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Acadamic Subjects > developmeent geog eq 2 > Flashcards

developmeent geog eq 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SPEED+H

A

Social E.g. Educational levels, role of women, health

Political E.g. Conflicts/wars, corruption, political ideology

Economic E.g. Economic structure, openness to trade & investment, foreign debt

Environmental E.g. Location, presence of natural resources

Demographic E.g. Population structure

Historical E.g. Past colonialism

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2
Q

what do we used the SPEED+H factors for?

A

to categorise the different influences on the level of development of countries.

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3
Q

Social Factors eg.

A
  1. lvl of education of pop
  2. provision and accessibility of healthcare
  3. Role of women
  4. Rate of population growth
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4
Q

talk abot the social factor 1. lvl of education of pop

A

level of ecutaion of the working pop influences type of work they take on - affect income generated - affect GNI + standard of iving of the ppl

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5
Q

factors that affect lack of higher level education:

A
  1. large proportion of the population is unable to afford education at higher levels
  2. lack of availability fo instituitions offering tertiary education - stem from a lack of resources country to develop educational facilities + train teachers - creates a workforce that is unable to take on higher skilled jobs - limiting income potential
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6
Q

talk abt the social factor 2. provision and accessibility of healthcare

A
  1. provision and accessibility of healthcare - affects ife expectancy + productivity of the ppl in the country
  2. poor access to healthcare - people are ill more often - shorter life expecatncy + creates a lower quality of life
  3. lack of medical attention - less productive workforce - generating limited revenue for the country
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7
Q

talk about social factor 3. role of women

A
  • in many low-income countries (LICs), cultural beliefs restrict women’s roles to child-bearing and family care, limiting their access to education and employment.
  • This confinement reduces women’s participation in the formal economy, thereby lowering national income.
  • Limited education also impedes women’s knowledge of family planning, contributing to higher birth rates in these regions.
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8
Q

talk about social factor 4. Rate of population growth

A
  • Norms and beliefs influence attitudes towards birth rates and family size, not just women’s education.
  • In agricultural communities, large families are often needed for farm labor, reinforcing high birth rates.
  • High birth rates tend to hinder development because resources have to be spent on providing for this young population in the areas of food, healthcare and education.
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9
Q

Political factors:

A
  1. governance
  2. political stability
  3. political ideology
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10
Q

talk about political factor 1. governance

there are 5 main points to address!

A
  • Effective government: organized, transparent, and accountable.
  • Corruption in LICs: lower average income, higher infant mortality, lower literacy.
  • Economic impact: higher operating costs, hindrance to business.
  • Societal impact: reduced public trust in government.
  • Developmental impact: limits government effectiveness in policy implementation.
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11
Q

talk about political factor 2. political stability

2 points to addresss here

A

Stable governments attract investment: They create a favorable environment for investors and businesses due to predictable policies and security.

Legacy of past conflicts: Countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos face ongoing challenges from unexploded bombs, which endanger health and hinder economic activities.

Costly cleanup efforts

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12
Q

talk about political factor 3. political ideology

A
  • communist countries typically developed slower than capitalist countries
  • eg. South Korea, a democratic capitalist nation, enjoys higher wealth and living standards compared to authoritarian North Korea.
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13
Q

talk about the 2 sub catogories of economic factors + wat they refer too. super simple!

+ 2 ectra factrs no need to explain

A
  1. economic structure of a country can affect the GNI of a country as it reflects on the value of goods produced by the country.
  2. employment structure of a country shows the proportion of the workforce in the three main employment sectors-primary, secondary, tertiary.
  1. foreign debt
  2. availability of Capital
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14
Q

ALL ABOUT PRIMARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A
  1. description
    activities directly involved with natural resources
  2. examples (3)
    - fishing
    - agriculture
    - mining
  3. LICs
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15
Q

ALL ABOUT SECONDARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (1 main)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A
  1. description
    - Activities that transform inputs into
    finished products or component parts (for use by other industries)
    • Can be further categorised into:
      1. Labour intensive and capital
        intensive industries.
      2. Light and heavy industries
  2. examples (3)
    - manufacturing of products (eg. clothes, shoes, electronics, food processing)
  3. HICs
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16
Q

ALL ABOUT QUATERNARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A
  1. description
    Knowledge-based or high-tech industries
    * SOMETIMES considered as tertiary industries
  2. examples (2)
    - Banking
    - Finance
    - Legal
    3.
16
Q

ALL ABOUT TERTIARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (2)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A
  1. description
    - classified as those providing basic services and those providing premium services (distribute manufactured products to places and markets - assembled, consumed,
    purchased
  2. examples (3)
    - Transportation
    - retail
  3. HICs
17
Q

Where do a large pop of LICs work?

