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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 4 - OSSEOUS TISSUE/BONE > Flashcards

TOPIC 4 - OSSEOUS TISSUE/BONE Flashcards

1
Q

Major and structural and supportive connective tissue of the body that forms the rigid part of the bone organs that make up the skeletal system.

A

Osseous tissue

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2
Q

Give the 7 characteristics of bone.

A
  1. Most dynamic structure in the body and is greatly affected by nutritional and metabolic changes
  2. Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus that undergo a constant flux in and out (absorption and release) of the bone matrix
  3. Respond to injury by rapid healing
  4. Undergoes internal modeling (modified, reshaped and overhauled) throughout life without changing its gross appearance
  5. Bone cells are in contact with each other thru cellular processes embedded in tiny channels in the hard bone matrix called canaliculi
  6. Highly vascular
  7. Grows thru appositional method only
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3
Q

Bone forms when ___ salts are deposited around protein fibers which provides ___ to bones.

A

calcium, rigidity

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4
Q

Fibers in bone provides ?

A

Elasticity and strength

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5
Q

Give the 5 functions of osseous tissue.

A
  1. Support for muscles, organs and soft tissues
  2. Leverage and movement
  3. Protection of vital organs
  4. Storage of calcium phosphate
  5. Hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells in the bone marrow within the spongy bone
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6
Q

This forms a system of channels thru which processes from one osteocyte can contact adjacent cells allowing osteocytes to communicate with one another for passage of information, nutrients and wastes from cells near blood vessels to those trapped in lacunae.

A

Canaliculi

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7
Q

Bones are formed by what cell?

A

Osteoblasts

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8
Q

Osteoblasts deposit Type __ collagen and also release ___, ___ and ___ within that ultimately combine chemically within the collagenous matrix into a crystalline mineral known as ___.

A

I, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, hydroxyapatite

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9
Q

Type of osseous tissue that forms an extremely hard exterior

A

Compact/Cortical Bone

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10
Q

Type of osseous tissue that fills the hollow interior.

A

Spongy bone

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11
Q

Other terms for spongy bone

A

Trabecular/Cancellous bone

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12
Q

Functional unit of compact bone

A

Haversian System

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13
Q

Other term for haversian system

A

Osteon

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14
Q

Concentric layers of haversian system is called?

A

Lamellae

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15
Q

Lamella surrounds a canal called ?

A

Central canal/Haversian Canal

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16
Q

Haversian canal contains bone’s ___ and ___ ___

A

nerve, blood supplies

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17
Q

Boundary of an osteon is called ?

A

Cement line

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18
Q

Remnants of osteons that have been destroyed.

A

Interstitial Lamellae

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19
Q

Lamellae that are arranged parallel to the surface

A

Circumferential Lamellae

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20
Q

An oblique channel connecting osteon to the periosteum.

A

Volkmann’s or Perforating Canals

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21
Q

These fibers rub parallel to each other in lamellae and oblique in others.

A

Collagen fibers

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22
Q

This type of bone develops directly from pre-existing mesenchymal connective tissue.

A

Intramembranous bone/membrane bone

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23
Q

This type of bone develops indirectly from a pre-existing cartilage that is gradually destroyed and replaced by cancellous bone.

A

Endochondral bone

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24
Q

Give a classification of bone that is intramembranous bone.

A

Flat bones

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25
Q

Give a classification of bone that is endochondral bone.

A

Tubular bones ( femur, radius)

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26
Q

Give the five shapes of bone.

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
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27
Q

It refers to the long shaft of bone.

A

Diaphysis

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28
Q

It refers to the ends of bone.

A

Epiphysis

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29
Q

It is the growth plate.

A

Epiphyseal plate

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30
Q

It refers to the part between epiphysis and diaphysis.

A

Metaphysis

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31
Q

It covers epiphysis.

A

Articular cartilage

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32
Q

It is the external covering of the bone.

A

Periosteum

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33
Q

Bundles of collagen fibers that attaches periosteum to the underlying bone.

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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34
Q

Hollow chamber in bone

A

Medullary cavity

35
Q

Thin layer lining the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

36
Q

Blood vessels and nerves penetrate periosteum through horizontal openings called ___ canals.

A

Volkmann’s/Perforating

37
Q

Bone is supplied with blood by ___ and ___.

A
  1. Periosteal arteries
  2. Epiphyseal veins
38
Q

It carries blood away from long bones.

A

Epiphyseal veins

39
Q

The periosteum is rich in ___ nerves sensitive to tearing or tension.

A

Sensory

40
Q

Cancellous bone is in what arrangement?

A

Haphazard arrangement

41
Q

These shape of bones are made up of mostly spongy bone.

