Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSG 320 - MED SURG > Topic 6: Cancer > Flashcards

Topic 6: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

Characterized by uncontrolled unregulated growth of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stage 0

A

cancer in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

stage I

A

tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stage II

A

limited local spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stage III

A

extensive local and regional spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stage IV

A

metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TNM

A

(primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T0

A

No evidence of primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tis

A

Carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T1-4

A

ascending degrees of increase in tumor size and involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tx

A

Tumor cannot be measured or found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

N0

A

No evidence of disease in lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

N1-4

A

ascending degrees of nodal involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nx

A

regional lymph nodes unable to be assessed clinically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

M0

A

no evidence of distant metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

M1-4

A

ascending degrees of metastatic involvement, including distant nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mx

A

cannot be determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Side effects of Radiation Therapy

A

· Acute and long-term site-specific changes
· Vary according to site
· Local skin changes and hair loss
· Altered taste sensations
· Fatigue
· Bone marrow suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer

A

· Limit alcohol use
· Get regular physical exercise
· Maintain a normal body weight
· Have regular colorectal screenings
· Avoid smoking and tobacco
· Get regular mammography screening and Pap smears
· Obtain adequate, consistent periods of rest (at least 6-8 hours a night)
· Use sunscreen of 15 or higher
· Eliminate, reduce and cope with stress
· Eat balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruit, whole grain, and adequate amounts of FIBER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heath Promotion and Maintenance

A

· Avoidance of known or potential carcinogens (use skin protection, don’t use tobacco)
· Modifying associated factors (decrease alcohol, high fiber diet, low fat)
· Removal of “at risk” tissues
· Chemoprevention
· Vaccination
· Cancer Screening Guidelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: hyperuricemia

A

o Monitor uric acid levels
o Allopurinol may be given prophylactically
o Maintain fluid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: cardiotoxicity

A

o Monitor heart with ECG and EF
o Administer antidysrhythmics as ordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: fatigue

A

o Assess for reversible causes of fatigue
o Reassure client that fatigue is a common side effect
o Encourage patient to rest when fatigued, pace activities according to energy levels

24
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: anorexia

A

o Monitor weight
o Eat small frequent meals of high-protein, high-calorie foods
o Encourage patient to eat

25
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: constipation

A

o Take stool softeners as needed
o Eat high fiber foods
o Increase fluid intake
o Increase activity IF TOLERATED

26
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: diarrhea

A

o Antidiarrheal, low fiber, low residue diet

27
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: N/V

A

o Encourage patient to eat and drink when not nauseated
o Prophylactic antiemetics
o Diversional activities

28
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: stomatitis, mucositis, esophagitis

A

o Asses oral mucosa daily and teach patient to do this
o Encourage nutritional supplements if intake is decreasing
o Avoid spicy or acidic, and too hot or too cold foods
o Teach patient to choose moist, bland, softer foods
o Encourage patient to keep oral cavity clean and moist with oral rinse (saline or salt and soda solution)
o Discourage of irritants like alcohol and tobacco

29
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia (due to bone marrow suppression)

A

o Monitor CBC levels
o Avoid large crowds and people with infections
o Observe for signs of bleeding

30
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: Alopecia

A

o Suggest ways to cope with hair loss (hair pieces, scarves, wigs)
o Cut long hair before therapy
o Avoid excessive shampooing, brushing, curling, and drying of hair

31
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: chemo induces skin changes

A

o Alert patient to potential skin changes
o Encourage to avoid sun exposure
o Symptomatic management (lotion, corticosteroid creams)

32
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: radiation skin changes (dry to moist desquamation

A

o Lubricate the dry skin with a nonirritating lotion emollient (such as aloe vera)
o Wet reaction must be kept clean and protected from further damage.
o Wet desquamation of tissues generally produces pain, drainage, and increased risk of infection.

