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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 9 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 9 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

It covers the entire outer surface of the body.

A

Skin or cutis

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2
Q

Skin or cutis is consists of how many layers?

A

2 layers

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3
Q

Epidermis is an outer layer formed by an epithelium of what germ layer origin?

A

Ectodermal

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4
Q

RESTING STATION

A

❤️❤️❤️

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5
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer of loose CT beneath the epidermis and dermis?

A

Hypodermis or subcutis

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6
Q

What is the function of hypodermis or subcutis?

A

It binds skin to underlying structures

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7
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Sebaceous glands
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8
Q

What is the collective term for skin and skin appendages?

A

Integumentary system

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9
Q

Among the three layers of skin, which is the darker?

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

At transition from epidermis to dermis, staining becomes lighter. True or False?

A

True

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11
Q

Among the three layers of skin, which is the lightest visible layer?

A

Hypodermis

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12
Q

Among the three layers of skin, this is consists of dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Dermis

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13
Q

Epidermis is much thicker than dermis. True or False?

A

False

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14
Q

This creates an irregular border between the epidermis and dermis.

A

Dermal papilla

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15
Q

Hypodermis is consist of mainly what tissue?

A

Adipose tissue

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16
Q

Dense connective tissue may extend form dermis into the hypodermis and anchor skin to the underlying structures. True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Give the type of epithelium of epidermis.

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What is main function of epidermis?

A

Protect body from harmful influences in the environment and against fluid loss

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19
Q

It is the layer of cells completely filled with keratin filaments which are embedded in a dense matrix of proteins.

A

Stratum corneum

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20
Q

Individual cells are difficult to identify in stratum corneum. True or False?

A

True

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21
Q

Cells are what shape in stratum corneum?

A

Flat

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22
Q

Nuclei can still be identified in stratum corneum. True or False?

A

False

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23
Q

Other term for keratin filaments

A

Horny cells

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24
Q

This layer of epidermis is consists of several layers of flattened dead cells.

A

Stratum lucidum

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25
Q

Unlike stratum corneum, stratum lucidum can be identified in thin skin. True or False?

A

False

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26
Q

The stratum granulosum also consists of a few layers of flattened cells. True or False?

A

True

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27
Q

What is the numerous fine granules present in the cytoplasm of cells in stratum granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin

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28
Q

Keratohyalin is found in membrane bound organelles and in the cytoplasm of the cells. True or False?

A

False, only in the cytoplasm of the cells.

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29
Q

The cells of the stratum spinosum is in what shape?

A

Irregularly polygonal

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30
Q

What separate the cells in stratum spinosum?

A

Narrow and translucent clefts

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31
Q

What gives the “spine” appearance in stratum spinosum?

A

Spine-like cytoplasmic extension of the cells

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32
Q

Electron microscope can reveal the membrane-bound lamellar granules in the cytoplasm of spinous cells in stratum spinosum. True or False?

A

True

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33
Q

It is the deepest layer of epidermis, closest to the dermis.

A

Stratum basale/germinativum

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34
Q

What is the epithelium present in stratum/basale germinativum?

A

Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium

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35
Q

Stratum basale/germinativum rest on the basement membrane. True or False?

A

True

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36
Q

Red hues of the skin are due to ___ in the red blood cell which pass through the capillaries beneath the epidermis.

A

Hemoglobin

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37
Q

Yellow hues of the skin are due to ____ which accumulates in fat cells found in the dermis and hypodermis.

A

Carotene

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38
Q

Brown color of the skin is due to ____ which is produced in the skin by _____.

A

Melanin, melanocytes

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39
Q

Where is melanocytes located?

A

Epidermis

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40
Q

Melanin is located in membrane-bound organelles called _____ inside melanocytes.

A

Melanosomes

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41
Q

Cell bodies of melanocytes are easy to distinguish in ordinary light microscope. True or False?

A

False

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42
Q

Melanocytes can transfer melanin to basal cell keratinocytes. True or False?

A

True

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43
Q

Keratin protects the chromosomes of mitotically active basal cells against UV-induced damage. True or False?

A

False, it is the melanin.

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44
Q

Pigmentation of skin is controlled by the light only. True or False?

A

False

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45
Q

Pigmentation is not only under the control of light but also by hormones produced by the _____ and adrenal ____.

A

Pituitary and adrenal

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46
Q

Disease of pituitary and endocrine organs results in changes of pigmentation of the skin. True or False?

A

True

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47
Q

Melanocytes are from what germ layer origin?

A

Ectodermal

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48
Q

Melanocytes are derived exclusively from the ____ ____ of the embryo from where they migrate to all other parts of the body.

A

Neural crest

49
Q

Renewal of the human epidermis takes ___ to ___ weeks.

A

3 to 4 weeks

50
Q

Cells of the epidermis will keratinize and are collectively called ?

A

Keratocytes

51
Q

Keratinization is synonymous to formation of the stratum corneum. True or False?

52
Q

Among the 3 layers of skin, where are Langerhans cells located?

53
Q

This cell constitutes same morphology with melanocytes but functionally more related to macrophages.

A

Cells of Langerhans

54
Q

When cells of Langerhans come in contact with antigen, they migrate to regional ___ ___ when they initiate an immune response.

A

Lymph nodes

55
Q

The fine processes of cells of Langerhans form a network between cells of the epidermis and the ___ ___ which have entered the epidermis.

A

Phagocytose antigens

56
Q

T-lymphocytes together with the cells of Langerhans, are sometimes referred to as?

A

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)

57
Q

The dermis is approximately how thick?

58
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer
59
Q

Dermis continues into the subcutaneous tissue with sharply define boundary. True or False?

A

False, sharply define boundary

60
Q

Between the 2 layers of dermis, which has denser connective tissue?

A

Reticular layer

61
Q

Capillaries are frequent in papillary layer of the dermis. True or False?

62
Q

When it comes to collagen fibers, both papillary and reticular layer of dermis have both thick collagen fibers. True or False?

A

False, only reticular layer

63
Q

The main orientation of collagen fibers in reticular layer follows what line ?

A

Line of greatest tension in the skin/Kraiss lines

64
Q

Give the surgical importance of Kraiss Lines.

A

Incisions parallel to Kraiss Lines heals faster with less formation of scar tissue

65
Q

What do you call the short, fine, and only lightly pigmented hair?

A

Vellus hair

66
Q

What are the truly hairless body parts?

A
  1. Palms
  2. Soles
  3. Distal phalanges
  4. Sides of the finger and toes
  5. Parts of the external genitalia
67
Q

Free part of the hair is called?

68
Q

This is the tubular invagination of the epidermis which extends down into the dermis and a short distance into the hypodermis; where root of hair is anchored in.

A

Hair follicle

69
Q

The deepest end of hair follicle forms an enlargement called?

70
Q

Cells in bulb of hair follicle are mitotically active. True or False?

71
Q

Hair cells keratinise within what part and percentage of hair?

A

Lower 1/3 of the hair follicle

72
Q

Each hair follicle has a bundle of smooth muscle called?

A

Arrector pili muscle

73
Q

The ends of arrector pili muscle inserts to?

A
  1. Papillary layer of the dermis
  2. Dermal sheath of the hair follicle
74
Q

Phase of growth of the hair

A

Anagen phase

75
Q

Resting stage of growth of the hair

76
Q

The anagen variable/phase in eyebrows and eyelashes lasts for ?

A

A few months

77
Q

The anagen variable/phase in hair of the scalp lasts for ?

78
Q

Hair grown is controlled by?

A
  1. Hormonal
  2. Hereditary factors
  3. Interactions of abovementioned
79
Q

Sebaceous glands empty their secretory products into the ?

A

Upper parts of the hair follicle

80
Q

Hair follicle + sebaceous gland is called?

A

Pilosebaceous unit

81
Q

Sebaceous gland is also found in?

A
  1. Lips
  2. Oral surface of cheels
  3. External genitalia
82
Q

The secretory portion of sebaceous glands is consists of alveoli. True or False?

83
Q

2 structural types of sebaceous glands

A
  1. Tubular structure
  2. Alveolar structure
84
Q

Lipid secretion of sebaceous glands has no softening effect on the skin and has limited antibacterial and antifungal activity. True or False?

85
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A
  1. Merocrine (eccrine)
  2. Apocrine
86
Q

They are the only gland on skin with clearly define biological function.

A

Merocrine Sweat glands

87
Q

Approximately how many glands are there all over the body with the exception of external genitalia?

88
Q

They are secretory tubules and initial part of excretory duct coiled into a spherical ball at the border between the dermis and hypodermis.

A

Sweat glands

89
Q

Type of cell of secretory epithelium is either ?

A

Cuboidal or columnar

90
Q

Give the 2 types of cell of sweat glands and their secretion.

A
  1. Light type - watery eccrine sweat
  2. Dark type - may produce mucin-like secretion
91
Q

Cells in sweat glands have slightly different shapes, hence, may appear pseudostratified. True or False?

92
Q

In sweat glands, ___ ___ are found between secretory cells and basement membrane.

A

Myoepithelial cells

93
Q

Excretory duct in sweat glands has ___ layers of ___ ___ ___ and empty directly onto the surface of the skin.

A

2, stratified cuboidal epithelium

94
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are present in the axilla. True or False?

95
Q

Apocrine glands are much larger than merocrine sweat glands. True or False?

96
Q

Merocrine sweat is milky, proteinaceous and odorless but the odor is a result of bacterial decomposition, in mammals other than humans, of importance for sexual attraction. True or False?

A

False, apocrine sweat

97
Q

Between the 2 types of sweat glands, which has larger lumen in secretory tubules and has presence of only one major cell type (cuboidal or columnar)?

A

Apocrine gland

98
Q

Sweat glands are absent in bird. True or False?

99
Q

In cat, sweat glands are extensively developed all over the body. True or False?

A

False, only in anal and oral regions, lower jaw and foot pads

100
Q

In dogs, presence of sweat glands is extensive but does not function to its maximum. True or False?

101
Q

What are the glands of anal region?

A
  1. Anal gland
  2. Gland of the anal sac
  3. Circum-anal glands
102
Q

Among the 3 glands of the anal region, which is the modified sweat glands in dogs, cats, and pigs?

A

Anal gland

103
Q

Anal glands secretion in dogs are in what form?

104
Q

Anal glands secretion in pigs are in what form?

105
Q

Among the 3 glands of the anal region, which is present only in carnivores and many rodents?

A

Gland of the anal sac

106
Q

In dogs, gland of the anal sac is a?

A

Sweat gland

107
Q

In cats, gland of the anal sac is?

A

Sebaceous gland

108
Q

Among the 3 glands of anal region, which gives off a distinct odor and usually removed by surgical procedure?

A

Circum-anal gland

109
Q

Circum-anal gland ranks ___ frequent site of canine tumors.

110
Q

In dogs, circum-anal gland are sebaceous or sweat gland?

A

Sebaceous (in dermis around the anus)

111
Q

It is a compound tubuloalveolar modified sweat glands.

A

Mammary gland

112
Q

In mammary gland, apocrine portion secretes what?

A

Lipid component of milk

113
Q

In mammary gland, merocrine/eccrine portion secretes what?

A

Protein and CHO components

114
Q

Mammary gland is encapsulated by?

A

Dense white connective tissue

115
Q

What are components of the duct system in mammary gland?

A
  1. Secretory tubule
  2. Lobular or interlobar duct
  3. Lactiferous sinus
  4. Teat sinus
  5. Streak canal
116
Q

During early lactation, these are prominent and comprises a part in a colostrum; imparts initial passive immunity

A

Macrophages and leukocytes

117
Q

Avian integumentary system is consists of?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Feathers
  3. Appendages (claws and beak)
118
Q

Where are skin glands located in the chicken?

A
  1. Outer ear
  2. Preen glands
119
Q

What are the functions of avian integumentary system?

A
  1. Barrier between external environment and internal systems and organs, thus providing support and protection from infection by microorganisms and physical injury
  2. Excellent thermal insulation to help regulate body temperature in variable environment
  3. Numerous nerve endings enable birds to be aware of potentially harmful situations
  4. Pigments for display and protection from elements

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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