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Acadamic Subjects > Geography EQ 3 > Flashcards

Geography EQ 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Strong intro: Sustainable management of coast

A

Coastal environments, home to 10% of the population living under 10 meters above sea level and 37% in coastal areas, provide vital ecosystem services. They are vulnerable to natural changes and human activities, requiring sustainable management.

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2
Q

Define management of coastal areas:

A
  • controlling the development and change in the coastal zone
  • according to agreed principles and criteria.
  • implementing policies, and enforcing them using one or more strategies.
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2
Q

Define sustainable management strategies

A

management strategies that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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3
Q

Marine reserve purpose

A

protects marine ecosystems which allows fish and endangered species to breed and thrive

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4
Q

2 areas of managements to consider:

A
  • Using laws and regulations
    -to limit damaging activities,
    -to protect coastal resources,
    -to restrict development in areas prone to natural hazards.
  • Using coastal protection measures (hard and soft engineering).
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5
Q

rules and regulation can be implemented to:

A
  1. relocate people away from areas vulnerable to coastal erosion
  2. avoid development in the area to minimise losses and impact
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6
Q

Sustainable Management of Coasts [L&R - Limit Damaging Activities]
Point:

A
  • Human activities disrupt coastal ecosystems.
  • L&R mitigate this damage:
  • limiting harmful activities
  • ensuring sustainable management
  • protecting coastal environments
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7
Q

Sustainable Management of Coasts [L&R - Protect Coastal Resources]
Point:

A

L&R:
- Prevent exploitation
- depletion of coastal resources.
- Ensure sustainable management.
- Maintain health of coastal ecosystems.

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8
Q

Sustainable Management of Coasts [L&R - Restrict development in hazard-prone areas]
Point:

A
  • Coastal areas attract people despite tsunami risks.
  • Governments enforce policies to reduce hazards.
  • Measures include warnings and evacuation plans.
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9
Q

What are the 5 types of hard engineering?

A

seawalls, gabions, breakwaters and groynes, tetrapods

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10
Q

Define hard engeering
1. purpose
2. Examples

A
  • constructing physical structures to protect coasts from wave erosion.
  • Purpose: Prevent shoreline erosion and retreat.
  • Examples: Seawalls, gabions, breakwaters, and groynes.
  • More commonly used than soft engineering measures.
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11
Q

Define soft engeneering

A
  • protects the coast using natural processes.
  • Does not involve constructing physical structures.
  • Examples: Beach nourishment, replanting coastal vegetation, and encouraging coral reef growth.
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12
Q

Aim of sea walls
Role + what they made of and structure

A

Seawalls are constructed to protect coastlines against wave attack by absorbing wave energy. Most seawalls are made of concrete or stone and are built parallel to the coast.

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13
Q

Strengths of sea walls

A
  • Benefit of seawalls: Provide strong defense against flooding and erosion.
  • Immobilize sand on adjacent beaches.
  • Easy to construct.
  • Life span: 30-40 years.
  • Widely constructed globally.
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14
Q

Weaknesses of sea walls

A
  • Seawalls are costly to build and maintain, requiring constant repairs.
  • They absorb some wave energy but mainly reflect incoming waves.
  • Reflected waves cause erosion at the foot and beneath the seawall.
  • Erosion eventually undermines the base, leading to collapse.
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14
Q

Aim of gabions

A

Gabions are wire cages usually filled with crushed rocks. These cages are built along a shore or behind a beach to prevent or reduce coastal erosion by weakening wave energy.

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15
Q

strengths of gabions

A
  • Gabions absorb wave energy better than seawalls - gaps between rocks allowing water to filter through.
  • Successful defenses against high-energy waves.
  • Can be constructed in a relatively short period.
  • Minimize erosion damage - reducing the need for extensive damage control by authorities.
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16
Q

weaknesess of gabions

A
  • Easily corroded by seawater and damaged by trampling or vandalism
  • Shorter life span requiring regular maintenance leading to high costs (though cheaper than seawalls)
  • Wire cages rust easily posing danger to fishermen, swimmers, and other coast users
  • Unsightly appearance
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17
Q

aim of breakwaters + 2 types + they are made of…

A

-help break the force of oncoming waves before they reach the coast
- are usually made up of granite.
- two types of breakwaters;
1. built parallel to the coast
2. one end attached to the coast.

