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Histology > Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal glands > Flashcards

Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal glands Flashcards

1
Q

Follicle

A

Structural and functional unit of the thyroid gland. They contain colloid and are surround by a thin layer of cuboidal cells. They are encapsulated w/ septa projecting towards the inside

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2
Q

Follicular cells

A

Cuboidal shaped. Foramen cecum is the origin starting point.

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3
Q

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

A

Produces calcitonin, stains light. Derived from neural crest cells

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4
Q

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

A

They increase the basal metabolic rate which increase the number of mitochondria. T3 is more active than T4. T4 is more abundant

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5
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released by C cells. Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclast

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6
Q

Iodide pumps (transporters)

A

Located within follicular cells. They concentrate iodide in the thyroid gland in order to produce T3 and T4

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7
Q

Radioactive iodine scan

A

After injection of radioactive iodide, 40% is in the thyroid gland within 10 minutes

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8
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

main protein in the thyroid, necessary for thyroid hormone production

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9
Q

Pendrin

A

anion transporter that transports oxidized iodine into the colloid

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10
Q

Thyroid peroxidase

A

Oxidizes iodine in follicular cells and iodizes thyroglobulin on its Tyr residues to produce T3 and T4

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11
Q

Hyperactive

A

Columnar with many resorption vesicles

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12
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland in neck that secretes thyroid hormones into blood (fenestrated capillaries) that control metabolism, growth, and maturation. Correctly placed in body at 7th week.

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13
Q

Chief (principal) cells

A

Produce PTH in parathyroid glands. Small, numerous, and arrange themselves in cords

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14
Q

Oxyphil cells

A

Located in parathyroid glands. Contain eosinophilic cells w/ abundant mitochondria. Their number increases w/ age

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15
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outside layer of adrenal glands, yellowish. Mesoderm origin. Produces steroid hormones

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16
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secretes 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation. Located in the central layer of adrenal glands, redish/brown. Develops from the neural crest cells derived from ectoderm. Vascularized

17
Q

Layers of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa (ZG) -> zona fasciculata (ZF) -> zona reticularis (ZR)

18
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

secretes aldosterone which stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the kidney. Columnar, round clusters/cords.

19
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

secretes cortisol to increase blood glucose. Cells arranged in strait cords. Contains abundant lipid droplets. Fenestrated capillaries. Vesicular cristae

20
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Secretes androgens (catecholamines) for masculinization. Irregular cords. Few lipid droplets

21
Q

Dual blood supply

A

The adrenal medulla contains arterial blood via medullary arteries and venous blood via cortical veins

22
Q

Short term stress response

A

heartbeat and blood pressure increase. Blood glucose level increases. Muscles become energized

23
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal gland for long term stress response. Protein and fat metabolism instead of glucose breakdown. Reduction of inflammation, immune cells are suppressed.

24
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones produced in the adrenal gland for long term stress response. Sodium ions and water are reabsorbed by the kidney. Blood volume and pressure increases.

25
Q

Isthmus

A

Join the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

26
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Released by hypothalamus to stimulate anterior pituitary to release thyrotropin

27
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release T3/T4

28
Q

Hypoactive

A

Squamous with increased colloid and follicular space. Few resorption vesicles

29
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium levels. Stimulates osteoblast

30
Q

Adrenal medullary cells

A

specialized postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

31
Q

Vesicular cristae

A

Exhibited by adrenalcortical mitochondria

32
Q

Lamelliform

A

Exhibited by endothelial mitochondria

Histology (26 decks)

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