Chemistry Chapter 2 [Kinetic Particle Theory] Flashcards
Define kinetic particle theory
The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of particles and these particles are in constant random motion
state the three states of matter
- solid
- liquid
- gas
what detrmines the physical state of matter?
adding/removinf energy from the particles affects the forces experienced by them, which in turn determines their physical state.
Explain the arrangement of particles in a liquid
- particles spacing in L is larger then that in S -> attractive forces are less strong
- arrangement is disorderly
- particles can slide past one another freely
- liquid has no definite shape but definite volume
- take on the shape of the container
Explain the arrangement of particles in a solid
- closely packed in an orderly manner
- thus, they vibrate/rotate about in their fixed positions only + have very low KE
- experienced strong attractive forces
- thus, a lot of energy is needed to break up the regular arrangement
- definite shape and volume
Explain the arrangement of particles in a gas
- particle spacing is so large that the attractive forces between them are very weak
- particles are found very far apart + disorderly manner
- particles can move quickly and randomly in any direction
- no definite shape or volume
- take up the shape and volume of its container
describe the energy conversion when a substance is heated
substance is heated - thermal energy (TE) is transfered to the substance - some of the energy is converted to KE of particles - increased KE of particles - increase in temp of substance
describe the energy conversion when a substance is cooled
substance is cooled - TE is trasfarred from substance to surroudnings - KE in particles of substance decreased - drop in temp of substance
what are known as transitional temperature
freezing, melting and boiling ppoints
hwo does heating curve from S to L look like
rise (AB), stagnant (BC), rise (CD)
from S to L state the state of matter in AB, BC and CD
solid, solid + liquid, liquid
describe AB of S to L heating curve (first increase)
- TE is converted to KE of the particles
- Partcles vibrate and rotate about faster in their fixed postion
- temp rises towards melting point
describe BC of S to L curve (stagnant)
- TE is absorbed from surroundings (eg. if ice is placed in a beaker of warm water then warm water is the TE source) + temp of solid is at Melting Point (MP)
- partciles with increased energy will overcome the FOA in solid state
- orderly packing arrangement of particle is disrupted
- solid + liquid is present at MP and temp remains constant throughout melting process
describe CD of S to L curve (2nd increase)
- after all of the solid melted at point C, TE is again cinverted to KE of particles
- partciels can move freely throughout the liquid
2 important points in the heating curve from S to L
B - melting point
C - All solid has melted into liquid
describe points PQ in a cooling curve from L to S (first drop)
- KE of particles is cknverted to TE which is transfered to surroungings
- less KE meaning particles slow down
how does a cooling curve look like?
drop, stagnant, drop
describe points QR in a cooling curve from L to S (stagnant)
- particles lose energy to the surroundings
- particles with less energy are drawn closer tgt bu the FOA between them
- particle arrangments becomes more orderly
- solid and liquid present during freezing process + temp remains constant
describe points RS in a cooling curve from L to S (2nd drop)
- after all liquid has solidified at point R -> KE is converted to TE and transfered to surroudning
2 partciles can only vibrate and rotate about in their fixed positions
from S to L state the state of matter in
PQ, QR, RS
liquid, liquid-solid mixture, solid
describe expansion and when it occurs
occurs when a solid is heatde at temp below its MP
- particles cant spread out freely as they are strongly attracted to each other
- partciles strat to vibrate more quickly in their fixed positions
- there is a slightly wider spacing then before.
explain what happens at KL when L turns to G (stangnat)
- TE is absorbed from surrounding and temp of liquid is that of BP
- particles w increased energy can overcome FOA in L state
- particles move further apart quickly and randomly
- liquid and gas present during boiling + temp remains constant
describe contratcion in solids
- when a solid is cooled TE is transfared from particles to surroundings
- paricles now possess less KE -> vibrate slower and come closer than before
explain what happens at LM when L turns to G (2nd rise)
- after all the liquid has boiled at L, thermal energy is converted to KS of particles
- particles move about faster in their fixed positions
describe how boiling occurs [a short overview]
- when temp is high enough, bubbles of gas are formed within the L as L changes into G (boiling basically)
- at BP TE transfared to the L -> substance chnages from L to G
- temp remains constant during boiling
what are the states of matter JK, KL and LM
liquid, liquid-gas micture, gas
describe how evaporation occurs
- liquid is heated -> particles gains TE which is converted to KE and particles slide past each other more quickly
- at the surface of the liquid in contact with air, some particles hv enough energy to overcome the attractive forces to “escape” form L as vapour
explain what happens at JK when L turns to G (First rise)
- TE is converted to KE of particles
- Particles slide past one another in increasing
Describe what happens from W - X, the first drop for condensation
GAS STATE
- KE of particles is converted to TE which is transferred to surroudings
- Less KE -> particles slow down
What happens from X-Y for condensation (plateau) for condensation
LIQUID-GAS STATE
1. Particle lose energy to the surroundings and the temp is at condensation point
2. Partciles with less energy are drawn closeer tgt by FOA between them
3. arrangement of particle becomes less disorderly
4. Gas abd liquid is present during condensation process
What happens from point Y-Z (final drop) for condensation
LIQUID
- After all gas has condensed at point Y, KE of particles is converted to thermal energy and transferred to the surroundings
- Particles can slide past each other freely throughout liquid ONLY
Converting from solid to gas?
Converting from gas to solid/
- sublimation
- vapour deposition
Define diffusion
diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
