Chemistry Chapter 2 [Kinetic Particle Theory]

Question 1

Define kinetic particle theory

Answer 1

The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of particles and these particles are in constant random motion

Question 2

state the three states of matter

Answer 2

1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas

Question 3

what detrmines the physical state of matter?

Answer 3

adding/removinf energy from the particles affects the forces experienced by them, which in turn determines their physical state.

Question 4

Explain the arrangement of particles in a liquid

Answer 4

1. particles spacing in L is larger then that in S -> attractive forces are less strong
2. arrangement is disorderly
3. particles can slide past one another freely
4. liquid has no definite shape but definite volume
5. take on the shape of the container

Question 5

Explain the arrangement of particles in a solid

Answer 5

1. closely packed in an orderly manner
2. thus, they vibrate/rotate about in their fixed positions only + have very low KE
3. experienced strong attractive forces
4. thus, a lot of energy is needed to break up the regular arrangement
5. definite shape and volume

Question 6

Explain the arrangement of particles in a gas

Answer 6

1. particle spacing is so large that the attractive forces between them are very weak
2. particles are found very far apart + disorderly manner
3. particles can move quickly and randomly in any direction
4. no definite shape or volume
5. take up the shape and volume of its container

Question 7

describe the energy conversion when a substance is heated

Answer 7

substance is heated - thermal energy (TE) is transfered to the substance - some of the energy is converted to KE of particles - increased KE of particles - increase in temp of substance

Question 8

describe the energy conversion when a substance is cooled

Answer 8

substance is cooled - TE is trasfarred from substance to surroudnings - KE in particles of substance decreased - drop in temp of substance

Question 9

what are known as transitional temperature

Answer 9

freezing, melting and boiling ppoints

Question 10

hwo does heating curve from S to L look like

Answer 10

rise (AB), stagnant (BC), rise (CD)

Question 11

from S to L state the state of matter in AB, BC and CD

Answer 11

solid, solid + liquid, liquid

Question 12

describe AB of S to L heating curve (first increase)

Answer 12

1. TE is converted to KE of the particles
2. Partcles vibrate and rotate about faster in their fixed postion
3. temp rises towards melting point

Question 13

describe BC of S to L curve (stagnant)

Answer 13

1. TE is absorbed from surroundings (eg. if ice is placed in a beaker of warm water then warm water is the TE source) + temp of solid is at Melting Point (MP)
2. partciles with increased energy will overcome the FOA in solid state
3. orderly packing arrangement of particle is disrupted
4. solid + liquid is present at MP and temp remains constant throughout melting process

Question 14

describe CD of S to L curve (2nd increase)

Answer 14

1. after all of the solid melted at point C, TE is again cinverted to KE of particles
2. partciels can move freely throughout the liquid

Question 15

2 important points in the heating curve from S to L

Answer 15

B - melting point
C - All solid has melted into liquid

Question 16

describe points PQ in a cooling curve from L to S (first drop)

Answer 16

1. KE of particles is cknverted to TE which is transfered to surroungings
2. less KE meaning particles slow down

Question 16

how does a cooling curve look like?

Answer 16

drop, stagnant, drop

Question 17

describe points QR in a cooling curve from L to S (stagnant)

Answer 17

1. particles lose energy to the surroundings
2. particles with less energy are drawn closer tgt bu the FOA between them
3. particle arrangments becomes more orderly
4. solid and liquid present during freezing process + temp remains constant

Question 18

describe points RS in a cooling curve from L to S (2nd drop)

Answer 18

1. after all liquid has solidified at point R -> KE is converted to TE and transfered to surroudning
   2 partciles can only vibrate and rotate about in their fixed positions

Question 19

from S to L state the state of matter in

PQ, QR, RS

Answer 19

liquid, liquid-solid mixture, solid

Question 20

describe expansion and when it occurs

Answer 20

occurs when a solid is heatde at temp below its MP

1. particles cant spread out freely as they are strongly attracted to each other
2. partciles strat to vibrate more quickly in their fixed positions
3. there is a slightly wider spacing then before.

Question 21

explain what happens at KL when L turns to G (stangnat)

Answer 21

1. TE is absorbed from surrounding and temp of liquid is that of BP
2. particles w increased energy can overcome FOA in L state
3. particles move further apart quickly and randomly
4. liquid and gas present during boiling + temp remains constant

Question 21

describe contratcion in solids

Answer 21

1. when a solid is cooled TE is transfared from particles to surroundings
2. paricles now possess less KE -> vibrate slower and come closer than before

Question 21

explain what happens at LM when L turns to G (2nd rise)

Answer 21

1. after all the liquid has boiled at L, thermal energy is converted to KS of particles
2. particles move about faster in their fixed positions

Question 21

describe how boiling occurs [a short overview]

Answer 21

1. when temp is high enough, bubbles of gas are formed within the L as L changes into G (boiling basically)
2. at BP TE transfared to the L -> substance chnages from L to G
3. temp remains constant during boiling

Question 21

what are the states of matter JK, KL and LM

Answer 21

liquid, liquid-gas micture, gas

Question 22

describe how evaporation occurs

Answer 22

1. liquid is heated -> particles gains TE which is converted to KE and particles slide past each other more quickly
2. at the surface of the liquid in contact with air, some particles hv enough energy to overcome the attractive forces to “escape” form L as vapour

Question 22

explain what happens at JK when L turns to G (First rise)

Answer 22

1. TE is converted to KE of particles
2. Particles slide past one another in increasing

Question 23

Describe what happens from W - X, the first drop for condensation

Answer 23

GAS STATE

1. KE of particles is converted to TE which is transferred to surroudings
2. Less KE -> particles slow down

Question 24

What happens from X-Y for condensation (plateau) for condensation

Answer 24

LIQUID-GAS STATE
1. Particle lose energy to the surroundings and the temp is at condensation point
2. Partciles with less energy are drawn closeer tgt by FOA between them
3. arrangement of particle becomes less disorderly
4. Gas abd liquid is present during condensation process

Question 25

What happens from point Y-Z (final drop) for condensation

Answer 25

LIQUID

1. After all gas has condensed at point Y, KE of particles is converted to thermal energy and transferred to the surroundings
2. Particles can slide past each other freely throughout liquid ONLY

Question 26

Converting from solid to gas?
Converting from gas to solid/

Answer 26

1. sublimation
2. vapour deposition

Question 27

Define diffusion

Answer 27

diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration