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Histology > Nervous System II > Flashcards

Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter (spinal cord)

A

On the inside of the spinal cord. They are not myelinated and are distinguished by a H shape.

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2
Q

White matter (spinal cord)

A

On the outside of the spinal cord. It contains myelinated axons, but no perikaryon

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3
Q

Layers of cortical gray matter (cerebrum)

A

Superficial and pyramidal layer. Located on the outside of the cerebrumm

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4
Q

Medullary white matter

A

Located on the inside of the cerebrum

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for higher thought processes and coordination of movements

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6
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls thinking and speaking. Largest park of the brain.

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movements, motions, reflexes, and balance. Shaped like a cauliflower

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8
Q

Layers of cortical gray matter (cerebellum)

A

Molecular, purkinje, and inner granular layers. Located on the outside of the cerebellum

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9
Q

Gray matter

A

neurons and glial cells

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10
Q

White matter

A

nerve fibers and glial cells

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11
Q

Central white matter

A

Located on the inside of the cerebellum

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12
Q

Molecular layer

A

Outer most layer of the cerebellum that contains unmyelinated nerve fibers

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13
Q

Purkinje layer

A

Middle layer of the cerebellum that contains large axons and dendrites that penetrate the molecular layer

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14
Q

Inner granular layer

A

Inner most layer of the cerebellum that is packed with small multipolar neurons.

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15
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Controls and synchronizes movements. Found at the base of the cerebrum.

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16
Q

Amygdala

A

Important for emotional behavior and memory. Small spot below the midbrain.

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17
Q

Hippocampus

A

Transfers memories from short term to long term. Encapsulates the bottom part of the midbrain

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

Involved in hearing and sight reflexes. Located between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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19
Q

Brain stem

A

Consist of the midbrain, medulla, and pons

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20
Q

Pons

A

Responsible for R.E.M sleep. Located above the medulla as a bulge in the brain stem

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21
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates heart rate, breathing, and digestion. Located at the base of the brain, contiguous with the spinal cord

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that form and maintain a myelin sheath that wraps around axons. They are found between myelinated fibers and are able to bind to adjacent cells

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23
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cells that differentiate into immune cells of the brain. They are small cells with large amount of processes,

24
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Epithelial glial cells in the brain that maintain and produce the cerebral spinal fluid. Contains cilia and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

25
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cells that bind and protect axons and sometimes blood vessels. They are shaped like starfish and completely engulf capillaries. They can be found between tracts of axons and dendrites

26
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

Only found in white matter

27
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Only found in gray matter. They have fewer filaments and processes and are found in synapses.

28
Q

Meninges

A

Layer immediately under the skull. It facilitates the distribution of blood to the top layers of the brain while also providing another layer of protection

29
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura mata, arachnoid, pia mata

30
Q

Dura mata

A

Layer immediately under the skull. It is well vascularized and filled with dense connective tissue.

31
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer that forms columns that act as a spring to provide protection from any force acting on the brain. It is well vascularized as well and filled with cerebral spinal fluid.

32
Q

Dura pia

A

Consist mainly of collagen fibers covered with squamous epithelial cells.

33
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

A protection barrier of endothelial and neuroglial cells. It limits the entry of material into the brain from the blood.

34
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Liquid within the brain that provides circulation of ions and protection.

35
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Epithelial structure lining portions of cerebral ventricles that produce the spinal fluid. It has a simple cuboidal cell layer.

36
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Caused when the central spinal fluid is blocked from exiting ventricles

37
Q

Peripheral nervous sytem

A

all nerves and supportive cells outside the CNS

38
Q

Central nervous system

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Spinal chord

39
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

They contain many axons that are packed into nerves. They have specific connective tissue coverings and myelination.

40
Q

Ganglia

A

Groups of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS

41
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Afferent pseudounipolar neurons. They are located at the posterior root of spinal nerves.

42
Q

Autonomic root ganglia

A

Efferent multipolar neurons. They are located within the ANS.

43
Q

Connective tissue coverings of peripheral neves

A

Epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

44
Q

Epineurium

A

Covers most moderate and large nerves

45
Q

Perineurium

A

Directly covers bundles of nerves

46
Q

Endoneurium

A

Vascularized loose connective tissue between individual nerves

47
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Regeneration of nerve fibers. Slow regeneration is due to the Schwann cell division and column formation

48
Q

Steps of Chromatolysis

A

1) 2 weeks post trauma, changes begin to occur. Nissl bodies dissolve, perikaryon expands, and nucleus moves to one side
2) After 3 weeks, myelin sheath dissolves. Schwann cells increase their activity and proliferate.
3) A continuous column of Schwann cells is formed
4) About 3 months, the nerve fiber slowly penetrates the Schwann cell column.

49
Q

Nerve endings

A

Sensory or motor nerve endings that convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical energy

50
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Efferent branch of the PNS. It contains sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Both branches innervate the same organ, but have different pathways.

51
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Arise from cranial and sacral regions

52
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Arise from thoracic and lumbar regions

53
Q

3 types of autonomic root ganglia

A

Paravertebral, prevertabral, and terminal

54
Q

Paravertebral autonomic ganglia

A

Located in the sympathetic system immediately outside of the spinal column

55
Q

Prevertabral autonomic ganglia

A

Located in the abdomen. They have ends in both systems.

56
Q

Terminal autonomic ganglia

A

Located in the parasympathetic system near the organs.

Histology (26 decks)

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