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Acadamic Subjects > Development Geog EQ1 > Flashcards

Development Geog EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define development

A

developmenr can refer to the process aimed at achieving economic growth and as a result, a conducive environment for individuals to dnjoy a decent standard of living and quality of life

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2
Q

define economic growth

A

Economic growth refers to the increase in a country’s wealth over time. Such changes are usually measured in percentages. It has been widely seen as a good indicator of the health of a country’s economy and whether development is taking place.

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3
Q

define standard of living

A

Standard of living refers to the goods and services available to people in the environment they live in. Some examples include access to electricity, clean water supply, good healthcare services and facilities and efficient and affordable public and private transport.

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4
Q

define quality of life

A

Quality of life refers to the well-being of the people. It is dependent on factors such as political and religious freedom, environmental health and happiness, which are difficult to measure.

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5
Q

HIC and LIC stand for?

A

High income countries
low income countries

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6
Q

countries w what properties are knows as HIC?

A

countries that have high wealth and incomes, have a highly developed economy, and whose people
enjoy a high standard of living and quality of life,

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7
Q

countries w what properties are knows as LIC?

A

countries w what properties are knows as LIC?

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8
Q

give me the types of indicators that can help determine aspects of developnent

A

economic
social: health, education
Composit
Others

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9
Q

economic indicators

A

Gross National Income per capita, Gross Domestic Prodcut per capita

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10
Q

Social education indicators

A

exepcted years of schooling, mean years of school, adult literacy rate

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10
Q

Composite

A

human development index (HDI)

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11
Q

Social health indicators

A

life expectancy at brth, infant mortality rate, water supply and sanitation

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12
Q

Others

A

happiness, political freedom

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13
Q

WHAT is gross national income (GNI) an indicator of?

A

access a country’s wealth

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14
Q

GNI FOrmula

A

(total value of goods and services produced by country/year + income received from overseas sources) - payment to overseas recipients

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15
Q

What and why is gni adjusted to reflect?

A

Given that the cost of living between countries is often different, GNIs are also adjusted to reflect the purchasing power of the population.

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15
Q

_indicator + _indicator = _indicator

A

economic + social = composite

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16
Q

the GNI value is adjusted using the _____(1)_____ calulated by the ___(2)____

A
  1. purchasing power parity rate
  2. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Dveelopment (OECD)
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17
Q

World bank catrgorises countries based on their per capita income levels:

LIC:
lower middle
upper middle
HIC

A

$1,085 or less
between $1086 and $4255
$4256 and $13205
$13205 or more

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18
Q

National income per capita is usefule for 3 reasons:

Hint: Criminal Investigation Scene

A
  • Comparing the wealth of countries
    ● Identification of countries that require aid.
    ● Showing the state of a country’s economy and provision of services.
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19
Q

Limitations of national income/capita
[3 limitatiuons]

A
  1. it does not show differences between individuals or regions. Despite ahigh GNI per capita, the population may not be able to afford essential goods and services.
  2. do not take into account informal economic activities (not regulated and not taxed by the government). Many in LICs tend to be involved in
    informal employment, and the incomes from these are not considered.
  3. Other aspects of development are not considered
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20
Q
  1. national income per capita does not show differences between individuals or regions. Despite ahigh GNI per capita, the population may not be able to afford essential goods and services.

example

A

○ Eg. in 2016, the USA had GNI per capita of US$57,000, but 1.2% of its population lived below the international poverty line of US$1.90/day.

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21
Q

national income per capita do not take into account informal economic activities (not regulated and not taxed by the government). Many in LICs tend to be involved in
informal employment, and the incomes from these are not considered.

example

A

The regions with the highest share of informality during 2010-17 are sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean-both at 34% of GDP.

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22
Q

Other aspects of development are not considered
example

A

Social and environmental costs brought about by economic development, which can lower
standard of living and quality of life.

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23
Q

besides national income per capita, what other indicator measures the wealth of a country and how does it calculate that?

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

24
Q

If there was a table of data asking which country is more economically developed, what are the steps in the answer?

A
  1. _____ is more developed
  2. _____ has a higher GNI per capita than _____, (Currency)$_____ against $_____.
  3. This suggests that citizens of _____ have a higher average income than that of of _______
25
Q

The population’s characteristics can be taken as an indicator of a country’s level of development. What is one demographic indicator commonly used?

include how to measure it!

A

level of urbanisation

proportion of a
population living in urban areas.

26
Q

Why do HICs tend to have a greater level of urbanisation that LICs?

A
  1. HICs tend to have the resources to develop cities with modern infrastructure and facilities such as
    hospitals, electricity and water supply.
  2. A large proportion of the population may also be living in urban areas because they work in higher paying secondary and tertiary industries that are mostly located there.

BUT FOR LICs
- tedn to live in rural area the majority of the population and they tend to woerk in primary industries such as agriculture

27
Q

Define life expectancy:

A

average number of years that a person can expect to live in a particular country.

