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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 5 - BLOOD > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 - BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Considered a fluid type of connective tissue, which has a principal component of fluid in the form of plasma.

A

Blood

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2
Q

Straw-colored or pale yellow liquid part of the blood that suspends the blood cells in whole blood

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Plasma makes up about __% of total blood volume.

A

55%

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4
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A
  1. 92% water
  2. Dissolved proteins (albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen)
  3. Glucose
  4. Clotting factors
  5. Electrolytes (Na, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl)
  6. Carbon dioxide
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5
Q

Plasma also serves as ___ reserve of the body.

A

Protein

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6
Q

It is a blood plasma devoid of clotting factors.

A

Blood serum

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7
Q

Medical therapy that involves plasma extraction, treatment, and reintegration.

A

Plasmapheresis

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8
Q

Blood cells are also called as ?

A

Hematocytes

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9
Q

3 categories of hematocytes

A
  1. RBC/erythrocytes
  2. WBC/leukocytes
  3. Platelets/thrombocytes
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10
Q

Blood serum is __% of the total blood volume.

A

45%

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11
Q

It is the volume percentage of cells to total blood volume.

A

Hematocrit

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12
Q

It is an iron-containing protein that facilitates transport of oxygen and other respiratory gases to tissues of the body.

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

Main component of RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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14
Q

In vertebrates, it is the principal means of delivering CO2 to body tissues via blood flow through the circulatory system.

A

RBC/Erythrocytes

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15
Q

Cell cytoplasm is rich in ___ that binds oxygen and gives blood its red color.

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

In mature humans, RBC is flexible and is elliptical-shaped discs. True or False?

A

False, oval biconcave discs

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17
Q

Approximately, how many erythrocytes are produced per second?

A

2.4 million

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18
Q

Each circulation takes how many seconds?

A

20 seconds

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19
Q

In isotonic solution, RBC undergo ?

A

Any structural changes

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20
Q

In hypotonic solution, RBC becomes ?

A

Spherical and swells

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21
Q

In hypertonic solution, RBC becomes ?

A

Crenated and shrinks

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22
Q

Erythrocytes are efficient transporter of gases due to these 3 characteristics.

A
  1. Biconcave form
  2. Absence of nucleus
  3. Round edges and flexible structure
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23
Q

These are cells of the immune system involved in defending body against both infectious diseases and foreign materials.

A

WBC/Leukocytes

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24
Q

The 5 different WBC types are derived from what cell and what body part?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow

