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Acadamic Subjects > Geog Development EQ 2 > Flashcards

Geog Development EQ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

SPEED+H

A

Social
Political
Economic
Environmental
Demographic
Historical

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2
Q

what do we used the SPEED+H factors for?

A

to categorise the different influences on the level of development of countries.

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3
Q

Social Factors eg.

A
  1. lvl of education of pop
  2. provision and accessibility of healthcare
  3. Role of women
  4. Rate of population growth
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4
Q

talk abot the social factor 1. lvl of education of pop

A

level of ecutaion of the working pop influences type of work they take on - affect income generated - affect GNI + standard of iving of the ppl

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5
Q

factors that affect lack of higher level education:

A
  1. large proportion of the population is unable to afford education at higher levels
  2. Limited resources for educational facilities and teacher training reduce access to tertiary education - a workforce unfit for higher-skilled jobs - lower income potential.
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6
Q

talk about social factor 3. role of women

A
  • Cultural beliefs limit women’s access to education and employment.
  • Reduces women’s economic participation and national income.
  • Limited education leads to less family planning knowledge and higher birth rates.
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6
Q

talk abt the social factor 2. provision and accessibility of healthcare

A
  1. provision and accessibility of healthcare - affects ife expectancy + productivity of the ppl in the country
  2. poor access to healthcare - people are ill more often - shorter life expecatncy + creates a lower quality of life
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7
Q

talk about social factor 4. Rate of population growth

A
  • Norms and beliefs affect attitudes towards birth rates and family size, not just women edu
  • Large families are needed for farm labor in agricultural communities.
  • High birth rates strain resources for food, healthcare, and education.
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8
Q

Political factors:

A
  1. governance
  2. political stability
  3. political ideology
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9
Q

talk about political factor 1. governance
(THERE IS 1 EXAMPLE HERE SO SAY THAT TOO!!)

A
  • A well-organized, accountable, and transparent government promotes justice and improves the quality of life.
  • Many low-income countries face corruption, hindering development and growth.
  • Corruption increases costs, impedes business, and reduces public trust, limiting policy effectiveness.

Example (World Bank): High-corruption countries have one-third the income, triple the infant mortality rate, and a 25% lower literacy rate than low-corruption countries.

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10
Q

talk about political factor 2. political stability

A
  • Stable governments attract investment by providing a favorable environment with predictable policies and security.
  • Countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos face challenges from unexploded bombs, which endanger health and hinder economic activities.
  • Cleanup efforts for these explosives are costly.
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11
Q

talk about political factor 3. political ideology

A
  • communist countries typically developed slower than capitalist countries
  • eg. South Korea, a democratic capitalist nation, enjoys higher wealth and living standards compared to authoritarian North Korea.
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12
Q

talk about the 4 sub catogories of economic factors + wat they refer too. super simple!

A
  • Economic structure affects GNI by reflecting the value of goods produced.
  • Employment structure shows the proportion of the workforce in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.
  • Foreign debt.
  • Availability of capital.
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13
Q

ALL ABOUT SECONDARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (1 main)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A
  1. Description
    - These industries take raw materials and turn them into finished products or parts used by other industries.
  2. Can be further categorized into:
    -Labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries (depending on whether they rely more on workers or machinery).
  • Light industries (which usually produce smaller goods) / heavy industries (which produce larger goods like machinery or vehicles).
  1. Examples (3)
    - Manufacturing of products (e.g., clothes, shoes, electronics, food processing)
  2. HICs
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13
Q

ALL ABOUT PRIMARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A
  1. description activities directly involved with natural resources
  2. examples (3)
    - fishing
    - agriculture
    - mining
  3. LICs
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14
Q

ALL ABOUT TERTIARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (2)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)

A

Includes services that are either basic (essential) or premium (higher quality), helping to distribute manufactured products to various places and markets for assembly, consumption, or purchase.

  1. examples
    - Transportation
    - retail
  2. HICs
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14
Q

ALL ABOUT QUATERNARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works

A
  1. description
    Knowledge-based or high-tech industries
    * SOMETIMES considered as tertiary industries
  2. examples (2)
    - Banking
    - Finance
    - Legal
  3. HICs
15
Q

Where do a large population of LICs work?

A
  • works in primary industries due to limited education qualifications (low no. of years of schooling)
  • This limits the availability of a skilled workforce for secondary and tertiary industries in these countries.
16
Q

why do Primary sector industries generate lower revenue?

A
  • Primary industries (e.g., agriculture) often yield unstable and lower revenues due to fluctuating product prices.
  • Wages in primary industries tend to be lower compared to secondary and tertiary sectors.
16
Q

why do a large proportion of HICs work in S, T sector industries?

A
  • HICs have a larger proportion of their workforce in secondary and tertiary industries.
  • Goods and services from these sectors generally have higher value, contributing to higher national revenues.
  • Longer schooling in HICs results in a more skilled workforce and higher wages in secondary and tertiary industries compared to primary sectors.
17
Q

talk about economic factor: foreign debt

A
  • Some countries take on debt from international organizations to finance development plans.
  • A significant portion of LDCs’ revenues is used for debt repayment, limiting funds for development.
  • eg, 10% of Ethiopia’s government revenue goes towards international debt repayment.
18
Q

talk about environmental factor: 2. Climatic Conditions

A
  • Climatic conditions impact agriculture, farming, and disease spread, influencing development rates.
  • Harsh climates, like Sub-Saharan Africa’s hot and dry conditions, hinder large-scale agriculture.
  • Tropical regions face challenges from diseases like malaria and dengue due to favorable conditions for mosquitoes.
18
Q

talk about economic factor: Availability of Capital

A
  • Availability of capital is crucial for acquiring technology and equipment for development.
  • Many LICs lack capital to build infrastructure like roads and railways, hindering industrialization.
  • Insufficient capital also limits social development, affecting access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
19
Q

What are the 4 environmental factors?

