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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 15 - URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 15 - URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
    Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions
  2. Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity & glucose
  3. Regulation of blood volume
    conserving or eliminating water
  4. Regulation of blood pressure
    - secreting the enzyme renin
    - adjusting renal resistance
  5. Release of erythropoietin & calcitrol
  6. Excretion of wastes & foreign substances
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2
Q

The parenchyma is organized into what structures ?

A

Cortex and medulla

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3
Q

What are the structures present in parenchyma of kidney ?

A
  1. nephrons
  2. collecting ducts
  3. blood vessels
  4. lymphatics
  5. nerves
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4
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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5
Q

Tubules of kidney in which urine is formed

A

Nephron

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6
Q

Nephron is consists of 5 parts. What are these?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Medullary loop (loop of Henle)
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
  5. Collecting duct
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7
Q

Renal corpuscles produce what fluid vital in urination?

A

Glomerular ultrafiltrate

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8
Q

This is the cluster of blood vessels present in renal corpuscle.

A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

The double-walled envelope of renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

Afferent arterioles enter while the efferent arterioles leave the glomerulus at ____ ____ while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at ____ ____.

A

vascular pole, renal pole

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11
Q

What is the type of capillary present in renal corpuscle ?

A

Fenestrated capillary

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12
Q

Bowman’s capsule comprise of inner ____ and outer ____ layers and ____ space in between the layers.

A

visceral, outer, Bowman’s

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13
Q

Parietal layer of bowman’s capsule is formed by ____ ____ cells. (Hint: type of epithelium)

A

simple squamous

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14
Q

Visceral layer of bowman’s capsule is formed by ____ whose foot processes contact glomerular blood capillaries.

A

Podocytes

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15
Q

What is the term for foot processes of podocytes ?

A

Pedicels

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16
Q

The connective tissue stroma of the glomerulus is constituted by ____ cells, which support the glomerular capillaries.

A

Mesangial

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17
Q

Part of nephron that is responsible for reabsorption of water, nutrients, and solids

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule is lined by what epithelium ?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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19
Q

Tubule cells of proximal convoluted tubules have microvilli on their luminal surfaces. True or False?

A

True

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20
Q

Tubule cells appear striated due to ?

A

Numerous basal infoldings & plenty of mitochondria

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21
Q

Part of nephron that functions as a counter-current multiplier system.

A

Medullary loop/Loop of Henle

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22
Q

What is the function of counter-current multiplier system?

A

To determine the osmolarity of urine

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23
Q

Blood flow in the medullary loop is similar to that in medullary vasa recta. True or False?

A

False, not similar but rather “counter”

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24
Q

Loop of Henle extends from what structures ?

