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Acadamic Subjects > Geog development eq 1 > Flashcards

Geog development eq 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define development

A

developmenr can refer to the process aimed at achieving economic growth and as a result, a conducive environment for individuals to dnjoy a decent standard of living and quality of life

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2
Q

define economic growth

A

Economic growth refers to the increase in a country’s wealth over time. Such changes are usually measured in percentages. It has been widely seen as a good indicator of the health of a country’s economy and whether development is taking place.

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3
Q

define standard of living

A

Standard of living refers to the goods and services available to people in the environment they live in. Some examples include access to electricity, clean water supply, good healthcare services and facilities and efficient and affordable public and private transport.

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4
Q

define quality of life

A

Quality of life refers to the well-being of the people. It is dependent on factors such as political and religious freedom, environmental health and happiness, which are difficult to measure.

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5
Q

HIC and LIC stand for?

A

High income countries
low income countries

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6
Q

countries w what properties are knows as HIC?

A
  • high wealth and incomes
  • a highly developed economy
  • people enjoy a high standard of living and quality of life
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6
Q

countries w what properties are knows as LIC?

A
  • Low GDP per capita
  • High poverty rates
  • Limited access to healthcare and education
  • Poor infrastructure and sanitation
  • High unemployment rates
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6
Q

give me the types of indicators that can help determine aspects of developnent

A

economic
social: health, education
Composit
Others

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7
Q

economic indicators

A

Gross National Income per capita, Gross Domestic Prodcut per capita

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8
Q

Social education indicators

A
  • Expected years of schooling
  • Mean years of schooling
  • Adult literacy rate
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9
Q

Composite

A

human development index (HDI)

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10
Q

Social health indicators

A
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Water supply and sanitation
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11
Q

Others types of indicators

A

happiness, political freedom

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12
Q

WHAT is gross national income (GNI) an indicator of?

A

assess a country’s wealth

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13
Q

GNI Formula

A

(total value of goods and services produced by country/year + income received from overseas sources) - payment to overseas recipients

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14
Q

What and why is gni adjusted to reflect?

A

Given that the cost of living between countries is often different, GNIs are also adjusted to reflect the purchasing power of the population.

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15
Q

_indicator + _indicator = _indicator

A

economic + social = composite

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16
Q

the GNI value is adjusted using the _____(1)_____ calculated by the ___(2)____

A
  1. purchasing power parity rate
  2. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Dveelopment (OECD)
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17
Q

World bank catrgorises countries based on their per capita income levels:

LIC:
lower middle
upper middle
HIC

A

$1,085 or less
between $1086 and $4255
$4256 and $13205
$13205 or more

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18
Q

Limitations of national income/capita
[3 limitatiuons]

A
  • it does not show differences between individuals or regions. Despite ahigh GNI per capita, the population may not be able to afford essential goods and services.
  • Ignores informal economic activities
  • Overlooks other aspects of development
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19
Q

National income per capita is usefule for 3 reasons:

Hint: Criminal Investigation Scene

A
  • Comparing the wealth of countries
    ● Identification of countries that require aid.
    ● Showing the state of a country’s economy and provision of services.
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20
Q

national income per capita do not take into account informal economic activities (not regulated and not taxed by the government). Many in LICs tend to be involved in informal employment, and the incomes from these are not considered.

example

A
  • The regions with the highest share of informaliIn sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America/Caribbean, 34% of GDP comes from informal activities.
  • Many people in these regions work in unregulated, untaxed jobs.
  • Earnings from these jobs aren’t included in national income figures.
  • This leads to national income per capita not reflecting the true economic contributions of these regions.
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20
Q
  1. national income per capita does not show differences between individuals or regions. Despite ahigh GNI per capita, the population may not be able to afford essential goods and services.

example

A

Eg. in 2016, the USA had GNI per capita of US$57,000, but 1.2% of its population lived below the international poverty line of US$1.90/day.

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21
Q

Why do HICs tend to have a greater level of urbanisation that LICs?

A
  • HICs often develop cities with modern infrastructure and facilities like hospitals, electricity, and water supply
  • A large portion of the population in HICs lives in urban areas, working in higher-paying secondary and tertiary industries
  • LICs typically have a majority of the population living in rural areas, working in primary industries like agriculture
21
Q

If there was a table of data asking which country is more economically developed, what are the steps in the answer?

A
  1. _____ is more developed
  2. _____ has a higher GNI per capita than _____, (Currency)$_____ against $_____.
  3. This suggests that citizens of _____ have a higher average income than that of of _______
22
Q

Other aspects of development are not considered
example

A

Social and environmental costs brought about by economic development, which can lower standard of living and quality of life.

23
Q

The population’s characteristics can be taken as an indicator of a country’s level of development. What is one demographic indicator commonly used?

include how to measure it!

A

level of urbanisation

proportion of a population living in urban areas.

23
Q

besides national income per capita, what other indicator measures the wealth of a country and how does it calculate that?

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

24
Q

Define life expectancy:

A

average number of years that a person can expect to live in a particular country.

