TOPIC 14 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
What are the 3 principal regions of respiratory system?
- Conducting portion
- Respiratory portion
- Ventilating mechanism
Portion of respiratory system consisting of nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
Conducting portion
Portion of respiratory system consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
Respiratory bronchi
Portion of respiratory system which creates pressure differences that move air
Ventilating mechanism
Structures of ventilating mechanism includes ?
- Diaphragm
- Rib cage
- Intercostal muscles
- Abdominal muscles
- Elastic connective tissue in the lungs
It conducts air to alveoli in the lungs.
System of ducts
What are the functions of conducting portion?
- Conditioning of the air - warming, moistening
- Removal of particulate materials
What is the type of cartilage present in larynx, trachea, extrapulmonary, and intrapulmonary bronchi ?
Hyaline cartilage
What are the specialized cells present in the epithelium of structures of conducting portion?
- Ciliated cells
- Goblet cells
Are lungs elastic?
Yes
Changes in epithelium occurs from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs. True or False?
Trueq
What are the following epitheliums that can be observed in conducting portion?
Pseudostratified columnar => simple columnar => simple cuboidal => simple squamous
Part of the throat behind the nasal passage
Nasopharynx
Nasopharynx is connected to the ear by two openings found on each side of the nasopharynx called ____ ____.
Eustachian tubes
Histologically, what are the three layers of nasopharynx? (innermost to outermost)
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Adventitia
The mucosal layer of nasopharynx is consists of 2 structures. What are those ?
- Lamina propria
- Epithelium
These are the glands present in submucosal layer of nasopharynx.
Seromucous glands
The layer that separates the nasopharynx from the surrounding tissues.
Adventitia
Among the 3 layers of nasopharynx, which has connective tissue?
- Submucosa
- Adventitia
- Mucosa (lamina propria)
What are the two main types of epithelium in the nasopharynx ?
- Squamous epithelium
- Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified - i think)
The lamina propria of mucosal layer of nasopharynx is consists of what type of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
Larynx is a tube kept open by what types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Elastic (epiglottis)
What is the type of mucosal epithelium of larynx?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
This is the epithelium found in the epiglottis and the vocal folds.
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What is the mucosal epithelium of trachea ?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
The submucosa of trachea contains mixed glands. True or False?
True
How many C-shaped hyaline cartilages re present in trachea ?
20
The two main extrapulmonary bronchi is histologically different to the trachea. True or False?
False
What constitutes the intrapulmonary bronchi?
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
Primary bronchi is also known as ?
Lobar bronchi
Secondary bronchi is also known as ?
Segmental bronchi
Tertiary bronchi is also known as ?
Interlobular bronchi
The intrapulmonary bronchi has what type of epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing cilia and goblet cells
There is presence of smooth muscle between mucosa and cartilage of intrapulmonary bronchi. True or False?
True
Regular-shaped cartilaginous plates are present tin intrapulmonary bronchi. True or False?
False, irregularr
What is the smallest branch of bronchi?
Bronchioles
Preterminal bronchiole penetrate lobules at its ____ and enter inside the lobule, branches into ____ bronchioles.
apex, terminxal
What is the epithelium present in the larger bronchioles ?
Simple columnar epithelium
What is the epithelium present in small bronchioles ?
Tall cuboidal epithelium
In bronchioles, goblet cells are present. True or False?
False
These are tall, non-ciliated secretory cells that produce surfactant. Present in bronchioles.
Cells of Clara
Glands and cartilage are present in bronchioles. True or False?
False
The respiratory portion lie inside in ?
Lung lobules
In comparison with conducting portion, respiratory portion is consists of bigger ducts and sacs. True or False?
False, smaller
The actual gas exchange takes place in ?
Alveoli
These are thin bulging sacs present in walls of respiratory bronchioles.
Alveoli
These are long air passages in respiratory bronchiole.
Alveolar ducts
Round air spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
Alveolar sacs
The connective tissue that separates neighboring alveoli
Interalveolar septa
It provides direct contact between 2 alveoli.
Alveolar pores
It decreases surface tension in alveoli preventing their collapsing.
Surfactant
What are the two types of cells present in the epithelium of alveoli ?
- Pneumocyte type 1
- Pneumocyte type 2
Other term for pneuomocyte type 1
Alveolocytes
Alveolocytes consitutes for what type of epithelium in alveoli?
Simple squamous alveolar epithelium
The type of cell in epithelium of alveoli that produces surfactant.
Pneumocyte type 2
These structures provide barrier between air and blood.
- Cytoplasm of epithelium lining the alveoli
- Basal lamina of the epithelium
- Basal lamina of the capillary endothelium
- Cytoplasm of capillary endothelium
____ arteries supply walls of bronchi and connective tissue.
Bronchial
Other term for alveolar macrophages
Dust cells
Dust cells are present in enclosed alveolus. True or False?
False, present only in cavity.
What is the structural and functional unit of the lung?
Acinus
Lymphatic system of respiratory system run in ?
Run in connective tissue of the lungs visceral pleura, interlobular septa and dense connective tissue surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles, arteries and veins.
Blood vessels are present in interalveolar septa. True or False?
False
