Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Artery

Answer 1

Carries blood away from the heart

Question 2

Vein

Answer 2

Returns blood to the heart. They contain valves because of the low blood pressure (to prevent backwards flow of blood).

Question 3

Capillary

Answer 3

Exchange vessels for the tissues that connects the arterial side to the venus side.

• They contain, endothelial cells, a basal lamina, and pericytes.
• They do not have smooth muscle

Question 4

Pulmonary veins

Answer 4

Oxygenated

Question 5

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 5

Deoxygenated

Question 6

Systemic veins

Answer 6

Deoxygenated

Question 7

Systemic arteries

Answer 7

Oxygenated

Question 8

Systemic system

Answer 8

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues and deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart.

Question 9

Pulmonary system

Answer 9

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

Question 10

Pericytes

Answer 10

Structures in capillaries that can replace endothelial cells if they are damaged (maintain viability).

Question 11

Continuous capillary

Answer 11

Most common type of capillary found in the muscle, CNS, lungs, and skin.

Question 12

Fenestrated capillary

Answer 12

Capillary that contains numerous pores in lining endothelium that are spanned by a thin diaphragm. Found in the intestines and kidneys*

*No diaphragm, thick basement membrane.

Question 13

Sinusoidal capillary

Answer 13

Discontinuous capillary that contains spaces/holes and a wider lumen. Found in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Question 14

Methods of capillary exchange

Answer 14

Open pores/gaps, diffusion, filtration, vesicular transport, and transendothelial channels

Question 15

Vesicular transport

Answer 15

System of pinocytotic pits and vesicles that transports large molecules across the membrane of a capillary.

Question 16

Transendothelial channels

Answer 16

An aggregation of large vesicles that span across the membranes of the endothelium of a capillary to form a channel. Provides much more rapid transport of molecules.

Question 17

Function of endothelial cells (capillaries)

Answer 17

Diapedesis and regulation of circulation

Question 18

Tunica intima

Answer 18

Innermost layer of blood vessels that contains a layer of endothelial cells, connective tissue, and an internal elastic lamina.

Question 19

Tunica media

Answer 19

Middle layer of blood vessels that contains a layer of smooth muscle, elastic fibers, and an external elastic lamina.
- It is thicker in arteries, and thinner in veins

Question 20

Tunica adventitia

Answer 20

Outermost layer of blood vessels that contains connective tissue, vasa vasorum, and nerves.
- It is thicker in veins, and thinner in arteries.

Question 21

Vasa vasorum

Answer 21

Blood vessels located within the tunica adventitia of blood vessels.

Question 22

Elastic arteries

Answer 22

They have 40-60 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. This layer contains multiple elastic fibers within because it needs to be able to withstand the pumping of blood.
Ex/ the aorta

Question 23

Muscular arteries

Answer 23

Also called distributing arteries, they contain up to 6-40 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media.

Question 24

Arteriole

Answer 24

Contains 1-5 layers of smooth muscle.

Question 25

Arteriole-capillary-venule microcirculation

Answer 25

Most common microcirculation. Blood flows from an arteriole to a capillary bed and then to a venule within an organ or tissue. Blood flow is controlled by precapillary sphincters.

Question 26

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 26

Blood flows directly from an arteriole to a venule to short circuit circulation - Ex/ skin (reticular layer)

Question 27

Arteriole-capillary-arteriole microcirculation

Answer 27

Blood flows from an arteriole through a capillary bed and back to an arteriole. This occurs because this is under high pressure. - Ex/ glomerulus of kidney

Question 28

Venule-capillary-venule microcirculation

Answer 28

Blood flows from a venule through a capillary and back to a venule. This is a portal system. Ex/ liver

Question 29

Precapillary sphincter

Answer 29

Ring of smooth muscle in a capillary bed that controls the flow of blood by contacting or relaxing.

Question 30

Vena cava

Answer 30

Large vein that contains bundles of smooth muscle in the adventitia that runs perpendicular to the media. It contains several layers of media unlike smaller veins.

Question 31

Endocardium

Answer 31

Homologous to the tunica intima, location of Purkinje fibers

Question 32

Myocardium

Answer 32

Homologous to the tunica media, muscle layer of the heart.

Question 33

Epicardium

Answer 33

Homologous to the tunica adventitia, contains adipose tissue.

Question 34

Pericardium

Answer 34

Outer wall of the sac that the heart sits in

Question 35

Artium

Answer 35

Sections of the heart that push the blood into the ventricles. They do not have as thick of layers of muscle as the ventricles do.

Question 36

Ventricle

Answer 36

Sections of the heart that squeeze the blood into the systemic or pulmonary systems. They have the thickest layers of muscle.

Question 37

Purkinje fibers

Answer 37

Specialized muscle cells of the heart located in the endocardium of the heart. They are responsible for conducting depolarization that stimulates the contraction of the myocardium of the heart.

Question 38

Sinoatrial node

Answer 38

Continually generates an electrical impulse in the heart, connects to the AV node.

Question 39

Bundles of His

Answer 39

Bundles of purkinje fibers

Question 40

Lymphatic system

Answer 40

Returns an excess of 10% of interstitial fluid to the blood, transports lipids, and is involved in immunologic support/surveillance. - All fluid lymph gets filtered once before re-entering the blood.

Question 41

Lymphatic vessles

Answer 41

They are distinguished by their lymphocytes (nucleated cells) and the valves (because they are unidirectional).

Question 42

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 42

They have permeability characteristics and contain filaments that anchor to connective tissue