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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 10 - LYMPHOID SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 10 - LYMPHOID SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of lymphoid system?

A

Detect and inactivate foreign substances

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2
Q

Lymph also brings nutrients from blood vessels to cells and picks up waste products. True or False?

A

True

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3
Q

It is formed when interstitial fluid seeps into lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph/Lymphatic fluid

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3
Q

Lymphatic fluid contains?

A

Lymphocytes, proteins, sometimes bacteria or metastatic tumor cells

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4
Q

Usually, lymph is clear. What about the consistence and composition of lymph draining the gut?

A

Milky and contains a lot of triglycerides

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5
Q

Lymph draining the gut is also called as?

A

Chyle

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels eventually merge together and empty into the blood circulation via the ____ ____ and ____ ____ ____.

A

thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct

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7
Q

The stroma of all lymphoid organs except the ____ is composed of reticulin fibers.

A

Thymus

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8
Q

The stroma of thymus is composed of cell processes of ____ ____ ____.

A

Epithelial reticular cells

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9
Q

Reticular fibers are stainable with silver stains. With that, they are called ?

A

Argyrophilic

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10
Q

What are the cells of the lymphoid system?

A
  1. B-lymphocytes
  2. T-lymphocytes
  3. Natural killer cells
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11
Q

Some of the lymphocytes have surface receptors that recognize infected cells. True or False?

A

False, all of the lymphocytes.

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12
Q

All types of cells of the lymphoid system are distinguishable under a microscope. True or False?

A

False

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13
Q

This technique is used to looked for markers on the surface of the cells.

A

Flow cytometry

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14
Q

Sometimes, T cells and NK cells are smaller and have larger granules in their cytoplasm. True or False?

A

False, they are smaller and have little granules.

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15
Q

What are the antigen-presenting cells of the lymphoid system?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Dendritic cells - accessory cells
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16
Q

What are the blood cells associated with the lymphoid system?

A
  1. Mast cells
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
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17
Q

This type of immunity involves B cells turning into plasma cells, which make antibodies.

A

Humoral immunity

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18
Q

This type of immunity involves T cells turning into cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.

A

Cellular immunity

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19
Q

What are the two primary (central) lymphoid orrgans?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
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20
Q

All lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow. True or False?

A

True

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21
Q

T-cells mature in?

A

Thymus

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22
Q

When B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells leave the bone marrow, they populate in ____ ____ ____ and recirculate through ____, ____, and ____ ____.

A

secondary lymphoid organs, blood, epithelia, connective tissue

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23
Q

When T-cells finish maturing in the thymus and leave, they are now called as?

A

CD4+ and CD8+ cells

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24
Q

What are the T-lymphocytes precursor cells?

A

CD4 - and CD8 - T lymphocyte precursor

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25
Q

Thymus is located in the ?

A

Mediastinum

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26
Q

What are the three parts of thymus?

A
  1. Lobes
  2. Capsule
  3. Septa
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27
Q

What are the 2 regions of lobules of thymus?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
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28
Q

CORTEX:LIGHTER::MEDULLA:DARKER

True or False?

A

False

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29
Q

T cells in the cortex are matured whereas in the medulla, they undergo various stages of differentiation. True or False?

A

False, other way around.

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30
Q

What are the cells of the thymus?

A
  1. T-lymphocytes
  2. Thymic epithelial reticular cells
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31
Q

Thymic epithelial reticular cells are only present in the cortex. True or False?

A

False, cortex and medulla

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32
Q

Thymic epithelial reticular cells have scarce cytoplasm. True or False?

A

False, abundant cytoplasm.

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33
Q

Thymic epithelial reticular cells are have large lightly-staining nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes attached to processes of adjacent cells by ____.

A

Desmosomes

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34
Q

T-cell precursors from the bone marrow enter the thymus in what region?

A

Subscapular region

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35
Q

Between inner/deeper and outer cortex of the thymus, where do T-cells undergo active proliferation?

A

Outer cortex

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36
Q

Between inner/deeper and outer cortex of the thymus, where do T-cells undergo selection?

