Geog Development EQ 2 Flashcards
SPEED+H
Social
Political
Economic
Environmental
Demographic
Historical
what do we used the SPEED+H factors for?
to categorise the different influences on the level of development of countries.
Social Factors eg.
- lvl of education of pop
- provision and accessibility of healthcare
- Role of women
- Rate of population growth
talk abot the social factor 1. lvl of education of pop
level of ecutaion of the working pop influences type of work they take on - affect income generated - affect GNI + standard of iving of the ppl
factors that affect lack of higher level education:
- large proportion of the population is unable to afford education at higher levels
- Limited resources for educational facilities and teacher training reduce access to tertiary education - a workforce unfit for higher-skilled jobs - lower income potential.
talk about social factor 3. role of women
- Cultural beliefs limit women’s access to education and employment.
- Reduces women’s economic participation and national income.
- Limited education leads to less family planning knowledge and higher birth rates.
talk abt the social factor 2. provision and accessibility of healthcare
- provision and accessibility of healthcare - affects ife expectancy + productivity of the ppl in the country
- poor access to healthcare - people are ill more often - shorter life expecatncy + creates a lower quality of life
talk about social factor 4. Rate of population growth
- Norms and beliefs affect attitudes towards birth rates and family size, not just women edu
- Large families are needed for farm labor in agricultural communities.
- High birth rates strain resources for food, healthcare, and education.
Political factors:
- governance
- political stability
- political ideology
talk about political factor 1. governance
(THERE IS 1 EXAMPLE HERE SO SAY THAT TOO!!)
- A well-organized, accountable, and transparent government promotes justice and improves the quality of life.
- Many low-income countries face corruption, hindering development and growth.
- Corruption increases costs, impedes business, and reduces public trust, limiting policy effectiveness.
Example (World Bank): High-corruption countries have one-third the income, triple the infant mortality rate, and a 25% lower literacy rate than low-corruption countries.
talk about political factor 2. political stability
- Stable governments attract investment by providing a favorable environment with predictable policies and security.
- Countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos face challenges from unexploded bombs, which endanger health and hinder economic activities.
- Cleanup efforts for these explosives are costly.
talk about political factor 3. political ideology
- communist countries typically developed slower than capitalist countries
- eg. South Korea, a democratic capitalist nation, enjoys higher wealth and living standards compared to authoritarian North Korea.
talk about the 4 sub catogories of economic factors + wat they refer too. super simple!
- Economic structure affects GNI by reflecting the value of goods produced.
- Employment structure shows the proportion of the workforce in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.
- Foreign debt.
- Availability of capital.
ALL ABOUT SECONDARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (1 main)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
- Description
- These industries take raw materials and turn them into finished products or parts used by other industries. - Can be further categorized into:
-Labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries (depending on whether they rely more on workers or machinery).
- Light industries (which usually produce smaller goods) / heavy industries (which produce larger goods like machinery or vehicles).
- Examples (3)
- Manufacturing of products (e.g., clothes, shoes, electronics, food processing) - HICs
ALL ABOUT PRIMARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
- description activities directly involved with natural resources
- examples (3)
- fishing
- agriculture
- mining - LICs
ALL ABOUT TERTIARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (2)
3. which industry works to most in this sector (no explanation here)
Includes services that are either basic (essential) or premium (higher quality), helping to distribute manufactured products to various places and markets for assembly, consumption, or purchase.
- examples
- Transportation
- retail - HICs
ALL ABOUT QUATERNARY SECTOR:
1. description
2. examples (3)
3. which industry works
- description
Knowledge-based or high-tech industries
* SOMETIMES considered as tertiary industries - examples (2)
- Banking
- Finance
- Legal - HICs
Where do a large population of LICs work?
- works in primary industries due to limited education qualifications (low no. of years of schooling)
- This limits the availability of a skilled workforce for secondary and tertiary industries in these countries.
why do Primary sector industries generate lower revenue?
- Primary industries (e.g., agriculture) often yield unstable and lower revenues due to fluctuating product prices.
- Wages in primary industries tend to be lower compared to secondary and tertiary sectors.
why do a large proportion of HICs work in S, T sector industries?
- HICs have a larger proportion of their workforce in secondary and tertiary industries.
- Goods and services from these sectors generally have higher value, contributing to higher national revenues.
- Longer schooling in HICs results in a more skilled workforce and higher wages in secondary and tertiary industries compared to primary sectors.
talk about economic factor: foreign debt
- Some countries take on debt from international organizations to finance development plans.
- A significant portion of LDCs’ revenues is used for debt repayment, limiting funds for development.
- eg, 10% of Ethiopia’s government revenue goes towards international debt repayment.
talk about environmental factor: 2. Climatic Conditions
- Climatic conditions impact agriculture, farming, and disease spread, influencing development rates.
- Harsh climates, like Sub-Saharan Africa’s hot and dry conditions, hinder large-scale agriculture.
- Tropical regions face challenges from diseases like malaria and dengue due to favorable conditions for mosquitoes.
talk about economic factor: Availability of Capital
- Availability of capital is crucial for acquiring technology and equipment for development.
- Many LICs lack capital to build infrastructure like roads and railways, hindering industrialization.
- Insufficient capital also limits social development, affecting access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
What are the 4 environmental factors?
