developmeent geog eq 2 Flashcards
SPEED+H
Social E.g. Educational levels, role of women, health
Political E.g. Conflicts/wars, corruption, political ideology
Economic E.g. Economic structure, openness to trade & investment, foreign debt
Environmental E.g. Location, presence of natural resources
Demographic E.g. Population structure
Historical E.g. Past colonialism
what do we used the SPEED+H factors for?
to categorise the different influences on the level of development of countries.
Social Factors eg.
- lvl of education of pop
- provision and accessibility of healthcare
- Role of women
- Rate of population growth
talk abot the social factor 1. lvl of education of pop
level of ecutaion of the working pop influences type of work they take on - affect income generated - affect GNI + standard of iving of the ppl
factors that affect lack of higher level education:
- large proportion of the population is unable to afford education at higher levels
- lack of availability fo instituitions offering tertiary education - stem from a lack of resources country to develop educational facilities + train teachers - creates a workforce that is unable to take on higher skilled jobs - limiting income potential
talk abt the social factor 2. provision and accessibility of healthcare
- provision and accessibility of healthcare - affects ife expectancy + productivity of the ppl in the country
- poor access to healthcare - people are ill more often - shorter life expecatncy + creates a lower quality of life
- lack of medical attention - less productive workforce - generating limited revenue for the country
talk about social factor 3. role of women
- in many low-income countries (LICs), cultural beliefs restrict women’s roles to child-bearing and family care, limiting their access to education and employment.
- This confinement reduces women’s participation in the formal economy, thereby lowering national income.
- Limited education also impedes women’s knowledge of family planning, contributing to higher birth rates in these regions.
talk about social factor 4. Rate of population growth
- Norms and beliefs influence attitudes towards birth rates and family size, not just women’s education.
- In agricultural communities, large families are often needed for farm labor, reinforcing high birth rates.
- High birth rates tend to hinder development because resources have to be spent on providing for this young population in the areas of food, healthcare and education.
Political factors:
- governance
- political stability
- political ideology
talk about political factor 1. governance
there are 5 main points to address!
- Effective government: organized, transparent, and accountable.
- Corruption in LICs: lower average income, higher infant mortality, lower literacy.
- Economic impact: higher operating costs, hindrance to business.
- Societal impact: reduced public trust in government.
- Developmental impact: limits government effectiveness in policy implementation.
talk about political factor 2. political stability
2 points to addresss here
Stable governments attract investment: They create a favorable environment for investors and businesses due to predictable policies and security.
Legacy of past conflicts: Countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos face ongoing challenges from unexploded bombs, which endanger health and hinder economic activities.
Costly cleanup efforts
talk about political factor 3. political ideology
- communist countries typically developed slower than capitalist countries
- eg. South Korea, a democratic capitalist nation, enjoys higher wealth and living standards compared to authoritarian North Korea.
talk about the 2 sub catogories of economic factors + wat they refer too. super simple!
+ 2 ectra factrs no need to explain
- economic structure of a country can affect the GNI of a country as it reflects on the value of goods produced by the country.
- employment structure of a country shows the proportion of the workforce in the three main employment sectors-primary, secondary, tertiary.
- foreign debt
- availability of Capital
ALL ABOUT PRIMARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
- description
activities directly involved with natural resources - examples (3)
- fishing
- agriculture
- mining - LICs
ALL ABOUT SECONDARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (1 main)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
- description
- Activities that transform inputs into
finished products or component parts (for use by other industries)- Can be further categorised into:
- Labour intensive and capital
intensive industries. - Light and heavy industries
- Labour intensive and capital
- Can be further categorised into:
- examples (3)
- manufacturing of products (eg. clothes, shoes, electronics, food processing) - HICs
ALL ABOUT QUATERNARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
- description
Knowledge-based or high-tech industries
* SOMETIMES considered as tertiary industries - examples (2)
- Banking
- Finance
- Legal
3.
ALL ABOUT TERTIARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (2)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
- description
- classified as those providing basic services and those providing premium services (distribute manufactured products to places and markets - assembled, consumed,
purchased - examples (3)
- Transportation
- retail - HICs
Where do a large pop of LICs work?
- works in primary industries due to limited education qualifications (low no. of years of schooling)
- This limits the availability of a skilled workforce for secondary and tertiary industries in these countries.
why do P sector industries generate lower revenue?
- Primary industries (e.g., agriculture) often yield unstable and lower revenues due to fluctuating product prices.
- Wages in primary industries tend to be lower compared to secondary and tertiary sectors.
why do a large proportion of HICs work in S, T sector industries?
- HICs have a larger proportion of their workforce in secondary and tertiary industries.
- Goods and services from these sectors generally have higher value, contributing to higher national revenues.
- Longer schooling in HICs results in a higher skilled workforce for secondary and tertiary industries, where wages are typically higher compared to primary sectors.
- a decline in manufacturing employment.
- This transition contributes to an increase in GNI due to the higher value-added goods and services produced in these sectors.
talk about economic factor: foreign debt
- Some countries take on debt from international organizations to finance development plans.
- A significant portion of LDCs’ revenues is used for debt repayment, limiting funds for development.
- eg, 10% of Ethiopia’s government revenue goes towards international debt repayment.
talk about economic factor: Availability of Capital
- Availability of capital is crucial for acquiring technology and equipment for development.
- Many LICs lack capital to build infrastructure like roads and railways, hindering industrialization.
- Insufficient capital also limits social development, affecting access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
What are the 4 environmental factors?
- Geographical Location
- Climatic Conditions
- natural disasters
- Availability of Natural Resources
talk about environmental factor: 2. Climatic Conditions
- Climatic conditions impact agriculture, farming, and disease spread, influencing development rates.
- Harsh climates, like Sub-Saharan Africa’s hot and dry conditions, hinder large-scale agriculture.
- Tropical regions face challenges from diseases like malaria and dengue due to favorable conditions for mosquitoes.
talk about environmental factor: 1. Geographical Location
- Coastal locations generally develop faster than landlocked regions due to better access to international trade.
- International trade, primarily through shipping, boosts economic development.
- eg, China’s southeastern cities developed faster than northwestern regions due to proximity to sea trade routes, facilitating easier export of goods.
talk about environmental factor: 3. natural disasters
- Natural disasters hinder development by destroying investments and infrastructure.
- Resources are diverted to rebuilding and repair, limiting funds for further infrastructure development.
talk about environmental factor: 4. Availability of Natural Resources
- Countries with natural resources generally develop faster by exporting them and using the earnings for development.
- However, having natural resources does not always guarantee faster development.
- Ownership of resources by a small wealthy elite can limit benefits to the broader population.
- For instance, despite Saudi Arabia’s significant oil revenue, many Saudis lack adequate housing, healthcare, and education due to profits mainly benefiting the elite.
- Similarly, in Brunei, resource wealth primarily benefits a small proportion of the population.
Demographic (so birth related) factors
(no sub factors so explanation is all here instead)
talk about the historical factor colonialism
- Colonial powers exploited colonies for natural resources, using forced labor and exporting raw materials for processing.
- This exploitation created a dependence on low-value primary exports in the colonies, while colonial powers economically developed and widened disparities.
- Infrastructure like roads and railways were developed, but social aspects such as education and healthcare were neglected.
- The departure of colonial powers left a leadership void, leading to significant internal political conflicts in many colonies.
Historical factor
only 1 sub factor. explanation not here
colonialism
