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HISTOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 15 - URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 15 - URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
    Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions
  2. Regulation of blood pH, osmolarity & glucose
  3. Regulation of blood volume
    conserving or eliminating water
  4. Regulation of blood pressure
    - secreting the enzyme renin
    - adjusting renal resistance
  5. Release of erythropoietin & calcitrol
  6. Excretion of wastes & foreign substances
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2
Q

The parenchyma is organized into what structures ?

A

Cortex and medulla

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3
Q

What are the structures present in parenchyma of kidney ?

A
  1. nephrons
  2. collecting ducts
  3. blood vessels
  4. lymphatics
  5. nerves
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4
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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5
Q

Tubules of kidney in which urine is formed

A

Nephron

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6
Q

Nephron is consists of 5 parts. What are these?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Medullary loop (loop of Henle)
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
  5. Collecting duct
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7
Q

Renal corpuscles produce what fluid vital in urination?

A

Glomerular ultrafiltrate

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8
Q

This is the cluster of blood vessels present in renal corpuscle.

A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

The double-walled envelope of renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

Afferent arterioles enter while the efferent arterioles leave the glomerulus at ____ ____ while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at ____ ____.

A

vascular pole, renal pole

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11
Q

What is the type of capillary present in renal corpuscle ?

A

Fenestrated capillary

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12
Q

Bowman’s capsule comprise of inner ____ and outer ____ layers and ____ space in between the layers.

A

visceral, outer, Bowman’s

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13
Q

Parietal layer of bowman’s capsule is formed by ____ ____ cells. (Hint: type of epithelium)

A

simple squamous

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14
Q

Visceral layer of bowman’s capsule is formed by ____ whose foot processes contact glomerular blood capillaries.

A

Podocytes

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15
Q

What is the term for foot processes of podocytes ?

A

Pedicels

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16
Q

The connective tissue stroma of the glomerulus is constituted by ____ cells, which support the glomerular capillaries.

A

Mesangial

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17
Q

Part of nephron that is responsible for reabsorption of water, nutrients, and solids

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule is lined by what epithelium ?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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19
Q

Tubule cells of proximal convoluted tubules have microvilli on their luminal surfaces. True or False?

A

True

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20
Q

Tubule cells appear striated due to ?

A

Numerous basal infoldings & plenty of mitochondria

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21
Q

Part of nephron that functions as a counter-current multiplier system.

A

Medullary loop/Loop of Henle

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22
Q

What is the function of counter-current multiplier system?

A

To determine the osmolarity of urine

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23
Q

Blood flow in the medullary loop is similar to that in medullary vasa recta. True or False?

A

False, not similar but rather “counter”

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24
Q

Loop of Henle extends from what structures ?

A

Corticomedullary junction to medulla

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25
Q

Medullary loop is consists of three parts. What are these ?

A
  1. Descending limb
  2. Thin segment
  3. Ascending limb
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26
Q

The thin part of medullary loop is lined by what epithelium ?

A

Simple squamous

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27
Q

This part of nephron is responsible for reabsorption which is regulated by ADH and aldosterone.

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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28
Q

Distal convoluted tubule extends from what structure to what structure ?

A

Medullary loop and extends to collecting tubule within cortex

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29
Q

DCT is lined by what epithelium?

A

Low simple cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

Same as the tubule cells of PCT, tubule cells of DCT has microvilli. True or False?

A

False, DCT has no microvilli

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31
Q

The epithelial cells of DCT stain less osmophilic compared to those of PCT. True or False?

A

True

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32
Q

Formed where the ascending loop of Henle/DCT contacts the afferent arteriole of renal corpuscle.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

33
Q

What are the three cells that constitute juxtaglomerular apparatus ?

A
  1. Macula densa/dense cells of DCT
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
34
Q

Among the 3 types of cell constituting glomerular apparatus, which are the cells that become columnar and closely packed ?

A

Macula densa/dense cells of DCT

35
Q

Among the 3 types of cell constituting glomerular apparatus, which are smooth muscle cells of tunica media that become spherical and contain renin granules ?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole

36
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus produce what enzyme ?

A

Renin

37
Q

Renin is responsible for ?

A

Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin

38
Q

A vasoconstrictor which raises blood pressure thus flow of ultrafiltrate

A

Angiotensin

39
Q

Part of nephron that drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis

A

Collecting tubule/duct

40
Q

Collecting tubule lies on ?

