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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 11 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 11 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main job of cardiovascular system?

A

Transport and exchange nutrients, oxygen, body fluids, waste material, heat, and blood cells around the body.

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2
Q

Trace the flow of blood in cardiovascular system.

A

Heart - Elastic artery - Muscular artery - Arteriole - Capillaries - Venules - Vein - Heart

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3
Q

It is the innermost layer of the vessel wall next to the lumen.

A

Tunica intima

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4
Q

The epithelium present in tunica intima is composed of ?

A

Endothelium and subendothelium

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5
Q

Tunica intima is surrounded by ?

A

Basal lamina and loose connective tissue

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6
Q

Arteries have an ____ ____ ____ that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.

A

internal elastic lamina

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7
Q

The internal elastic lamina is made of what fibers ?

A

Elastin fibers

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8
Q

The internal elastic lamina has holes to allow diffusion. True or False?

A

True

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9
Q

It is the middle layer of the vessel wall.

A

Tunica media

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10
Q

Tunica media is consists of ____ arranged layers of smooth muscle.

A

Concentrically

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11
Q

Veins have much thicker tunica media than arteries. True or False?

A

False

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12
Q

Why do arteries have much thicker tunica media than veins?

A

Due to more smooth muscle

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13
Q

Large arteries typically have an ____ ____ ____ separating tunica media and tunica adventitia.

A

external elastic lamina

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14
Q

It is the outermost layer of the vessel wall.

A

Tunica externa

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15
Q

What is the other term for tunica externa?

A

Tunica adventitia

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16
Q

Tunica externa is composed of what fibers?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

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17
Q

What is the thickest layer in veins?

A

Tunica externa

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18
Q

Large veins may have ____ ____ bundles running longitudinally in tunica externa.

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

Give the 3 layers of elastic artery from innermost to outermost.

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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20
Q

Give the 5 layers of muscular artery from innermost to outermost.

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica elastic lamina
  3. Tunica media
  4. External elastic lamina
  5. Tunica externa
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21
Q

Give the 3 layers of arteriole.

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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22
Q

Give the 3 layers of large vein from innermost to outermost.

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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23
Q

Give the 3 layers of medium-sized vein

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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24
Q

Between large vein, medium-sized vein, and venule, which has a presence of valves?

A

Medium-sized vein

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25
Q

It nourishes the adventitia and outer tunica media.

A

Vasa vasorum

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26
Q

Large arteries and veins have small blood vessels called ____ ____ in the adventitia and outer media.

A

vasa vasorum

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27
Q

Arteries have more vasa vasorum than veins. True or False?

A

False

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28
Q

Why do veins have more vasa vasorum?

A

Veins have a lower content of O2 and nutrients in blood in the lumen

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29
Q

Give the different types of blood vessels.

A
  1. Capillaries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Venules
  4. Arteries
  5. Veins
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30
Q

Among the types of blood vessels, which has the smallest diameter?

A

Capillaries

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31
Q

What is the diameter of capillaries?

A

7-9 um

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32
Q

Blood vessel that allow exchange of metabolites and waste between blood and surrounding tissue.

A

Capillaries

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33
Q

Capillaries are composed of a single layer of ____ ____ rolled up into a tube.

A

endothelial cells

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34
Q

Endothelial cells of capillaries rest on ?

A

Basal lamina

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35
Q

Endothelial cells of capillaries are connected by junctions of what type?

A

Zona occludens type

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36
Q

Capillaries convert angiotensin I to ?

A

Angiotensin II

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37
Q

Capillaries can inactive things like ?

A

Prostaglandins and norepinephrine

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38
Q

Capillaries produce factors that can cause?

A

Constriction and relaxation of vessels

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39
Q

These are small cells adjacent to capillaries and venules.

A

Pericytes

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40
Q

During injury and repair, ____ can transform into other cells, forming new blood vessels and connective tissue cells.

A

Pericytes

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoidal capillaries or sinusoids
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42
Q

The differences in the three types of capillaries are based on ?

A

Structure of endothelium and basal lamina

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43
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

Continuous (tight) capillary

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44
Q

Where can you find continuous capillaries ?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, glands and nerve tissue

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45
Q

Continuous capillaries have openings. True or False?

A

False

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46
Q

Continuous capillaries have no fenestrae, resulting in ?

A

Less exchange of substances across capillary wall

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47
Q

Some continuous capillaries have numerous ____ ____ in endothelium, which transport substances across endothelial cells.