A

Inner/deeper outer cortex

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37
Q

Many T cells are produced 97% die. True or False?

A

True

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38
Q

Hassll’s corpuscles are located at cortex or medulla of the thymus?

A

Medulla

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39
Q

What is the function of Hassll’s corpuscles?

A

Unknown

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40
Q

Hassll’s corpuscles are made up of?

A

Degenerating epithelial reticular cells and keratin filaments

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41
Q

Arterioles and capillaries in thymic cortex are surrounded by ____ ____ ____ with tight junctions, forming a ____-____ ____ which excludes most circulating antigens.

A

epithelial reticular cells, blood-thymus barrier

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42
Q

Thymus has afferent lymphatics. True or False?

A

False

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43
Q

Thymus does not filter lymph like a lymph node does. True or False?

A

True

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44
Q

The thymus is well-developed after birth. True or False?

A

False, before birth.

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45
Q

The thymus is heaviest at what stage of development?

A

Puberty

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46
Q

In old age, is the thymus still capable of producing lymphocyte?

47
Q

In old age, the thymus is composed mainly of ____ ____ and ____.

A

connective tissue, fat

48
Q

After puberty, the thymus involutes but never completely disappears. True or False?

49
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
50
Q

Lymphoid cells is incapable of undergoing further maturation in secondary lymphoid organs. True or False?

A

False, capable.

51
Q

What are the two main purposes of secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Trap antigens
  2. Present antigens to circulating lymphocytes
52
Q

What are the parts of lymph node?

A
  1. Outer cortex
  2. Paracortex
  3. Medulla
53
Q

The outer cortex of lymph node contains?

A

Lymphoid follicles (composed of B-cells)

54
Q

The paracortex or inner cortex of lymph node contains ?

A

T cells and high endothelial venules

55
Q

The medulla of the lymph node contains?

A

Cords and sinuses

56
Q

The medulla cords of lymph node are composed of?

A

B cells and macrophages

57
Q

The medulla sinuses of lymph nodes are composed of ?

A

Reticular fibers, lymph, circulating cells, and antigens

58
Q

The primary unstimulated follicles in the outer cortex of lymph node is composed of small, dark, and mature lymphocytes. True or False?

59
Q

The secondary follicles in the outer cortex of the lymph nodes is unstimulated. True or False?

A

False, stimulated

60
Q

The secondary follicle in the outer cortex of the lymph node is composed of ?

A

Germinal center and mantle zone

61
Q

Between the germinal center and mantle zone of secondary follicle of the lymph node, which is lighter-staining?

A

Germinal center

62
Q

Between the germinal center and mantle zone of secondary follicle of the lymph node, which is contains larger lymphocytes?

A

Germinal center

63
Q

Between the germinal center and mantle zone of secondary follicle of the lymph node, which is contains small and dark lymphocytes?

A

Mantle zone

64
Q

In the lymph node, B cells are located at the follicles. What about T-cells?

A

Interfollicular areas

65
Q

The capsule and trabeculae of lymph node is consist of what connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

66
Q

The fine stroma of lymph node is consists of what connective tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue (fibroblasts and reticular fibers)

67
Q

In lymph nodes, these carry lymph from sites of infection back to the lymph nodes.

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

68
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels of lymph node penetrate the ____ of the lymph node on the ____ side.

A

capsule, convex

69
Q

In lymph nodes, these carry lymph from the lymph node and return them it to the blood.

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

70
Q

The lymph carried by afferent lymphatic vessels is composed of ?

A

Antigen and cells

71
Q

The lymph carried by efferent lymphatic vessels has ?

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

This is the depression in the concave surface of the of the lymph node.

73
Q

What structures enter at the hilum of the lymph node?

A

Arteries and nerves

74
Q

What structures leave at the the hilum of the lymph node?

A

Veins and efferent lymphatics

75
Q

How does lymph flow through the node?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel - Subscapular sinus - Intermediate sinus - Medullary sinus - Efferent Lymphatics - Larger lymphatics - Blood

76
Q

This allows the lymphocytes in blood vessels to adhere to endothelial cells and migrate across the vessel wall to the lymphoid tissue.