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18
Q

strengths of breakwaters
3 of the 4 points talk about calm zones

A
  • Offshore breakwaters create a calm water zone behind them
  • Materials deposit in the calm zone, forming beaches
  • Calm zone serves as sheltered harbors for boats
  • Breakwaters last up to 30 years
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19
Q

weaknesses of breakwaters

A
  • Costly to build and maintain.
  • Uneven protection of the coastline: protects only the area directly behind it.
  • Materials deposited behind the breakwater are shielded from wave action and erosion.
  • Areas not directly behind the breakwater remain exposed to wave action and potential erosion.
  • Aesthetically unpleasing
20
Q

CORAL BLEACHING EXAMPLE

A

More than 60 per cent of coral reefs in the Maldives were affected by ‘bleaching’ in 2016 reports the Guardian, due to extreme changes in ocean temperatures. The Australian Marine Conservation Society describes ‘bleaching’ as a loss of colour due to the expelling of algae

21
Q

aim of groynes

A

Groynes are low walls constructed at right angles to the shore to retain sediments and prevent erosion caused by longshore drift.

21
Q

strengths of groynes

A
  • Absorb or reduce wave energy, causing materials to deposit on the updrift side.

Advantages:
- Build up the beach
- Make a wider beach
- Provide calm water

  • Groynes can last up to 30 years.
22
Q

weaknesses of groynes

A
  • Groynes prevent longshore drift by interrupting sediment movement.
  • Unprotected beach areas without groynes erode due to continued sediment transport.
  • Tips of groynes are angled (~10 degrees) based on prevailing wave direction.
  • Groynes are costly
  • Unsightly.
23
Q

aim of tetrapods

A

Tetrapods are four-pronged concrete structures that help dissipate wave energy. They are stacked offshore
in an interlocking position.

24
Q

strengths of tetrapods

A
  • allow water to pass around them rather than hit against
    them - no powerful backwash - reduces the possibility of tetrapods being damaged by waves.
  • ## pre casted (cast onto final shape b4 being positioned - can be placed quickly
25
Q

weaknesses of tetrapods

A
  • aesthetic
  • unsightly
  • dangerous to swimmers surfers and boaters
26
Q

aim of planting vegetations + stabilising dunes

A

Planting vegetation such as mangroves can help stabilize coastlines.

26
Q

strengths of beach nourishment

A
  • Beach nourishment transforms coasts into wide, sandy beaches that protect inland areas.
  • It maintains natural beach aesthetics and biodiversity without introducing new species.
26
Q

Aim of beach nourishment

A

Beach nourishment replenishes depleted beaches by adding sand from external sources, such as other beaches or the sea floor.

26
Q

weaknesses of beach nourishment

A
  • Sand transport for beach nourishment is expensive and slow.
  • It can harm coral reefs by washing sediment out to sea.
  • Renourished beaches may erode again without ongoing management.
  • Generally, beach nourishment is a short-term fix, lasting around ten years.
26
Q

strengths of planting vegetations + stabilising dunes

A
  • Mangroves absorb wave energy (with their dense root system), economically protecting coastlines.
  • Coastal vegetation intercepts runoff, reducing erosion and pollution.
  • Supports growth of marine ecosystems, including coral reefs.
27
Q

weaknesses of planting vegetations + stabilising dunes

A
  • Vegetation takes years to establish and is vulnerable to storms and human damage.
  • Mangroves thrive in sheltered areas and struggle in regions with violent waves.
  • Specific climatic conditions are crucial for mangrove growth - not possible for all coasts
28
Q

strengths of encouraging coral reef growth

A
  • Coral reefs enhance beach beauty.
  • Home to diverse marine species.
28
Q

weaknesses of encouraging coral reef growth

A
  • Sites must be surveyed to maximise coral growth opportunitie (sensitive to water quality and temperature changes)
  • unsuitable for all coastal environments.
  • Siltation poses a danger to coral reefs and must be managed.
  • takes 20-30 years with uncertain outcomes.
28
Q

aim of encouraging coral reef growth

A

Coral reefs reduce wave energy, provide fish habitats, and can be mimicked with steel or concrete structures to foster natural reef formation by marine life.

29
Q

example + evaluation for Protecting Coastal Resources [Mangroves]

A

Evidence:
Indonesia is implementing mangrove rehabilitation with a target of rehabilitating 600,000 hectares by 2024.

Spatial plans are being utilized to balance environmental and economic goals through zoning for mangroves.

Evaluation:
Climate Mitigation: Mangrove rehabilitation aids recovery and climate change mitigation.
Carbon Storage: Mangroves store 3.1 billion tons of carbon, reducing climate impact.

30
Q

example + evaluation for Encouraging Coral Reef Growth

[corals]

A

Megan Clampitt and her team at Velaa Private Island, Maldives, nurture coral fragments in nurseries. They transfer corals to reefs at around 10 cm and monitor them every three months, aiming to replenish populations in 9-12 months.