A

pinocytotic vesicles

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48
Q

This type of capillary is present in organs needing rapid exchange of substances between tissues and blood.

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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49
Q

Give some organs having fenestrated capillaries.

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Intestine
  3. Endocrine organs
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50
Q

These are perforations or openings typically covered by thin diaphragms.

A

Fenestrations

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51
Q

The basal lamina of fenestrated capillaries is discontinuous. True or False?

A

False, continuous.

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52
Q

Substances easily cross the wall of fenestrated capillaries. True or False?

A

True

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53
Q

This type of capillary has very large diameter and twisting course.

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

54
Q

The twisting course of sinusoidal capillaries has an effect to blood flow. What is the effect?

A

Blood flow moves slowly

55
Q

What are the organs that have sinusoidal capillaries?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bone marrow
  3. Spleen
  4. Some endocrine organs
56
Q

Among the 3 types of capillary, which is very leaky ?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

57
Q

Substances move freely across capillary wall and into tissues because ? (Hint: 3 answers)

A
  1. There are spaces between endothelial cells.
  2. The endothelial cells have large fenestrae without diaphragms.
  3. The basal lamina is discontinuous.
58
Q

Is the basal lamina of sinusoidal capillaries continuous or discontinuous?

A

Discontinuous

59
Q

Is there a presence of diaphragm in the large fenestrae of endothelial cells of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

None

60
Q

Capillaries branch extensively forming a ____ ____ with a huge surface area.

A

capillary bed (microvasculature network)

61
Q

Capillary beds are great places to exchange water, ions, and macromolecules between blood and tissue because ?

A
  1. Blood flows slowly
  2. Surface area is huge
62
Q

What are the 5 factors with regards to capillary structure that determine what stuffs move across capillary walls?

A
  1. Types of intercellular junctions
  2. Presence of spaces between epithelial cells
  3. Presence of fenestrations
  4. Presence of diaphragms
  5. Presence and number of pinocytotic vesicles
63
Q

What are the factors with regards to the molecules that determine what stuffs move across capillary walls ?

A
  1. Size of molecule
  2. Charge of molecule
64
Q

Walls of arteries/arterioles are thicker than walls of veins/venules of the same diameter. True or False?

A

True

65
Q

How to tell the difference between arteries/arterioles and veins/venules?

A

Wall-to-lumen ration

66
Q

What is the size of wall-to-lumen ratio of arteries/arterioles ?

A

Larger

67
Q

Larger wall-to-lumen ratio of arteries/arterioles is because of ?

A

Smooth muscle in the wall

68
Q

What is the size of wall-to-lumen ration of veins/venules?

A

Smaller

69
Q

Tunica intima is thick in arterioles. True or False?

A

False, thin.

70
Q

Tunica intima of arterioles has internal elastic lamina. True or False?

A

False

71
Q

Tunica externa of arterioles is thick. True or False?

A

False, thin.

72
Q

Venules have very thin walls. True or False?

A

True

73
Q

Smaller venules are similar to ____ in terms of structure and function.

A

capillaries

74
Q

All 3 tunics of venules are thin, but ____ is relatively the thickest.

A

externa

75
Q

The tunica media of venules contains a few smooth muscles. True or False?

A

True

76
Q

The tunica media of venules contains pericytes. True or False?

A

True

77
Q

Smooth muscles in tunica media of venules are in the form of concentric rings. True or False?

A

False, not concentric.

78
Q

Between muscular and elastic artery, which is larger?

A

Elastic artery

79
Q

These arteries are close to heart that contributes to minimizing changes in blood pressure.

A

Elastic arteries

80
Q

They conduct blood to different regions and organs of the body.

A

Arteries

81
Q

This type of artery makes up most of the named arteries of the body.

A

Muscular/distributing arteries

82
Q

Muscular arteries have obscure internal elastic lamina. True or False?

A

False, prominent internal elastic lamina.

83
Q

The tunica media of muscular artery is thin. True or False?

A

False, thick.

84
Q

Approximately how many layers of smooth muscle are present in tunica media of muscular artery?

A

Up to 40 layers

85
Q

The larger the artery, the more ____ is present with the smooth muscle.

A

Elastin

86
Q

This artery has the largest-diameter arteries in the body.

A

Elastic arteries

87
Q

Elastic arteries include the aorta and its largest branches. True or False?

A

True

88
Q

Elastic arteries stretch during ____ and contract during ____ diastole.