A
  • works in primary industries due to limited education qualifications (low no. of years of schooling)
  • This limits the availability of a skilled workforce for secondary and tertiary industries in these countries.
17
Q

why do P sector industries generate lower revenue?

A
  • Primary industries (e.g., agriculture) often yield unstable and lower revenues due to fluctuating product prices.
  • Wages in primary industries tend to be lower compared to secondary and tertiary sectors.
18
Q

why do a large proportion of HICs work in S, T sector industries?

A
  • HICs have a larger proportion of their workforce in secondary and tertiary industries.
  • Goods and services from these sectors generally have higher value, contributing to higher national revenues.
  • Longer schooling in HICs results in a higher skilled workforce for secondary and tertiary industries, where wages are typically higher compared to primary sectors.
19
Q
A
  • a decline in manufacturing employment.
  • This transition contributes to an increase in GNI due to the higher value-added goods and services produced in these sectors.
20
Q

talk about economic factor: foreign debt

A
  • Some countries take on debt from international organizations to finance development plans.
  • A significant portion of LDCs’ revenues is used for debt repayment, limiting funds for development.
  • eg, 10% of Ethiopia’s government revenue goes towards international debt repayment.
21
Q

talk about economic factor: Availability of Capital

A
  • Availability of capital is crucial for acquiring technology and equipment for development.
  • Many LICs lack capital to build infrastructure like roads and railways, hindering industrialization.
  • Insufficient capital also limits social development, affecting access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
22
Q

What are the 4 environmental factors?

A
  1. Geographical Location
  2. Climatic Conditions
  3. natural disasters
  4. Availability of Natural Resources
22
Q

talk about environmental factor: 2. Climatic Conditions

A
  • Climatic conditions impact agriculture, farming, and disease spread, influencing development rates.
  • Harsh climates, like Sub-Saharan Africa’s hot and dry conditions, hinder large-scale agriculture.
  • Tropical regions face challenges from diseases like malaria and dengue due to favorable conditions for mosquitoes.
23
Q

talk about environmental factor: 1. Geographical Location

A
  • Coastal locations generally develop faster than landlocked regions due to better access to international trade.
  • International trade, primarily through shipping, boosts economic development.
  • eg, China’s southeastern cities developed faster than northwestern regions due to proximity to sea trade routes, facilitating easier export of goods.
24
Q

talk about environmental factor: 3. natural disasters

A
  • Natural disasters hinder development by destroying investments and infrastructure.
  • Resources are diverted to rebuilding and repair, limiting funds for further infrastructure development.
25
Q

talk about environmental factor: 4. Availability of Natural Resources

A
  • Countries with natural resources generally develop faster by exporting them and using the earnings for development.
  • However, having natural resources does not always guarantee faster development.
  • Ownership of resources by a small wealthy elite can limit benefits to the broader population.
  • For instance, despite Saudi Arabia’s significant oil revenue, many Saudis lack adequate housing, healthcare, and education due to profits mainly benefiting the elite.
  • Similarly, in Brunei, resource wealth primarily benefits a small proportion of the population.
26
Q

Demographic (so birth related) factors

(no sub factors so explanation is all here instead)

A
27
Q

talk about the historical factor colonialism

A
  • Colonial powers exploited colonies for natural resources, using forced labor and exporting raw materials for processing.
  • This exploitation created a dependence on low-value primary exports in the colonies, while colonial powers economically developed and widened disparities.
  • Infrastructure like roads and railways were developed, but social aspects such as education and healthcare were neglected.
  • The departure of colonial powers left a leadership void, leading to significant internal political conflicts in many colonies.
28
Q

Historical factor
only 1 sub factor. explanation not here

A

colonialism

Acadamic Subjects (35 decks)

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