A
  1. Geographical Location
  2. Climatic Conditions
  3. natural disasters
  4. Availability of Natural Resources
20
Q

talk about environmental factor: 1. Geographical Location

A
  • Coastal locations generally develop faster than landlocked regions due to better access to international trade.
  • International trade, primarily through shipping, boosts economic development.
  • eg, China’s southeastern cities developed faster than northwestern regions due to proximity to sea trade routes, facilitating easier export of goods.
21
Q

talk about environmental factor: 3. natural disasters

A
  • Natural disasters hinder development by destroying investments and infrastructure.
  • Resources are diverted to rebuilding and repair, limiting funds for further infrastructure development.
22
Q

talk about environmental factor: 4. Availability of Natural Resources

A
  • Countries with natural resources generally develop faster by exporting them and using the earnings for development.
  • However, having natural resources does not always guarantee faster development.
  • Ownership of resources by a small wealthy elite can limit benefits to the broader population.
23
Q
  1. Availability of Natural Resources

EXAMPLE

A
  • For instance, despite Saudi Arabia’s significant oil revenue, many Saudis lack adequate housing, healthcare, and education due to profits mainly benefiting the elite.
  • Similarly, in Brunei, resource wealth primarily benefits a small proportion of the population.
24
Q

Demographic (so birth related) factors

A
  • High birth rates and rapid population growth make development harder due to overpopulation.
  • Overpopulated countries struggle to support their population with available resources.
  • High young dependency ratios channel resources to basic needs, leaving little for economic development.
  • Countries with a large economically active population can develop rapidly if conditions are favourable.
25
Q

talk about the historical factor colonialism

A
  • Colonies were exploited for raw materials using forced labor, creating dependence on low-value primary exports.
  • Infrastructure like roads was built, but education and healthcare were largely ignored.
  • The exit of colonial powers left a leadership void, causing political conflicts.
26
Q

Historical factor
only 1 sub factor.

A

colonialism

27
Q

Healthcare! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

SOCIAL

Singapore: Top-ranked globally (6th), 80% use public healthcare, life expectancy 84.3 years, infant mortality 1.41. Accessible healthcare boosts productivity.

South Sudan: Limited access (13%), life expectancy 55.4 years, infant mortality 63.8 per 1,000. High disease burden impacts productivity and development.

28
Q

Education! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

SOCIAL

Singapore: High literacy (>95%), average schooling of 11.7 years, 63.1% with post-secondary qualifications. Strong workforce attracts investments.

South Sudan: Low literacy (34.5%), 54.7% of illiterate adults are female. Only 1.54% of GDP spent on education, with 2.8 million children out of school.

29
Q

Gender Disparity! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

SOCIAL

Singapore: Equal access to education and employment for males and females. Maximizes labor force potential for economic growth.

South Sudan: Low female literacy and healthcare access. Poor maternal health and low female economic participation. Harmful traditional practices like child marriages are prevalent, limiting social development.

29
Q

Stability and Conflicts! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

POLITICAL

Singapore: High political stability attracts foreign investments, contributing to a high GNI per capita PPP of US$67,000 (2022).

South Sudan: Political conflicts and unrest have deterred investments. Post-independence conflicts have caused infrastructure damage and hampered development. GNI per capita PPP was USD1044 (2015).

30
Q

Governance! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

POLITICAL

Singapore: Effective governance with a focus on education, healthcare, infrastructure, and zero tolerance for corruption. High homeownership (90% in 2023).

South Sudan: Struggles with establishing a governing system due to armed opposition groups. Rampant corruption discourages investment and hinders social infrastructure development.

31
Q

Economic Structure! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

ECONOMIC

Singapore: Developed economy with the tertiary sector as the largest (70.85% of GDP in 2022). Agriculture contributes only 0.03%. High income drives growth in Singapore, creating a positive cycle of investment and economic development.

South Sudan: Reliance on primary industry. The oil sector contributes 90% to the budget but benefits a small group. Limited development in other sectors.

32
Q

Foreign Debt! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

ECONOMIC

Singapore: National debt-to-GDP ratio at 131.19% (2020) but with a net debt-to-GDP ratio of 0% due to asset value. Government borrows for specific infrastructure projects.

South Sudan: Increasing debt since independence. National revenue is directed towards debt repayment, limiting development.

33
Q

Geographical Location! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

Singapore: Coastal location boosts trade, generating revenue and jobs. The maritime industry contributes 7% of GDP.
South Sudan: Landlocked, making trade difficult. Relies on Sudan for oil pipeline operation, leading to ongoing conflict over oil revenue.

34
Q

Natural Resources! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

ENVRIONMENTAL!

Singapore: Lacks natural resources but overcomes this through importing, research, innovation, and outsourcing.

South Sudan: Rich in oil and minerals but faces a “resource curse.” Internal and border conflicts over resource control impede development.

35
Q

Colonial History! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

DEMOGRAPHIC + HISTORICAL

Singapore: Developed as a trading port under British rule, establishing global trade links. Today, the port plays a significant role in the economy.

South Sudan: Southern Sudan was neglected during British colonial rule, resulting in limited economic and social development compared to the north.

36
Q

Population Structure! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?

A

DEMOGRAPHIC + HISTORICAL

Singapore: Large economically active population (EAP) in the early stages of development. Anti-natalist policies prevented overpopulation and resource strain.

South Sudan: Rapid population growth (4.12%), with a young population. High national revenue allocation to basic services like education and healthcare limits funds for economic development.

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