A
  1. Short bones
  2. Flat bones
  3. Irregular bone
42
Q

Composition of bone matrix

A

25% water
25% protein
50% mineral salts

43
Q

4 cell types making up osseous tissue

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cell
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
44
Q

These are bone cells derived from mesenchyme; unspecialized stem cell; found on inner surface of periosteum and endosteum

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

45
Q

This bone cell develop into osteoblasts.

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

46
Q

These are bone forming cells found on surface of bone; no ability to mitotically divide; has collagen secretors.

A

Osteoblasts

47
Q

These bone cells are “mature”; do not secrete matrix material; take part in nutrient exchange and blood waste.

A

Osteocytes

48
Q

These bone cells are called bone resorbing cells and is responsible for growth, maintenance, and bone repair.

A

Osteoclasts

49
Q

Give the 5 abundant inorganic mineral salts in bone.

A
  1. Tricalcium phosphate in crystalline form called hydroxyapatite - Ca3 (PO4)2(OH)2
  2. Calcium carbonate - CACO3
  3. Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
  4. Fluoride
  5. Sulfate
50
Q

Small cavities where the chondrocytes are encased.

A

Lacunae

51
Q

These are cartilage-producing cells.

A

Chondrocytes

52
Q

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage.

A

Perichondrium

53
Q

What is the process of bone formation called?

A

Ossification

54
Q

This cartilage provides support through its flexibility.

A

Hyaline cartilage

55
Q

This cartilage can tolerate repeated bending.

A

Elastic cartilage

56
Q

This cartilage can resists strong compression and strong tension.

A

Fibrocartilage

57
Q

The process of bone formation is called ?

A

Ossification

58
Q

4 situations wherein bone formation occurs

A
  1. Formation of bone in an embryo
  2. Growth of bones until adulthood
  3. Remodeling of bone
  4. Repair of structures
59
Q

Cartilage formation and ossification occurs during the __ week of embryonic development.

A

6th

60
Q

Flat bones of the skull and mandible are formed in this type of ossification.

A

Intramembranous ossification

61
Q

This is the replacement of cartilage by the bone.

A

Endochondral ossification

62
Q

3 steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix within the fibrous membrane
  3. Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes
63
Q

It is the growth where cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone.

A

Longitudinal growth

64
Q

The growth in length of long bones involves two major events. These major events are ?

A
  1. Growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal plate
  2. Replacement of cartilage by bone tissue in the epiphyseal plate.
65
Q

4 zones of resting bone growth under hGh

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage (quiescent)
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage (proliferation zone)
  3. Zone of hypertrophic (maturing cartilage)
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
66
Q

This 2nd zone of bone growth under hGH is marked by chondrocytes stacking like coins which then divides.

A

Proliferation zone

67
Q

This 1st zone of bone growth under hGH is marked by scattered chondrocytes and no actual bone growth.

A

Zone of resting cartilage

68
Q

This 3rd zone of bone growth under hGH is marked by large chondrocytes arranged in columns and lengthwise expansion of epiphyseal plate.

A

Zone of hypertrophic (maturing) cartilage

69
Q

This 4th zone of bone growth under hGH is marked by dead chondrocytes surround by a calcified matrix, occupation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and capillaries from the diaphysis.

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

70
Q

This bone growth is classified as growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface.

A

Appositional growth

71
Q

It adds bone tissue to the external surface of the diaphysis.

A

Osteoblasts

72
Q

It removes bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis.

A

Osteoclasts

73
Q

Does bone continually renews itself? Yes or No?

A

Yes

74
Q

What is the process where bone continually renews itself?

A

Bone remodelling

75
Q

Spongy bone is replaced every __ years

A

3-4 years

76
Q

Compact bone is replaced every ___ years.

A

10 years

77
Q

What are the steps of bone repair?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Remodeling of bone
78
Q

This 3rd stage of bone repair is marked by osteoclasts resorbing the dead bone; osteogenic cells become active, divide, and differentiate into osteoblasts;

The cartilage in the calli is then replaced by trabecular bone via e.c. ossification

A

Bony callus formation

79
Q

This 1st stage of bone repair is marked by the formation of fracture hematoma by the clotted blood.

A

Hematoma formation

80
Q

In how many hours does hematoma forms after the fracture?

A

6-8 hours

81
Q

This 2nd stage of bone repair is marked by internal callus formation of chondrocytes from endosteum.

Then, the periosteal chondrocytes and osteoblasts create an external callus of hyaline cartilage and bone, respectively, around the outside of the break which then stabilizes the fracture.

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

82
Q

This 4th stage of bone repair is marked by union of internal and external calli, replacement of compact bone from spongy bone at the outer margins, and healing is complete.

A

Remodeling of bone

83
Q

How does chondrocytes from the endosteum create an internal callus?

A

By secreting a fibrocartilaginous matrix between the two ends of the broken bone

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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