Bio Term 1 Test Flashcards
Difference between Light and Electron Micrograph (4)
- LM is coloured but EM is black and white
- LM shows a 2D image while EM shows a 3D image
- LM can zoom up 1000X but EM can zoom up to 200000X
- The ultrastructure of a cell can be seen through the EM but not the LM
Organelles [Bacteria]
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane
- Ribosome
- Flagellum (pl. Flagella)
- DNA
- cytoplasm
- plasmid
Organelles [virus]
- Protein coat
- Genetic material (DNA/RNA)
About Bacterias
- single-celled organism
- No membrane bound nucleus
- Single circular DNA
- May have small circular DNA molecules known as plasmids
- Some bacteria are pathogenic (disease causing) while others are non-pathogenic (non disease causing)
About virus
- A virus has both living and known living characteristics
- Does not have any cellular structure - cell membrane, cytoplasm, etc.
- It can reproduce, but only when it enters a living cell which acts as a host - host cell contains ribosomes, enzymes [necessary for reproduction]
Cell wall [Functions]
gives the cell shape and structure and prevents the cell from injuring (Fully permeable) - made of cellulose
Cytoplasm[Functions]
site where most cellular reactions occur
NucleusFunctions]
controls all cellular activities and contains genetic materials such as DNA
Chromatin[Functions]
composed mainly of DNA (chromatin threads condense to become chromosomes)
RER[Functions]
- Synthesises proteins (ribosomes are attached to the outer surface of the RER)
- The RER transports proteins made by ribosomes to the Golgi body fir secretion out of the cell
Ribosomes[Functions]
- Small round structures that are attached to the RER/lie freely in the cytoplasm
- Ribosomes attached to the RER → makes proteins that are usually transported out of the cell
- Ribosomes lying freely in the cytoplasm → Makes proteins that are used within the cytoplasm of the
SER[Functions]
Synthesis of substances such as fats and steroids (Sex hormones), Converts harmful substances to harmless ones through detoxification
Golgi apparatus[Functions]
Chemically modifies substances made by the ER, stores and packages these substances in vesicles to be discharged out of the cell
Vesicles fuse with GA and pinch out to carry proteins out of the cell
Mitochondria[Functions]
abt the membraen aso
Site of aerobic respiration where energy is produced in the form of ATP (double membrane bound)
Chloroplast[Functions]
Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which is essential for photosynthesis (oval structures)
Vacuoles[Functions]
- A fluid-filled space enclosed by a partially permeable membrane, stores substances within a cell
- Plant Cell → large central vacuole which contains cell sap (dissolved sugar, mineral salts, amino acid)
- Animal Cell → many small vacuoles that contain water and food substances. (exists temporarily)
Plasma Membrane[Functions]
**made of…
Partially permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell (made of lipids and proteins)
RER [Structure]
consists of a network of flattened spaces lined with a membrane
Nucleus + chromosomes [Structure]
- urrounded by a membrane called nuclear membrane
- Chromosomes - long thread-like structure found within the nucleus
SER[Structure]
SER is more tubular than RER and is connected to the RER
GA + Vesicles[Structure]
- Shaped like a disc, consists of a stack of flattened spaces surrounded by a membrane
- Vesicles - tiny spherical spaces enclosed by a membrane
Mitochondria[Structure]
Small, oval-shaped organelle
Differentiation
process by which a cell becomes specialised for a
specific function
Specialised cells
cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
Tissue
A group of cells that develop in the same way and have the same structure and functions
What is the difference between free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the RER
Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and synthesise proteins for internal use, while ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesise proteins for secretion or membrane incorporation.
Organ
A group of tissues that have combined to form a single structure. The tissues work together to perform a specific overall function
Organ System
A group of organs within and organism that function collectively to carry out a particular process
How are the RER and GA related/Relationship between the RER and GA
After the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesises proteins, it packages them into transport vesicles that travel to the Golgi apparatus (GA). In the Golgi apparatus, proteins undergo modification, sorting, and packaging into vesicles for transportation to their specific cellular destinations.
Relationship between RER and mitochondrion
While the RER synthesises proteins, including those required for mitochondrial function, mitochondria, in turn, utilize these synthesised proteins to carry out aerobic respiration and produce ATP