Effectiveneesss:
The strategy’s effectiveness hinges on meticulous care due to coral sensitivity, requiring ongoing monitoring for long-term success in replenishing populations.

30
Q

example + evaluation for Raising Awareness/Public Education [magroves]

A

example:

Global Mangrove Alliance: Raises awareness and aids mangrove conservation.
Goal: Zero loss of mangroves by 2030;

EVALUATION:
-Strength: Raises global awareness and mobilizes support.
Limitation: Industries and local communities may not cooperate despite the importance + difficult in Southeast Asia, which experiences the highest rates of mangrove loss.

30
Q

example + evaluation for Planting vegetation [Mangroves]

A

Example:
Pulau Tekong, Singapore: Project to protect and restore mangroves.
Action: Plant 6,000 to 8,000 saplings along 1.9 km coastline to combat erosion and safeguard biodiversity.

Evaluation:
Strength: Mitigates erosion from boat traffic and protects biodiversity.
Weakness: Planting and maintaining the saplings can be expensive.

31
Q

example + evaluation for seawalls

A

Example:
Wellington’s Island Bay, New Zealand, installed seawalls decades ago to combat erosion and storm damage. Between 2019 and 2021, repairs due to weather exposure cost the city $1.3 million.

Evaluation:

Strength: Protects against erosion and storms effectively.
Weakness: Requires costly repairs and poses environmental concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable, long-term coastal management solutions.

32
Q

example + evaluation for Limiting damaging activities, such as blast fishing near reefs

[corals]

A

EXAMPLE:
MPAs like Cabo Pulmo Marine Park in Mexico effectively combat destructive fishing practices by prohibiting or restricting fishing activities
evaluation:
MPAs such as Cabo Pulmo Marine Park in Mexico effectively protect corals by managing and preventing destructive fishing practices, contributing positively to coral conservation efforts.

32
Q

example + evaluation for Public Education/Raising Awareness

[coral]

A

Example:
The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) promotes global coral reef preservation by partnering with communities to mitigate threats, promotesustainability, and advance coral adaptation research through outreach via social media, workshops, and seminars. Tad worked in Hawaiian islands for 15 years since 2006.

Evaluate:
The strategy of public education employed by CORAL is effective in raising awareness and fostering community engagement, crucial steps in promoting coral reef conservation

33
Q

example + evaluation for gabions

A

exaple:
For example, gabions were installed when the East Coast Park in Singapore was first reclaimed. The gabions were subsequently removed as they were vandalised.

evaluation:
Gabions can offer effective erosion control initially but require ongoing maintenance and protection against vandalism for sustained coastal protection.

34
Q

example + evaluation for tetrapods

A

exaple:
Japan has implemented tetrapods extensively for coastal protection, particularly in response to the 2011 tsunami, leveraging their capability to effectively mitigate wave energy and erosion, thus enhancing coastal resilience

evaluation:
Despite their disadvantages in altering beach dynamics and aesthetics, tetrapods are overall a good strategy to protect coasts due to their effectiveness in mitigating wave energy and erosion.

35
Q

example + evaluation for breakwaters

A

exaple:
Breakwaters, such as those built in Singapore costing around S$1 million each, are expensive and can’t provide complete protection due to gaps between them and the coast, allowing for potential erosion.

evaluation:
Overall, breakwaters are a good strategy for coastal protection despite their costs and maintenance requirements, due to their effectiveness in reducing erosion and wave impact.

35
Q

example + evaluation for groynes

A

exaple:
Groynes at East Coast Park in Singapore, costing approximately $200,000 each, effectively prevent sediment erosion and widen beaches but are costly to build and maintain, impacting coastal aesthetics and potentially causing erosion downstream.

evaluation:
Groynes, while effective in localized sediment control and beach widening, are not overall effective in broader coastal protection strategies due to high costs, asymmetrical beach formations, and potential downstream erosion issues they can cause.

36
Q

example+evaluation for beach nourishment

A

Explanation:
Miami Beach, Florida, USA, used hard engineering strategies by the 1950s, reducing the beach area. Beach nourishment was introduced to replenish the beach with new sand annually.

Evaluation:
Beach nourishment effectively restores beaches and provides short-term erosion protection. However, ongoing costs and environmental impacts from sediment management limit its long-term effectiveness as a coastal protection strategy.

37
Q

example+evaluation for Restrict development in areas prone to natural hazards

A

explanation:
Retreat, or relocation of built structures away from areas prone to natural hazards is one strategy.
For example, in the USA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) steers development
away from areas prone to flooding or coastal erosion.
evaluation:
Restricting development in hazard-prone areas protects coasts but faces challenges like economic impacts and stakeholder resistance, requirirng careful management and cooperation of stakeholders to warrant success.

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