A

Corticomedullary junction to medulla

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25
Medullary loop is consists of three parts. What are these ?
1. Descending limb 2. Thin segment 3. Ascending limb
26
The thin part of medullary loop is lined by what epithelium ?
Simple squamous
27
This part of nephron is responsible for reabsorption which is regulated by ADH and aldosterone.
Distal convoluted tubule
28
Distal convoluted tubule extends from what structure to what structure ?
Medullary loop and extends to collecting tubule within cortex
29
DCT is lined by what epithelium?
Low simple cuboidal epithelium
30
Same as the tubule cells of PCT, tubule cells of DCT has microvilli. True or False?
False, DCT has no microvilli
31
The epithelial cells of DCT stain less osmophilic compared to those of PCT. True or False?
True
32
Formed where the ascending loop of Henle/DCT contacts the afferent arteriole of renal corpuscle.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
33
What are the three cells that constitute juxtaglomerular apparatus ?
1. Macula densa/dense cells of DCT 2. Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
34
Among the 3 types of cell constituting glomerular apparatus, which are the cells that become columnar and closely packed ?
Macula densa/dense cells of DCT
35
Among the 3 types of cell constituting glomerular apparatus, which are smooth muscle cells of tunica media that become spherical and contain renin granules ?
Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole
36
The juxtaglomerular apparatus produce what enzyme ?
Renin
37
Renin is responsible for ?
Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin
38
A vasoconstrictor which raises blood pressure thus flow of ultrafiltrate
Angiotensin
39
Part of nephron that drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis
Collecting tubule/duct
40
Collecting tubule lies on ?
Medullary ray within cortex
41
Collecting tubule progressively increase in diameter towards cortex. True or False?
False, medulla.
42
In inner medulla, collecting ducts from different renal lobes unite to form ____ ____ ____, which open into renal pelvis.
large papillary ducts
43
Collecting duct are lined by epithelium that has 2 cell types. What are these ?
1. collecting duct cells 2. intercalated /dark cells
44
Collecting duct cells is in what form if residing in cortical part ?
Cuboidal
45
Collecting duct cells is in what form if residing in medullary ?
Columnar
46
Cells of collecting duct that resemble those of DCT but bulge into lumen of collecting duct.
Intercalated/dark cells
47
Permeability of collecting duct to water and ions is regulated by ?
ADH
48
Between the 3 parts of Loop of Henle, which is mainly responsible for formation of Juxtaglomerular apparatus ?
Ascending limb
49
Proximal convoluted tubule is lined with what epithelium ?
Simple cuboidal with brush border of microvilli
50
The descending limb of Loop of Henle is lined by what epithelium ?
Simple squamous epithelium
51
The ascending limb of Loop of Henle is lined by what epithelium ?
Simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium
52
The distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts are lined by what epithelium ?
Simple cuboidal composed of principal & intercalated cells which have microvilli
53
The renal physiology constitutes three functions. What are those ?
1. Glomerular filtration of plasma 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
54
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) or the total pressure that promotes filtration in the nephron?
10 mm Hg
55
A microscopic structure in the kidney that regulates functions of the nephron.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
56
These are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles of nephron which contains renin and sympathetically innervated granulated cells.
Juxtaglomerular cells
57
These are cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus which function as mechanoreceptors to changes in blood pressure.
Juxtaglomerular cells
58
These are Na+ sensor cells located at DCT that function as chemoreceptors that sense changes in solute concentration and flow of filtrate.
Macula densa cells
59
These are cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus that forms connections via actin and microtubules for selective vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
60
Other term for extraglomerular mesangial cells
Lacis cells
61
What are the functions of juxtraglomerular apparatus?
1. Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF) Mechanism 2. Increased renal arterial pressure 3. Return of osmolality and filtrate flow rate to normal 4. Decreased renal arterial pressure
62
What are the processes include in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ?
1. Release of renin 2. Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I (and II) 3. Release of aldosterone 4. Release of ADH
63
What converts angiontensin I to II?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (in the lungs)
64
Hormone that counteracts RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
65
What are the 3 tissue layers of ureter? (innermost to outermost)
1. Tunica mucosa 2. Tunica muscularis 3. Tunica serosa/adventitia
66
Tunica mucosa of ureter is lined by how many layers of transitional epithelium?
5-6 cell layers
67
Tunica muscularis of ureter has inner and outer longitudinal and middle layer of smooth muscles. True or False?
True
68
What are the 4 layers of urinary bladder? (innermost to outermost)
1. Tunica mucosa 2. T. submucosa 3. T. muscularis 4. T. serosa/adventitia
69
Tunica mucosa of urinary bladder is lined by how many layers of transitional epithelium?
14 cell layers
70
T. submucosa of urinary bladder contains small amount of vessels and is rich in hyaline fibers. True or False?
False, highly vascular and elastic fibers
71
The tunica muscularis of ureter and urinary bladder both contains inner and outer longitudinal and middle layer. True or False?
True
72
In T. serosa of urinary bladder, in which junction can you find a sphincter that prevents backflow of urine and at neck of bladder to regulate urine emptying?
Ureterovesicular junction
73
What are the 4 tissue layers of urethra?
1. T. mucosa 2. T. submucosa 3. T. muscularis 4. T. serosa/adventitia
74
Tunica mucosa of urethra has transitional epithelium that changes to stratified squamous at ____ ____ ____.
external urethral orifice
75
These are tissue spaces present in T. submucosa of urethra.
Cavernous tissue spaces
76
T. muscularis of ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra contain inner and outer longitudinal layer and middle layer. True or False?
True
77
In T. muscularis of urethra, this is the additional external layer of skeletal muscle.
Striated urethralis muscle
78
What makes the T. muscularis of urethra different from ureter and urinary bladder?
It is directed towards external urethral orifice

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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