33
Q

Problems Caused by Chemo and Radiation Management: cognitive changes “chemo brain”

A

o Teach clients to use a daily planner, get enough rest, exercise brain (puzzles), focus on one thing

34
Q

chemo PPE

A

· Eye protection
· Masks
· Double gloves (or “chemo” gloves)
· Gown

35
Q

Teach 7 warning signs of cancer: CAUTION

A

· Change in bowel or bladder habits
· A sore that does not heal
· Unusual bleeding or discharge from any orifice
· Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
· Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
· Obvious change in a wart or mole
· Nagging cough or hoarseness

36
Q

Radiation skin reaction teaching:

A

· Cleanse skin with mild soap, rinse thoroughly, pat dry
· Apply nonmedicated, nonperfumed lotions/creams to alleviate dry skin
· Rinse area with saline solution. Expose the area to air as much as possible
· Observe area DAILY for signs of infection
· Avoid weaking tight fitting clothes and harsh fabrics
· Avoid direct exposure to sun and excessive heat or cold
Avoid potential irritants (perfume, lotion, tape, dressings)

37
Q

SE of radiation

A

o Acute and long-term site-specific changes
o Vary according to site
o Local skin changes and hair loss
o Altered taste sensations
o Fatigue
o Bone marrow suppression

38
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the blood

39
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

A

excess mature yet hypofuncitonal neutrophils
- both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood

40
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A

a form of leukemia characterized by extremely high levels of lymphocytes; most often found in middle-age adults

41
Q

s/s of CML

A

· No symptoms in early disease
· Fatigue and weakness
· Fever
· Sternal tenderness
· Weight loss
· Joint & bone pain
· Massive splenomegaly
· Increase in sweating

42
Q

s/s CLL

A

· Frequently no symptoms (detection often makes during exam of unrelated condition)
· Chronic fatigue
· Anorexia
· Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly
· May progress to fever, night sweats, weight loss, and frequent infection

43
Q

Leukostasis

A

o A high leukemic white count in the peripheral blood (more than 100,000 cells/µL) can causes blood to thicken and potentially block circulatory pathways, life threatening

44
Q

diagnostic studies for leukemia

A

· Peripheral blood evaluation and bone marrow examination

45
Q

Diagnostic Findings of CML

A

· Low RBC count
· Low Hgb, Hct
· High platelet count early, lower count later
· ↑ banded neutrophils and myeloblasts and often basophils, normal number of lymphocytes, and normal or low number of monocytes.

46
Q

Diagnostic Findings of CLL

A

· Mild anemia and thrombocytopenia with disease progression
· Total WBC count >100,000/µL.
Increase in peripheral lymphocytes and lymphocytes in bone marrow

47
Q

DIAGNOSTIC HALLMARK of CML

A

The Philadelphia chromosome

48
Q

Treatment for leukemia

A

· Chemotherapy is the mainstay of the treatment
· Other medications: Corticosteroids
· Radiation therapy
· Leukostasis treatment
> Leukapheresis (proced. to reduce WBC ct)
> Hydroxyurea (med to reduce WBC ct, used in emergency leukostasis)
> To prevent thrombosis (clot w/in vessel)

49
Q

Hydroxyurea SE

A

N/V/D, Constipation, Mucositis, flu-like symptoms, hair loss

50
Q

Leukapheresis Procedure

A

· Step 1 - Blood will flow from the vein into the machine where it’s separated into different parts.
· Step 2 - A small portion of the immune, platelets, & RBCs will be removed.
· Step 3 - The rest of the cells are returned to your body.

51
Q

Stages of Chemotherapy

A

Induction
Postinduction or postremission
Maintenance

52
Q

Induction therapy

A

· attempt to bring about remission
o Aggressive, seeks to destroy leukemic cells
Patient may become critically ill because bone marrow

53
Q

Postinduction or Postremission therapy

A

intensification therapy and consolidation therapy

54
Q

Intensification therapy

A

high-dose therapy given right after induction therapy for several months

55
Q

Consolidation therapy

A

started after remission is achieved; purpose is to eliminate remaining leukemic cells

56
Q

Maintenance therapy

A

uses lower doses of the same drugs; goal is to keep the body free of leukemic cells

NSG 320 - MED SURG (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions