TOPIC 13B - LIVER Flashcards
What are the functions of the liver?
- Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
- Storage of carbohydrates (glycogen)
- Production of proteins like albumin and blood clotting factors
- Secretion of bile (helps emulsify fats so they can be digested) into duodenum
- Removal of old red cells from blood
- Transformation and excretion of drugs and toxins
Typically, how many lobes are present in liver?
4 lobes
This is the deep fissure on the inferior surface of the liver.
Porta hepatis
What are the 2 main structures that enters the porta hepatis?
- Hepatic portal vein
- Hepatic artery
What is the main structure that exit the porta hepatis?
Common hepatic duct
This brings oxygenated blood to liver from the aorta.
Hepatic artery
This brings deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the intestine.
Portal vein
This carries blood from liver to inferior vena cava.
Hepatic vein
This drains bile from the liver into the intestine.
Bile ducts
Bile ducts fuse to form ?
Common hepatic duct
The parenchymal cells of the liver are called ?
Hepatocytes
What divides the liver into lobules ?
Connective tissue
This type of fiber support hepatocytes and endothelial cells of sinusoids.
Reticular fibers
How many nuclei are present in hepatocytes?
1-2 nuclei
SER and RER in hepatocytes are in few numbers. True or False?
False, many.
Glycogen granules and lipid droplets are often present in hepatocytes. True or False?
True
What are the functions of hepatocytes?
- Production of proteins (albumin, clotting proteins)
- Secretion of bile acids (10% made by hepatocytes, 90% recirculated)
- Conjugation of bilirubin to produce water-soluble, excretable bilirubin glucuronide
- Detoxification of drugs in smooth ER
- Storage of glycogen and triglycerides
- Gluconeogenesis
The liver is organized into “lobules” with the ____ ____ in the middle and the ____ ____ at the periphery.
central vein, portal triads
What are the components of portal triad?
- Portal vein
- Hepatic artery
- Bile duct
Lobules are pale in edges, darker at center. True or False?
False, other way around.
Trace the blood flow in the liver lobule.
Portal vein and hepatic artery - Branches of portal vein and hepatic artery - Hepatic sinusoids - Central veins - Sublobular vein - Hepatic vein - Inferior vena cava
These are tubular spaces surrounded by plasma membranes of 2 adjacent hepatocytes
Bile canaliculi
Cell membranes of hepatocytes are joined by ?
Tight junctions/Zonula occludens
Bile flows from the periphery to bile canaliculi then to the center. True or False?
False, center - periphery - bile canaliculi.
After bile passes into bile canaliculi, it flows through ____ ____, then through ducts in ____ ___.
bile ductules (Hering’s canals), portal spaces
These are large, leaky capillaries lined by one discontinuous layer of fenestrated endothelial cells and macrophages of liver.
Hepatic sinusoids
Macrophages in the liver are called ?
Kupffer cells
These spaces lie between hepatocytes and sinusoids.
Perisinusoidal space/Space of Disse
Hepatocyte microvilli project into space of Disse. True or False?
True
Exchange of nutrient and metabolites occurs in?
Perisinusoidal space/Space of Disse
What are the functions of Kupffer cells?
- Detecting and removing old red cells,
- Eating bacteria and debris in blood
- Presenting antigen to lymphocytes
In an adult, liver weighs about how many pounds?
3 pounds
Liver is located in the upper ____ part of the abdomen, behind the ____ ____.
right, lower ribs
Hexagonal areas that form the structural & functional unit of liver.
Hepatic lobule
Each hepatic lobule is separated from others by ?
Septa
Liver is connected to the diaphragm and abdominal walls by ____ ____.
Five ligaments
If a part of the liver is removed, the remaining parts can grow back to its original size and shape. True or False?
True
Liver synthesizes cholesterol. True or False?
True
It is a muscular bag for the storage, concentration, acidification and delivery of bile to small intestine.
Gall bladder
What are the contents of bile?
- Bicarbonate
- Bile salts
- Bile pigment
- Cholesterol
A decrease in bile flow due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes or to obstruction of bile flow through intra-or extrahepatic bile ducts.
Cholestasis