28
Q

factors that increase the life expectancy of a country?
[2]

A
  • more national revenue allocated to the provision of healthcare and medical facilities
  • income of the population improves, the likelihood of people having sufficient food to eat and getting sufficient nutrients from different types of food also increases.
29
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

the rate at which the number of babies less than one year of age dies, for every 1000 live births, in a year.

30
Q

Why do more developed countries tend to have a lower infant mortality rate? And what are the effects of these factors on the babies?

A
  • more developed healthcare infrastructure
  • a greater number of trained healthcare professionals
  • greater access to sanitation and safe drinking water

reducing the vulnerability of infants to waterborne diseases such
as diarrhoea.

31
Q

What are some weaknessses of the indicator, infant mortality rate?
[there are 2]

A
  • Lack of data
    eg. some rural areas in some countries dont register all the babies born which could affect the data
  • difference in calculation
    different countries calculate infant mortality rate differently.
32
Q

Define access to safe drinking water

A

the percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources.

33
Q

Access to safe drinking
water can reduce…

A

the vulnerability of the population to waterborne diseases such as cholera and polio, and hence improve the health of a population.

34
Q

Improved drinking sources refer to…

A

to sources of safe drinking water, which can include a piped household water connection, a public standpipe or a protected dug well.

35
Q

Define access to sanitation

A

the percentage of the population which has access and are using improved sanitation facilities.

36
Q

The access to sanitation facilities enable people to…

A

dispose of human waste hygienically.

36
Q

Countries with proper sanitation facilities have what?

A

toilets with proper flushing and waste disposal systems.

36
Q

What happens of sanitation is poor?

A

If sanitation is poor, such as when human waste is not properly disposed of but left in the open, people will be exposed to bacteria exposed in the waste, which can cause contamination of the environment and water.

37
Q

Define education indicators

A

the degree of education and knowledge of its society.

38
Q

why is higher education, is considered to be a national priority?

A

education, especially higher education, is considered to be a national priority which
contributes to economic development as well as the development of society in general.

39
Q

HICs tend to have sufficient resources to develop a good education system which can help by:

A
  • A highly-educated workforce is able to support high-tech industries and other tertiary industries.
    ○ Working in such industries sometimes means that wages tend to be higher.
39
Q

LICs may not have the resources to develop educational institutions which means?

A

Some people in less-developed countries may not be able to afford the cost of education.

This also means that many less-developed countries are disadvantaged,

40
Q

Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years

A

Average number of years of education received by people age 25 and older, converted from educational attainment levels using official durations of each level.

40
Q

The level of education in countries can be measured by 3 things:

A
  • Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
  • Expected years of schooling for children of school entering age
  • Adult Literacy Rate
41
Q

Expected years of schooling for children of school entering age

A

Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing
patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life.

41
Q

Adult Literacy Rate

A

Adult literacy rate refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to read,
write and understand simple statements.

42
Q

What does Human Development Index do?

A

HDI measures and compares the levels of development in diff countries.

42
Q

what is a composite indicator?

A

composite indicators compile multiple indicators into a single index

43
Q

How to measure HDI?

A

The closer the index of a country is to 1, the higher the level of development

43
Q

What are the 3 main aspects of the country the HDI focuses on and their respective indicators?

A

Economic: Gross National income per capita

Demographic/Health: Life expectancy

Social/education: mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expcted years of schooling for children of school-entering age

43
Q

HDI Value of a country are divided into 4 groups:

A

four groups:
● 0.80 – 1.00: Very high human development
● 0.70 – 0.799: High human development
● 0.55 – 0.699: Medium human development
● Below 0.55: Low human development

44
Q

What are the limitations of HDI?
there are 3

A
  • Data availability:
    HIC - data is easier to obtain
    LIC - data may not be available in rural areas. in LICs with a large informal sector, estimates of data would be used instead, resulting in an inaccurate assessment of development.
  • Limited aspects:
    other important aspects (human rights, political freedom) not covered in HDI
  • Time lag
    The HDI results are only published a while after the data has been collected as time is need to analyse and compile it. This limitation especially affects countries with a
    fast-developing economic sector, the published data will no-longer be reflective of the current level of
    development
44
Q

WHat are the advantages of HDI?
[there are 3]

A
  • provides a comprehensive method of measuring development:
  • measure economic wealth (GNI) and quality fo life (health care and education)
  • easy to compare across countries.
  • The indicators are commonly measured or easy to obtain.
45
Q

Define development gap

A

the difference in development between the higher income countries and lower income countries is known as a development gap.

46
Q

Talk about the difference between the rich and poor and how this difference is growing:

A
  • people in urban areas tent to have higher incomes than rural areas
  • wealthier residents can invest in education and healthcare for their families while the poor residents are trapped in poverty
  • migrants from rural areas move to cities search for a better job and education opportunities. these migrants are less wealthy and could end up in squatters and slums.
47
Q

What are some limitations of the education indicator?

A
  • The indicators do not shed light on the quality of education received by the population.

● The qualifications received by the population does not necessarily translate to a high income.

48
Q
A
48
Q
A

Acadamic Subjects (35 decks)

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