25
Q

factors that increase the life expectancy of a country?

A
  • More national revenue is allocated to healthcare and medical facilities
  • As income improves, people are more likely to have sufficient food and diverse nutrients
26
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

the rate at which the number of babies less than one year of age dies, for every 1000 live births, in a year.

26
Q

Why do more developed countries tend to have a lower infant mortality rate? And what are the effects of these factors on the babies?

A
  • More developed healthcare infrastructure
  • A greater number of trained healthcare professionals
  • Greater access to sanitation and safe drinking water

Reducing the vulnerability of infants to waterborne diseases such as diarrhea

26
Q

What are some weaknessses of the indicator, infant mortality rate?
[there are 2]

A
  • Lack of data, as some rural areas may not register all births, affecting data accuracy
  • Differences in calculation methods, with countries using varying criteria for live births
27
Q

EXAMPLE OF infant mortality rate weaknesses

A

America consider babies born
weighing less than 500g to be live births. However, these babies have low odds of survival. This results in a higher reported infant mortality.

BUT

Europe apply a minimum gestational age of 22 weeks (or a birth weight threshold of 500g) for babies to be registered as live births. This will result in a lowered infant mortality rate.

28
Q

Define access to safe drinking water

A

the percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources.

29
Q

Access to safe drinking
water can reduce…

A

the vulnerability of the population to waterborne diseases such as cholera and polio, and hence improve the health of a population.

30
Q

Improved drinking sources refer to…

A
  • Sources of safe drinking water can include a piped household water connection
  • A public standpipe
  • A protected dug well
30
Q

Define education indicators

A

the degree of education and knowledge of its society.

31
Q

Define access to sanitation

A

the percentage of the population which has access and are using improved sanitation facilities.

32
Q

The access to sanitation facilities enable people to…

A

dispose of human waste hygienically.

33
Q

What happens of sanitation is poor?

A
  • Poor sanitation, like improper disposal of human waste left in the open, exposes people to bacteria
  • This can lead to environmental and water contamination
34
Q

why is higher education, is considered to be a national priority?

A
  • Education, especially higher education, is a national priority
  • It contributes to economic development and overall societal progress
35
Q

HICs tend to have sufficient resources to develop a good education system which can help by:

A
  • A highly-educated workforce is able to support high-tech industries and other tertiary industries.
    ○ Working in such industries sometimes means that wages tend to be higher.
36
Q

LICs may not have the resources to develop educational institutions which means?

A
  • Some people in less-developed countries may not be able to afford the cost of education
  • This also means that many less-developed countries are disadvantaged
37
Q

Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years

A
  • Average years of education for people aged 25 and older
  • Based on official durations for each education level
38
Q

The level of education in countries can be measured by 3 things:

A
  • Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
  • Expected years of schooling for children of school entering age
  • Adult Literacy Rate
39
Q

Expected years of schooling for children of school entering age

A
  • Number of years of schooling a child can expect to receive
  • Based on current enrolment rates if they remain the same throughout the child’s life
40
Q

Adult Literacy Rate

A

Adult literacy rate refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to read, write and understand simple statements.

41
Q

What does Human Development Index do?

A

HDI measures and compares the levels of development in diff countries.

42
Q

what is a composite indicator?

A

composite indicators compile multiple indicators into a single index

43
Q

How to measure HDI?

A

The closer the index of a country is to 1, the higher the level of development

44
Q

What are the 3 main aspects of the country the HDI focuses on and their respective indicators?

A
  • Economic: Gross National Income per capita
  • Demographic/Health: Life expectancy
  • Social/Education: Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and older, expected years of schooling for children of school-entering age
45
Q

HDI Value of a country are divided into 4 groups:

A

● 0.80 – 1.00: Very high human development
● 0.70 – 0.799: High human development
● 0.55 – 0.699: Medium human development
● Below 0.55: Low human development

46
Q

What are the limitations of HDI?
there are 3

A
  • Data availability: HICs have easier access to data — LICs may lack data and rely on estimates, affecting accuracy
  • Limited aspects: HDI does not cover important factors like human rights and political freedom
  • Time lag: HDI results are published with a delay — This may not reflect current development levels in rapidly developing countries
47
Q

WHat are the advantages of HDI?

A
  • Provides a comprehensive method of measuring development
  • Measures economic wealth (GNI) and quality of life (health care and education)
  • Easy to compare across countries
  • The indicators are commonly measured or easy to obtain
47
Q

Define development gap

A

the difference in development between the higher income countries and lower income countries is known as a development gap.

48
Q

Talk about the difference between the rich and poor and how this difference is growing:

A
  • Urban areas typically have higher incomes than rural areas
  • Wealthier residents can invest in education and healthcare, while poorer residents remain trapped in poverty
  • Migrants from rural areas move to cities seeking better job and education opportunities, but may end up in squatters and slums
49
Q

What are some limitations of the education indicator?

A
  • The indicators do not shed light on the quality of education received by the population.

● The qualifications received by the population does not necessarily translate to a high income.

Acadamic Subjects (35 decks)

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