A

High-endothelial venules

77
Q

In lymph nodes, lymphocytes move from blood circulation to lymphatic circulation via ____ ____ ____.

A

High-endothelial venules

78
Q

How do lymphocytes get from blood to lymph?

A

Hilar arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - High endothelial venules - Lymphatic circulation - Efferent lymph vessels

79
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Immunologic filtration of blood (trapping of antigens)
  2. Activation and proliferation of lymphocytes
  3. Removal of old red cells, platelets and debris (by macrophages)
80
Q

The parenchyma of spleen is called as ?

A

Splenic pulp

81
Q

Splenic pulp is consists of ?

A

White pulp and red pulp

82
Q

Cortex and medulla are present in spleen. True or False?

83
Q

Stroma of spleen is consists of ?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Trabeculae
  3. Connective tissue
84
Q

Splenic hilum contains?

A

Nerves, arteries, and veins

85
Q

White pulp of the spleen is consists of ?

A
  1. Periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS)
  2. Splenic follicles (nodules)
86
Q

These are circular collections of T-cells around arterioles of white pulp of the spleen.

A

Periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS)

87
Q

In spleen, these are the counterpart of secondary follicles in lymph nodes except with one more layer called marginal zone.

A

Splenic follicles (nodules)

88
Q

Splenic follicles are composed of B-cells or T-cells?

89
Q

Splenic follicles usually have ____ at periphery.

90
Q

The red pulp of the spleen is consist of ?

A

Splenic sinuses and splenic cords

91
Q

Splenic cords are also called as ?

A

Cords of Billroth

92
Q

Splenic sinuses are leaky vessels lined by ____ ____ ____ and surrounded by rings of ____ ____ like hoops on a barrel.

A

specialized endothelial cell, reticular fibers

93
Q

In splenic sinuses, healthy red cells along with old or damaged red cells get stuck. True or False?

A

False, only old/damaged red cells.

94
Q

These are located between splenic sinuses of red pulp.

A

Splenic cords

95
Q

Splenic cords contain?

A
  1. Red cells
  2. Granulocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
  4. Macrophages
  5. Platelets
  6. Plasma cells
96
Q

The specialized endothelial cells lining the splenic sinuses are also called as ?

A

Stave cells

97
Q

These are lymphoid tissue in mucosa and submucosa of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems.

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

98
Q

Give three examples of MALT.

A
  1. Tonsils
  2. Peyer’s patches
  3. Oral mucosa
99
Q

Tonsils are aggregates of lymphoid follicles beneath the epithelium of the ____ ____ ____ and ____.

A

posterior oral cavity, nasopharynx

100
Q

What are the 3 types tonsils?

A
  1. Pharyngeal
  2. Palatine
  3. Lingual
101
Q

This tonsil is located in midline of nasopharynx.

A

Pharyngeal

102
Q

What is the surface epithelium of pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (sometimes with stratified squamous)

103
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil surface has gentle folds and crypts. True or False?

A

False, no crypts.

104
Q

There is presence of thin partial capsule along the deep portion of pharyngeal tonsil. True or False?

105
Q

How many palatine tonsils are present?

106
Q

These are tonsils present in lateral oropharynx.

A

Palatine tonsils

107
Q

What is the surface epithelium of palatine tonsil?

A

Stratified squamous

108
Q

Palatine tonsils has presence of crypts. True or False?

109
Q

Approximately how many crypts are present in palatine tonsils?

110
Q

The partial capsule along the deep portion of palatine tonsils is thin. True or Falses?

A

False, thick

111
Q

Lingual are numerous small tonsils located at the?

A

Base of the tongue

112
Q

What is the surface epithelium of lingual tonsil?

A

Stratified squamous

113
Q

Lingual tonsil has presence of crypt. True or False?

114
Q

How many crypts are present in lingual tonsil?

A

One short crypt

115
Q

Capsule is present in lingual tonsil. True or False?

116
Q

Among the 3 types of tonsil, which is closely associated with skeletal muscle and mucous salivary glands ?

A

Lingual tonsil

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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