A
  • Fisheries and aquaculture
  • Housing and transportation
  • Tourism and recreation
  • Ports, harbours and piers
  • Wind farming
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8
Q

What is a coral reef ecosystem?

A
  1. Diverse Ecosystem: Coral reefs are diverse communities of plants, fish, and other organisms.
  2. Structure: Made up of colonies of coral animals called polyps.
  3. Symbiosis [mutual benefits]: Polyps provide nutrients and CO₂ to algae; algae provide sugars and O₂ to polyps.
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9
Q

where are coral reefs commonly found?

A

NIL

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10
Q

how are coral reefs established?

A

Reefs form as corals build up from a rock base, using their solid limestone skeletons, requiring specific growth factors.

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11
Q

factors coral reefs need to grow?

there are 5

A
  1. Temperature: Warm water, 23-25°C.
  2. Water Depth: Clear, shallow water (≤50 meters).
  3. Low Turbidity: Minimal sediments for sunlight penetration.
  4. Salinity: Optimal salinity; low levels inhibit growth.
  5. Sunlight: Ample sunlight for photosynthesis.
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12
Q

Why cant coral reefs grow in freshwater?

A

Corals cannot grow in freshwater or areas with high silt and nutrient levels, which can reduce the oxygen available for them.

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13
Q

what are the 2 Environmental value of coral reefs?

A
  1. Biodiversity: Coral reefs support over 25% of Earth’s marine fish species.
  2. Coastal Protection: They absorb wave energy, protecting land from erosion.
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13
Q

what are the 2 Economic value of coral reefs?

A
  1. Tourist Attractions: Coral reefs and surrounding areas are popular for diving and tourism.
  2. Economic Impact: Coral-based jewelry and ornaments are popular souvenirs, boosting the local economy.
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13
Q

what are the 7 pressures on coral reefs?

A
  1. Over-collection
  2. Fishing Methods
  3. Recreational Use
  4. Pollution
  5. Siltation
  6. Coastal Development
  7. Climate Change
14
Q

Give me the activity and impact of over fishing

A

Activity: Over-collection
Impact: Depletion of fish disrupts the ecosystem’s food chain

15
Q

Give me the activity and impact of
fishing methods

A

Activity: Dynamite blasting and use of cyanide
Impact: Coral reef habitat destroyed

16
Q

Give me the activity and impact of
Recreational use of coasts
[corals]

A

Activity: Tourism activities in coastal areas
Impact: Waste discharge and boat anchors damage and stress corals

16
Q

Give me the activity and impact of
pollution [coral]

A

Activity: Excess fertilizers, pesticides, industrial waste, and sewage

Impact: Turbid water blocks sunlight, preventing photosynthesis; toxic waste kills corals; excess nutrients fuel algae overgrowth

17
Q

Give me the activity and impact of
siltation

A

Activity: Sediments from deforestation washed into waters

Impact: Turbid water prevents sunlight and photosynthesis; excess sediments smother corals

18
Q

Give me the activity and impact of
coastal development Coral and Mangroves

A

Activity: Coastal area development and increased human activities

Impact: Combined impacts of habitat loss, pollution, and increased stress on ecosystems

19
Q

Give me the activity and impact of
climate change for coral reefs

A

Activity: Rapid changes in sea temperatures and sea levels

Impacts:
1. Coral bleaching
2. Increased disease susceptibility
3. Stunted growth
4. Affected reproduction
5. Ecosystem disruption
6. Coral death

20
Q

What is a mangrove ecosystem?

A
  1. Mangroves: Salt-tolerant forests of trees and shrubs
  2. Productivity: Highly productive and biologically diverse ecosystems
  3. Biodiversity: Includes plants, fish, crustaceans, and other species living among the tree trunks
21
Q

where are mangroves commonly found?

A

NIL

21
Q

what kind of locations do mangroves grow and what are they adapted for?

A

Growth Location: Sheltered coasts and estuaries with calm, low-energy waters

Adaptations: Unique characteristics for adapting to tides, saline, and water-logged environments

22
Q

what are the saline conditions adaptations mangroves have?

There are 4

A
  1. Ultrafiltration: Plants like Bruguiera filter salts.
  2. Salt Exclusion: Some plants filter out most salts during water absorption.

3.Salt Storage: Salt is stored in old leaves, which then fall off.

  1. Salt Excretion: Species like Avicennia have glands to excrete salt, which is removed by wind or rain.
23
Q

what are the is yhe water logged soil and tides adaptations mangrives have?

A
  1. Horizontal Zonation: Mangrove structure and species vary with environmental conditions.
24
Q

what are the 7 values of mangroves?

A
  1. Stabilizing Shorelines: Roots absorb wave energy and reduce erosion.
  2. Habitat & Breeding Grounds: Support diverse marine life and fish nurseries.
  3. Improve Water Quality: Filter sediments and pollutants.
  4. Source of Wood: Provide fuel and construction material.
  5. Fodder Crops: Leaves used as livestock feed.
  6. Carbon Storage: Store significant amounts of carbon.
  7. Tourism: Support recreational activities like snorkeling.
24
Q

what are the 5 pressures of mangroves?

A
  1. Demand for fuel wood and charcoal
  2. Need for more farming area
  3. Land reclamation
  4. Water pollution
  5. Rising sea level
25
Q

what are the activity and impacts for
demand for furl wood and charcoal for mangroves

A

Activity: Mangroves are cleared for fuel and charcoal.
Impact: Reduces fish breeding grounds and increases coastal vulnerability.

25
Q

what are the activity and impacts for need for more farming areas

A

Activity: Mangroves are converted into farmland and shrimp farms.

Impact: Reduces fish breeding grounds and increases coastal vulnerability.

26
Q

what are the activity and impacts for
land reclamataion mangroves and coral

A

Activity: Coastal areas are developed for housing and industry.

Impact: Increases coastal vulnerability and causes pollution.

26
Q

what are the activity and impacts for water polution for mangroves

A

Activity: Waste, fertilizers, and pesticides are dumped into coastal waters.
Impact: Disrupts mangrove ecosystems.

27
Q

what are the activity and impacts for rising sea levels

A

Activity: Rising sea levels and extreme storm activity due to accelerated climate change.

Impact: Mangroves struggle to move inland due to urban development and sea defenses.

28
Q

Seaward Front [Mangrove horizontal zoning adaptation]

A

Coastal mangroves use aerial roots for stability and oxygen uptake.

29
Q

Inland Zone [Mangrove horizontal zoning adaptation]

A
  • Knee roots trap soil
  • providing nutrients and habitat
  • fewer tidal submersions.
29
Q

Middle Zone [Mangrove horizontal zoning adaptation]

A

Dense mangroves with prop roots for height and stability in muddy soil.

30
Q

Fruit Adaptations [Mangrove horizontal zoning adaptation]

A

: Buoyant fruits like Avicennia disperse via water, while Rhizophora fruits germinate on the parent tree and anchor in mud.

31
Q

what conditions do mangroves need to adapt to?

A

waterlogged conditions, the soil lacks oxygen and plants need to adapt to such muddy and low-oxygen environments.

Acadamic Subjects (35 decks)

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