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25
What is the lifespan of WBC in the human body?
3-4 days
26
There are about ____ WBC's per uL of blood.
7000
27
WBC is approximately __% of total blood volume in adult.
1%
28
Increase of leukocytes over upper limit is called ?
Leukocytosis
29
Decrease of WBC below lower limit is called?
Leukopenia
30
2 types of leukocytes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
31
Three types of granulocytes
1. Neutrophils 2. Basophils 3. Eosinophils
32
WBC that is characterized by absence of granules in the cytoplasm.
Agranulocytes
33
These are the non-specific granules contained within agranulocytes.
Lysosomes
34
Three types of agranulocytes
1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Macrophages
35
Percentage of protein in plasma
7%
36
What are the proteins present in plasma?
1. Albumin 2. Immunoglobulins 3. Fibrinogen 4. Other proteins
37
Percentage of albumin in the protein content of plasma
58%
38
Percentage of immunoglobulin in the protein content of plasma
37%
39
Percentage of fibrinogen in the protein content of plasma
4%
40
Percentage of other proteins in protein content of plasma
1%
41
Percentage of electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products.
1%
42
Serum clots. True or False?
False
43
Red blood cell is roughly ___ um wide and ___ um thick.
7, 2
44
Cytoskeleton of RBC is composed of ?
1. Spectrin 2. Ankyrin 3. Actin
45
Mature cells of RBC are non-nucleated. True or False?
True
46
Percentage of hemoglobin in RBC
34%
47
Percentage of cytoplasm (water) in RBC
65%
48
Percentage of organelles in RBC
1%
49
What do you call the "whitish" part of the red blood cell?
Central pallor
50
Central is about ___ of the RBC diameter.
1/3
51
What do you call the membrane of RBC that allows it to squeeze through tiny spaces?
Pliable membrane
52
How many days do platelets live?
8-10 days
53
Platelets is derived from ___ in bone marrow.
Megakaryocytes
54
Normal number of platelets in RBC
150-450 x 10^9/L
55
Platelets have no nucleus. True or False?
True
56
This test tells you how many of each type of white cell are present.
WBC differential count
57
This test just gives you the total number of WBC.
WBC count
58
These are unspecialized type of cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Stem cells
59
What are the categories of stem cell?
1. Totipotent stem cell 2. Pluripotent stem cell 3. Multipotent stem cell 4. Oligopotent stem cell 5. Unipotent stem cell
60
This stem cell is the first embryonic cell that arise from the division of the zygote called ultimate stem cells; have the potential to differentiate into any type of cells needed to enable organism to grow and develop.
Totipotent stem cell
61
This stem cell develops from totipotent cells and are precursors to fundamental tissue layers of the embryo; potential to differentiate into any type of tissue but cannnot support the full development of the organism.
Pluripotent stem cell
62
This stem cell is slightly more specialized pluripotent cells; has the potential to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage such as RBC or WBC.
Multipotent stem cell
63
This stem cell is limited to becoming one of a few different cell types.
Oligopotent stem cell
64
This stem cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its specific cell type.
Unipotent stem cell
65
What are the adult stem cells?
1. Epithelial stem cell 2. Bone marrow stem
66
Both granulocytes and agranulocytes have cytoplasmic granules called ____ granules.
Azurophilic granules
67
In WBC differential count, the percentage of neutrophils is ?
45-75%
68
Diameter of neutrophils
15 um
69
This WBC has multi-lobed nucleus.
Neutrophils
70
Two granules present in neutrophils
1. Azurophilic (few) 2. Neutrophilic (lots)
71
Azurophilic granules become much more prominent during ___ infection.
Bacterial
72
Azurophilic granules first appear in less mature neutrophils called ____.
Promyelocytes
73
First line of defense against invaders
Neutrophil
74
Neutrophil kill foreign bodies via ____ and ____ ____.
Phagocytosis, enzymatic destruction
75
Eosinophils constitute how many percentage in WBC differential count?
1-4%
76
Diameter of eosinophils
About 15 um
77
Term for eosinophil granules
Eosinophilic
78
What is the color of the granules of eosinophils?
Orange-red
79
White blood cell that has bi-lobed nucleus
Eosinophils
80
Eosinophil is major cell involved in ___ reactions.
Allergic
81
Other than allergic reactions, eosinophils are also involved in ___ reactions.
Drug
82
In WBC differential count, this is the percentage of basophils.
Less than 1%/Less than 0.3 x 10^9)
83
Diameter of basophils
About 10 um
84
Term for granules inside the basophils
Basophilic
85
What is the color of granules inside the basophils?
Deep blue
86
This type of WBC has irregularly-shaped nucleus.
Basophils
87
Basophil does not fight infections. True or False?
True
88
Basophil does not take part in mediating allergic responses. True or False?
False
89
In WBC differential count, this is the percentage of lymphocytes.
20-50%/1-4 x 10^9/L
90
What is the size of small lymphocytes?
6-12 um
91
What is the size of larger lymphocytes?
Up to 20 um
92
Two main types of lymphocytes
1. B-lymphocytes 2. T-lymphocytes
93
In avians, B-lymphocytes develop in ?
Bursa of Fabricius
94
In humans and animals, B-lymphocytes develop in ?
Bone marrow
95
Further maturation of B-lymphocytes occur in ?
Lymphatic tissues (lymph nodes and spleen)
96
These are the two fates of B-lymphocytes.
1. Plasma cells 2. Memory cells
97
B-lymphocytes constitutes how many percentage in circulation?
15%
98
T-lymphocytes constitutes how many percentage in circulation?
85%
99
This is where T-lymphocytes develop and mature.
Thymus
100
T-lymphocytes can also be found in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. True or False?
True
101
These are the two fates of T-lymphocytes.
1. Cytotoxic T-cells (kill infected cells) 2. Helper T-cells (help other immune cells do their jobs)
102
In WBC differential count, this is the percentage of monocytes.
1-8%/0.1-0.8 x 10^9
103
What is the size of a monocyte? (diameter)
12-20
104
This WBC has indented, oval, kidney, or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.
Monocytes
105
This is the characteristic of the chromatin of monocytes.
"Raked"
106
Monocyte can differentiate into what WBC?
Macrophages
107
Other term for macrophages
Histiocytes
108
Give 4 types of macrophages.
1. Foreign body giant cells 2. Kupffer cells 3. Microglial cells 4. Alveolar macrophages

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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