- Geographical Location
- Climatic Conditions
- natural disasters
- Availability of Natural Resources
talk about environmental factor: 1. Geographical Location
- Coastal locations generally develop faster than landlocked regions due to better access to international trade.
- International trade, primarily through shipping, boosts economic development.
- eg, China’s southeastern cities developed faster than northwestern regions due to proximity to sea trade routes, facilitating easier export of goods.
talk about environmental factor: 3. natural disasters
- Natural disasters hinder development by destroying investments and infrastructure.
- Resources are diverted to rebuilding and repair, limiting funds for further infrastructure development.
talk about environmental factor: 4. Availability of Natural Resources
- Countries with natural resources generally develop faster by exporting them and using the earnings for development.
- However, having natural resources does not always guarantee faster development.
- Ownership of resources by a small wealthy elite can limit benefits to the broader population.
- Availability of Natural Resources
EXAMPLE
- For instance, despite Saudi Arabia’s significant oil revenue, many Saudis lack adequate housing, healthcare, and education due to profits mainly benefiting the elite.
- Similarly, in Brunei, resource wealth primarily benefits a small proportion of the population.
Demographic (so birth related) factors
- High birth rates and rapid population growth make development harder due to overpopulation.
- Overpopulated countries struggle to support their population with available resources.
- High young dependency ratios channel resources to basic needs, leaving little for economic development.
- Countries with a large economically active population can develop rapidly if conditions are favourable.
talk about the historical factor colonialism
- Colonies were exploited for raw materials using forced labor, creating dependence on low-value primary exports.
- Infrastructure like roads was built, but education and healthcare were largely ignored.
- The exit of colonial powers left a leadership void, causing political conflicts.
Historical factor
only 1 sub factor.
colonialism
Healthcare! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
SOCIAL
Singapore: Top-ranked globally (6th), 80% use public healthcare, life expectancy 84.3 years, infant mortality 1.41. Accessible healthcare boosts productivity.
South Sudan: Limited access (13%), life expectancy 55.4 years, infant mortality 63.8 per 1,000. High disease burden impacts productivity and development.
Education! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
SOCIAL
Singapore: High literacy (>95%), average schooling of 11.7 years, 63.1% with post-secondary qualifications. Strong workforce attracts investments.
South Sudan: Low literacy (34.5%), 54.7% of illiterate adults are female. Only 1.54% of GDP spent on education, with 2.8 million children out of school.
Gender Disparity! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
SOCIAL
Singapore: Equal access to education and employment for males and females. Maximizes labor force potential for economic growth.
South Sudan: Low female literacy and healthcare access. Poor maternal health and low female economic participation. Harmful traditional practices like child marriages are prevalent, limiting social development.
Stability and Conflicts! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
POLITICAL
Singapore: High political stability attracts foreign investments, contributing to a high GNI per capita PPP of US$67,000 (2022).
South Sudan: Political conflicts and unrest have deterred investments. Post-independence conflicts have caused infrastructure damage and hampered development. GNI per capita PPP was USD1044 (2015).
Governance! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
POLITICAL
Singapore: Effective governance with a focus on education, healthcare, infrastructure, and zero tolerance for corruption. High homeownership (90% in 2023).
South Sudan: Struggles with establishing a governing system due to armed opposition groups. Rampant corruption discourages investment and hinders social infrastructure development.
Economic Structure! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
ECONOMIC
Singapore: Developed economy with the tertiary sector as the largest (70.85% of GDP in 2022). Agriculture contributes only 0.03%. High income drives growth in Singapore, creating a positive cycle of investment and economic development.
South Sudan: Reliance on primary industry. The oil sector contributes 90% to the budget but benefits a small group. Limited development in other sectors.
Foreign Debt! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
ECONOMIC
Singapore: National debt-to-GDP ratio at 131.19% (2020) but with a net debt-to-GDP ratio of 0% due to asset value. Government borrows for specific infrastructure projects.
South Sudan: Increasing debt since independence. National revenue is directed towards debt repayment, limiting development.
Geographical Location! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
ENVIRONMENTAL
Singapore: Coastal location boosts trade, generating revenue and jobs. The maritime industry contributes 7% of GDP.
South Sudan: Landlocked, making trade difficult. Relies on Sudan for oil pipeline operation, leading to ongoing conflict over oil revenue.
Natural Resources! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
ENVRIONMENTAL!
Singapore: Lacks natural resources but overcomes this through importing, research, innovation, and outsourcing.
South Sudan: Rich in oil and minerals but faces a “resource curse.” Internal and border conflicts over resource control impede development.
Colonial History! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
DEMOGRAPHIC + HISTORICAL
Singapore: Developed as a trading port under British rule, establishing global trade links. Today, the port plays a significant role in the economy.
South Sudan: Southern Sudan was neglected during British colonial rule, resulting in limited economic and social development compared to the north.
Population Structure! Singapore VS South Sudan examples
+ What factor is this?
DEMOGRAPHIC + HISTORICAL
Singapore: Large economically active population (EAP) in the early stages of development. Anti-natalist policies prevented overpopulation and resource strain.
South Sudan: Rapid population growth (4.12%), with a young population. High national revenue allocation to basic services like education and healthcare limits funds for economic development.
