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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 5 - BLOOD > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 - BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Considered a fluid type of connective tissue, which has a principal component of fluid in the form of plasma.

A

Blood

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2
Q

Straw-colored or pale yellow liquid part of the blood that suspends the blood cells in whole blood

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Plasma makes up about __% of total blood volume.

A

55%

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4
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A
  1. 92% water
  2. Dissolved proteins (albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen)
  3. Glucose
  4. Clotting factors
  5. Electrolytes (Na, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl)
  6. Carbon dioxide
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5
Q

Plasma also serves as ___ reserve of the body.

A

Protein

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6
Q

It is a blood plasma devoid of clotting factors.

A

Blood serum

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7
Q

Medical therapy that involves plasma extraction, treatment, and reintegration.

A

Plasmapheresis

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8
Q

Blood cells are also called as ?

A

Hematocytes

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9
Q

3 categories of hematocytes

A
  1. RBC/erythrocytes
  2. WBC/leukocytes
  3. Platelets/thrombocytes
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10
Q

Blood serum is __% of the total blood volume.

A

45%

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11
Q

It is the volume percentage of cells to total blood volume.

A

Hematocrit

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12
Q

It is an iron-containing protein that facilitates transport of oxygen and other respiratory gases to tissues of the body.

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

Main component of RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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14
Q

In vertebrates, it is the principal means of delivering CO2 to body tissues via blood flow through the circulatory system.

A

RBC/Erythrocytes

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15
Q

Cell cytoplasm is rich in ___ that binds oxygen and gives blood its red color.

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

In mature humans, RBC is flexible and is elliptical-shaped discs. True or False?

A

False, oval biconcave discs

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17
Q

Approximately, how many erythrocytes are produced per second?

A

2.4 million

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18
Q

Each circulation takes how many seconds?

A

20 seconds

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19
Q

In isotonic solution, RBC undergo ?

A

Any structural changes

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20
Q

In hypotonic solution, RBC becomes ?

A

Spherical and swells

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21
Q

In hypertonic solution, RBC becomes ?

A

Crenated and shrinks

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22
Q

Erythrocytes are efficient transporter of gases due to these 3 characteristics.

A
  1. Biconcave form
  2. Absence of nucleus
  3. Round edges and flexible structure
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23
Q

These are cells of the immune system involved in defending body against both infectious diseases and foreign materials.

A

WBC/Leukocytes

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24
Q

The 5 different WBC types are derived from what cell and what body part?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow

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25
Q

What is the lifespan of WBC in the human body?

A

3-4 days

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26
Q

There are about ____ WBC’s per uL of blood.

A

7000

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27
Q

WBC is approximately __% of total blood volume in adult.

A

1%

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28
Q

Increase of leukocytes over upper limit is called ?

A

Leukocytosis

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29
Q

Decrease of WBC below lower limit is called?

A

Leukopenia

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30
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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31
Q

Three types of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
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32
Q

WBC that is characterized by absence of granules in the cytoplasm.

A

Agranulocytes

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33
Q

These are the non-specific granules contained within agranulocytes.

A

Lysosomes

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34
Q

Three types of agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Macrophages
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35
Q

Percentage of protein in plasma

A

7%

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36
Q

What are the proteins present in plasma?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Immunoglobulins
  3. Fibrinogen
  4. Other proteins
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37
Q

Percentage of albumin in the protein content of plasma

A

58%

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38
Q

Percentage of immunoglobulin in the protein content of plasma

A

37%

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39
Q

Percentage of fibrinogen in the protein content of plasma

A

4%

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40
Q

Percentage of other proteins in protein content of plasma

A

1%

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41
Q

Percentage of electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products.

A

1%

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42
Q

Serum clots. True or False?

A

False

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43
Q

Red blood cell is roughly ___ um wide and ___ um thick.

A

7, 2

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44
Q

Cytoskeleton of RBC is composed of ?

A
  1. Spectrin
  2. Ankyrin
  3. Actin
45
Q

Mature cells of RBC are non-nucleated. True or False?

A

True

46
Q

Percentage of hemoglobin in RBC

A

34%

47
Q

Percentage of cytoplasm (water) in RBC

A

65%

48
Q

Percentage of organelles in RBC

A

1%

49
Q

What do you call the “whitish” part of the red blood cell?

A

Central pallor

50
Q

Central is about ___ of the RBC diameter.

A

1/3

51
Q

What do you call the membrane of RBC that allows it to squeeze through tiny spaces?

A

Pliable membrane

52
Q

How many days do platelets live?

A

8-10 days

53
Q

Platelets is derived from ___ in bone marrow.

A

Megakaryocytes

54
Q

Normal number of platelets in RBC

A

150-450 x 10^9/L

55
Q

Platelets have no nucleus. True or False?

A

True

56
Q

This test tells you how many of each type of white cell are present.

A

WBC differential count

57
Q

This test just gives you the total number of WBC.