A

Medullary ray within cortex

41
Q

Collecting tubule progressively increase in diameter towards cortex. True or False?

A

False, medulla.

42
Q

In inner medulla, collecting ducts from different renal lobes unite to form ____ ____ ____, which open into renal pelvis.

A

large papillary ducts

43
Q

Collecting duct are lined by epithelium that has 2 cell types. What are these ?

A
  1. collecting duct cells
  2. intercalated /dark cells
44
Q

Collecting duct cells is in what form if residing in cortical part ?

A

Cuboidal

45
Q

Collecting duct cells is in what form if residing in medullary ?

A

Columnar

46
Q

Cells of collecting duct that resemble those of DCT but bulge into lumen of collecting duct.

A

Intercalated/dark cells

47
Q

Permeability of collecting duct to water and ions is regulated by ?

A

ADH

48
Q

Between the 3 parts of Loop of Henle, which is mainly responsible for formation of Juxtaglomerular apparatus ?

A

Ascending limb

49
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule is lined with what epithelium ?

A

Simple cuboidal with brush border of microvilli

50
Q

The descending limb of Loop of Henle is lined by what epithelium ?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

51
Q

The ascending limb of Loop of Henle is lined by what epithelium ?

A

Simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium

52
Q

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts are lined by what epithelium ?

A

Simple cuboidal composed of principal & intercalated cells which have microvilli

53
Q

The renal physiology constitutes three functions. What are those ?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration of plasma
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
54
Q

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) or the total pressure that promotes filtration in the nephron?

A

10 mm Hg

55
Q

A microscopic structure in the kidney that regulates functions of the nephron.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

56
Q

These are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles of nephron which contains renin and sympathetically innervated granulated cells.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

57
Q

These are cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus which function as mechanoreceptors to changes in blood pressure.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

58
Q

These are Na+ sensor cells located at DCT that function as chemoreceptors that sense changes in solute concentration and flow of filtrate.

A

Macula densa cells

59
Q

These are cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus that forms connections via actin and microtubules for selective vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

60
Q

Other term for extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Lacis cells

61
Q

What are the functions of juxtraglomerular apparatus?

A
  1. Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF) Mechanism
  2. Increased renal arterial pressure
  3. Return of osmolality and filtrate flow rate to normal
  4. Decreased renal arterial pressure
62
Q

What are the processes include in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ?

A
  1. Release of renin
  2. Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I (and II)
  3. Release of aldosterone
  4. Release of ADH
63
Q

What converts angiontensin I to II?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (in the lungs)

64
Q

Hormone that counteracts RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

65
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of ureter? (innermost to outermost)

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
  2. Tunica muscularis
  3. Tunica serosa/adventitia
66
Q

Tunica mucosa of ureter is lined by how many layers of transitional epithelium?

A

5-6 cell layers

67
Q

Tunica muscularis of ureter has inner and outer longitudinal and middle layer of smooth muscles. True or False?

A

True

68
Q

What are the 4 layers of urinary bladder? (innermost to outermost)

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
  2. T. submucosa
  3. T. muscularis
  4. T. serosa/adventitia
69
Q

Tunica mucosa of urinary bladder is lined by how many layers of transitional epithelium?

A

14 cell layers

70
Q

T. submucosa of urinary bladder contains small amount of vessels and is rich in hyaline fibers. True or False?

A

False, highly vascular and elastic fibers

71
Q

The tunica muscularis of ureter and urinary bladder both contains inner and outer longitudinal and middle layer. True or False?

A

True

72
Q

In T. serosa of urinary bladder, in which junction can you find a sphincter that prevents backflow of urine and at neck of bladder to regulate urine emptying?

A

Ureterovesicular junction

73
Q

What are the 4 tissue layers of urethra?

A
  1. T. mucosa
  2. T. submucosa
  3. T. muscularis
  4. T. serosa/adventitia
74
Q

Tunica mucosa of urethra has transitional epithelium that changes to stratified squamous at ____ ____ ____.

A

external urethral orifice

75
Q

These are tissue spaces present in T. submucosa of urethra.

A

Cavernous tissue spaces

76
Q

T. muscularis of ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra contain inner and outer longitudinal layer and middle layer. True or False?

A

True

77
Q

In T. muscularis of urethra, this is the additional external layer of skeletal muscle.

A

Striated urethralis muscle

78
Q

What makes the T. muscularis of urethra different from ureter and urinary bladder?

A

It is directed towards external urethral orifice

HISTOLOGY LEC (20 decks)

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