A

systole, diastole

89
Q

The tunica intima of elastic arteries is thicker than that of muscular arteries due to ?

A

Thicker subendothelial layer

90
Q

Tunica media of elastic arteries has numerous ____ ____ which increase with age.

A

elastic laminae

91
Q

In between of elastic laminae of tunica media of elastic arteries, there are ?

A
  1. Smooth muscle fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
    3, Ground substance
92
Q

The tunica externa of elastic artery is relatively thick or thin?

A

Thin

93
Q

The tunica externa of elastic artery has what components ?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Nerves
  3. Vasa vasorum
94
Q

The internal and external elastic lamina in elastic arteries are absent. True or False?

A

False, present but not usually visible.

95
Q

They are considered capacitance vessels because at any one time they hold more than 70% of the total blood volume.

A

Veins

96
Q

They return blood to the heart.

A

Vein

97
Q

Among the types of veins (in relation to size), which has thin intima and media, but a relatively thick adventitia ?

A

Small and medium-sized veins

98
Q

The tunica media of small and medium-sized veins contains a few small bundles of smooth muscle. True or False?

A

True

99
Q

The tunica externa of small and medium-sized veins are consists of elastic fibers without smooth muscle. True or False?

A

False, collagen fibers.

100
Q

Valves in veins are consists of folds of tunica ____ that project into the vein lumen.

A

intima

101
Q

Veins that have valves are most numerous in the ?

A

Limbs

102
Q

They ensure that blood flows toward the heart and does not pool in lower extremities.

A

Valves in veins

103
Q

In large veins, tunica media is relatively thick. True or False?

A

False, thin.

104
Q

Tunica media of large veins contains several layers of smooth muscle and abundant connective tissue. True or False?

A

True

105
Q

Tunica adventitia of large vein is relatively thin. True or False?

A

False, thick.

106
Q

Tunica adventitia of large veins contains abundant collagen and some bundles of smooth muscle that run longitudinally. True or False?

A

True

107
Q

What is the purpose of the adventitial smooth muscle of large veins?

A

Strengthen the vessel wall to prevent excessive distension.

108
Q

This system collects interstitial fluid (lymph) that leaks from blood vessels into connective tissue, and return it to blood.

A

Lymphatic system

109
Q

Flow of lymph in lymphatic is in what form of direction?

A

Unidirectional

110
Q

Lymphatic capillaries is composed of how many layer?

A

One layer of endothelial cells

111
Q

Lymphatic capillaries have continuous basal lamina. True or False?

A

False, discontinuous.

112
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge, forming ?

A

Lymphatic vessels

113
Q

Lymphatic vessels have very thin walls. True or False?

A

True

114
Q

This is the inner layer of heart.

A

Endocardium

115
Q

Endocardium is consists of endothelium and basal lamina resting on a thin layer of connective tissue. True or False?

A

True

116
Q

It is a layer of connective tissue between endocardium and myocardium.

A

Subendocardium

117
Q

Subendocardium contains?

A
  1. Nerves
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Branches of the conducting system of the heart
118
Q

Valves are considered part of the endocardium. True or False?

A

True

119
Q

In this layer of the heart, muscle fibers are arranged in a spiral pattern around the chambers of the heart.

A

Myocardium

120
Q

The cardiac muscle fibers of myocardium are inserted into what type of connective tissue?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

121
Q

What are the specialized cells present in the myocardium?

A
  1. Impulse-generating cells
  2. Conducting cells
122
Q

This is the outer layer of the heart.

A

Epicardium

123
Q

Epicardium is consists of a surface of what epithelium ?

A

Mesothelium

124
Q

Mesothelium is what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

125
Q

Mesothelium of epicardium is supported by a thick layer of connective tissue. True or False?

A

False, thick.

126
Q

Epicardium contains ?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Large amounts of adipose tissue
  3. Nerves
  4. Blood vessels (including coronary vessels0
127
Q

Consists of modified cardiac muscle cells specialized for initiation and conduction of electrochemical impulses.

A

Conducting system

128
Q

In the conducting system of the heart, cells are distributed in a pattern that coordinates contraction of _____.

A

Myocardium

129
Q

____ ____ are enlarged cardiac muscle fibers specialized for conducting impulses.

A

Purkinje fibers

130
Q

Purkinje fibers have more myofibrils, and less glycogen than regular myocytes. True or False?

A

False, less myofibrils and more glycogen

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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