A

WBC count

58
Q

These are unspecialized type of cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.

A

Stem cells

59
Q

What are the categories of stem cell?

A
  1. Totipotent stem cell
  2. Pluripotent stem cell
  3. Multipotent stem cell
  4. Oligopotent stem cell
  5. Unipotent stem cell
60
Q

This stem cell is the first embryonic cell that arise from the division of the zygote called ultimate stem cells; have the potential to differentiate into any type of cells needed to enable organism to grow and develop.

A

Totipotent stem cell

61
Q

This stem cell develops from totipotent cells and are precursors to fundamental tissue layers of the embryo; potential to differentiate into any type of tissue but cannnot support the full development of the organism.

A

Pluripotent stem cell

62
Q

This stem cell is slightly more specialized pluripotent cells; has the potential to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage such as RBC or WBC.

A

Multipotent stem cell

63
Q

This stem cell is limited to becoming one of a few different cell types.

A

Oligopotent stem cell

64
Q

This stem cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its specific cell type.

A

Unipotent stem cell

65
Q

What are the adult stem cells?

A
  1. Epithelial stem cell
  2. Bone marrow stem
66
Q

Both granulocytes and agranulocytes have cytoplasmic granules called ____ granules.

A

Azurophilic granules

67
Q

In WBC differential count, the percentage of neutrophils is ?

A

45-75%

68
Q

Diameter of neutrophils

A

15 um

69
Q

This WBC has multi-lobed nucleus.

A

Neutrophils

70
Q

Two granules present in neutrophils

A
  1. Azurophilic (few)
  2. Neutrophilic (lots)
71
Q

Azurophilic granules become much more prominent during ___ infection.

A

Bacterial

72
Q

Azurophilic granules first appear in less mature neutrophils called ____.

A

Promyelocytes

73
Q

First line of defense against invaders

A

Neutrophil

74
Q

Neutrophil kill foreign bodies via ____ and ____ ____.

A

Phagocytosis, enzymatic destruction

75
Q

Eosinophils constitute how many percentage in WBC differential count?

A

1-4%

76
Q

Diameter of eosinophils

A

About 15 um

77
Q

Term for eosinophil granules

A

Eosinophilic

78
Q

What is the color of the granules of eosinophils?

A

Orange-red

79
Q

White blood cell that has bi-lobed nucleus

A

Eosinophils

80
Q

Eosinophil is major cell involved in ___ reactions.

A

Allergic

81
Q

Other than allergic reactions, eosinophils are also involved in ___ reactions.

A

Drug

82
Q

In WBC differential count, this is the percentage of basophils.

A

Less than 1%/Less than 0.3 x 10^9)

83
Q

Diameter of basophils

A

About 10 um

84
Q

Term for granules inside the basophils

A

Basophilic

85
Q

What is the color of granules inside the basophils?

A

Deep blue

86
Q

This type of WBC has irregularly-shaped nucleus.

A

Basophils

87
Q

Basophil does not fight infections. True or False?

A

True

88
Q

Basophil does not take part in mediating allergic responses. True or False?

A

False

89
Q

In WBC differential count, this is the percentage of lymphocytes.

A

20-50%/1-4 x 10^9/L

90
Q

What is the size of small lymphocytes?

A

6-12 um

91
Q

What is the size of larger lymphocytes?

A

Up to 20 um

92
Q

Two main types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B-lymphocytes
  2. T-lymphocytes
93
Q

In avians, B-lymphocytes develop in ?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

94
Q

In humans and animals, B-lymphocytes develop in ?

A

Bone marrow

95
Q

Further maturation of B-lymphocytes occur in ?

A

Lymphatic tissues (lymph nodes and spleen)

96
Q

These are the two fates of B-lymphocytes.

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. Memory cells
97
Q

B-lymphocytes constitutes how many percentage in circulation?

A

15%

98
Q

T-lymphocytes constitutes how many percentage in circulation?

A

85%

99
Q

This is where T-lymphocytes develop and mature.

A

Thymus

100
Q

T-lymphocytes can also be found in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. True or False?

A

True

101
Q

These are the two fates of T-lymphocytes.

A
  1. Cytotoxic T-cells (kill infected cells)
  2. Helper T-cells (help other immune cells do their jobs)
102
Q

In WBC differential count, this is the percentage of monocytes.

A

1-8%/0.1-0.8 x 10^9

103
Q

What is the size of a monocyte? (diameter)

A

12-20

104
Q

This WBC has indented, oval, kidney, or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.

A

Monocytes

105
Q

This is the characteristic of the chromatin of monocytes.

A

“Raked”

106
Q

Monocyte can differentiate into what WBC?

A

Macrophages

107
Q

Other term for macrophages

A

Histiocytes

108
Q

Give 4 types of macrophages.

A
  1. Foreign body giant cells
  2. Kupffer cells
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Alveolar macrophages

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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