Nervous System II

Question 1

Gray matter (spinal cord)

Answer 1

On the inside of the spinal cord. They are not myelinated and are distinguished by a H shape.

Question 2

White matter (spinal cord)

Answer 2

On the outside of the spinal cord. It contains myelinated axons, but no perikaryon

Question 3

Layers of cortical gray matter (cerebrum)

Answer 3

Superficial and pyramidal layer. Located on the outside of the cerebrumm

Question 4

Medullary white matter

Answer 4

Located on the inside of the cerebrum

Question 5

Cerebral cortex

Answer 5

Responsible for higher thought processes and coordination of movements

Question 6

Cerebrum

Answer 6

Controls thinking and speaking. Largest park of the brain.

Question 7

Cerebellum

Answer 7

Coordinates movements, motions, reflexes, and balance. Shaped like a cauliflower

Question 8

Layers of cortical gray matter (cerebellum)

Answer 8

Molecular, purkinje, and inner granular layers. Located on the outside of the cerebellum

Question 9

Gray matter

Answer 9

neurons and glial cells

Question 10

White matter

Answer 10

nerve fibers and glial cells

Question 11

Central white matter

Answer 11

Located on the inside of the cerebellum

Question 12

Molecular layer

Answer 12

Outer most layer of the cerebellum that contains unmyelinated nerve fibers

Question 13

Purkinje layer

Answer 13

Middle layer of the cerebellum that contains large axons and dendrites that penetrate the molecular layer

Question 14

Inner granular layer

Answer 14

Inner most layer of the cerebellum that is packed with small multipolar neurons.

Question 15

Basal ganglia

Answer 15

Controls and synchronizes movements. Found at the base of the cerebrum.

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

Important for emotional behavior and memory. Small spot below the midbrain.

Question 17

Hippocampus

Answer 17

Transfers memories from short term to long term. Encapsulates the bottom part of the midbrain

Question 18

Midbrain

Answer 18

Involved in hearing and sight reflexes. Located between the cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 19

Brain stem

Answer 19

Consist of the midbrain, medulla, and pons

Question 20

Pons

Answer 20

Responsible for R.E.M sleep. Located above the medulla as a bulge in the brain stem

Question 21

Medulla

Answer 21

Regulates heart rate, breathing, and digestion. Located at the base of the brain, contiguous with the spinal cord

Question 22

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 22

Glial cells that form and maintain a myelin sheath that wraps around axons. They are found between myelinated fibers and are able to bind to adjacent cells

Question 23

Microglia

Answer 23

Glial cells that differentiate into immune cells of the brain. They are small cells with large amount of processes,

Question 24

Ependymal cells

Answer 24

Epithelial glial cells in the brain that maintain and produce the cerebral spinal fluid. Contains cilia and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 25

Astrocytes

Answer 25

Glial cells that bind and protect axons and sometimes blood vessels. They are shaped like starfish and completely engulf capillaries. They can be found between tracts of axons and dendrites

Question 26

Fibrous astrocytes

Answer 26

Only found in white matter

Question 27

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Answer 27

Only found in gray matter. They have fewer filaments and processes and are found in synapses.

Question 28

Meninges

Answer 28

Layer immediately under the skull. It facilitates the distribution of blood to the top layers of the brain while also providing another layer of protection

Question 29

Layers of the meninges

Answer 29

Dura mata, arachnoid, pia mata

Question 30

Dura mata

Answer 30

Layer immediately under the skull. It is well vascularized and filled with dense connective tissue.

Question 31

Arachnoid

Answer 31

Middle layer that forms columns that act as a spring to provide protection from any force acting on the brain. It is well vascularized as well and filled with cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 32

Dura pia

Answer 32

Consist mainly of collagen fibers covered with squamous epithelial cells.

Question 33

Blood brain barrier

Answer 33

A protection barrier of endothelial and neuroglial cells. It limits the entry of material into the brain from the blood.

Question 34

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 34

Liquid within the brain that provides circulation of ions and protection.

Question 35

Choroid plexus

Answer 35

Epithelial structure lining portions of cerebral ventricles that produce the spinal fluid. It has a simple cuboidal cell layer.

Question 36

Hydrocephalus

Answer 36

Caused when the central spinal fluid is blocked from exiting ventricles

Question 37

Peripheral nervous sytem

Answer 37

all nerves and supportive cells outside the CNS

Question 38

Central nervous system

Answer 38

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Spinal chord

Question 39

Peripheral nerves

Answer 39

They contain many axons that are packed into nerves. They have specific connective tissue coverings and myelination.

Question 40

Ganglia

Answer 40

Groups of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS

Question 41

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 41

Afferent pseudounipolar neurons. They are located at the posterior root of spinal nerves.

Question 42

Autonomic root ganglia

Answer 42

Efferent multipolar neurons. They are located within the ANS.

Question 43

Connective tissue coverings of peripheral neves

Answer 43

Epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

Question 44

Epineurium

Answer 44

Covers most moderate and large nerves

Question 45

Perineurium

Answer 45

Directly covers bundles of nerves

Question 46

Endoneurium

Answer 46

Vascularized loose connective tissue between individual nerves

Question 47

Chromatolysis

Answer 47

Regeneration of nerve fibers. Slow regeneration is due to the Schwann cell division and column formation

Question 48

Steps of Chromatolysis

Answer 48

1) 2 weeks post trauma, changes begin to occur. Nissl bodies dissolve, perikaryon expands, and nucleus moves to one side 2) After 3 weeks, myelin sheath dissolves. Schwann cells increase their activity and proliferate. 3) A continuous column of Schwann cells is formed 4) About 3 months, the nerve fiber slowly penetrates the Schwann cell column.

Question 49

Nerve endings

Answer 49

Sensory or motor nerve endings that convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical energy

Question 50

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 50

Efferent branch of the PNS. It contains sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Both branches innervate the same organ, but have different pathways.

Question 51

Parasympathetic nerves

Answer 51

Arise from cranial and sacral regions

Question 52

Sympathetic nerves

Answer 52

Arise from thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 53

3 types of autonomic root ganglia

Answer 53

Paravertebral, prevertabral, and terminal

Question 54

Paravertebral autonomic ganglia

Answer 54

Located in the sympathetic system immediately outside of the spinal column

Question 55

Prevertabral autonomic ganglia

Answer 55

Located in the abdomen. They have ends in both systems.

Question 56

Terminal autonomic ganglia

Answer 56

Located in the parasympathetic system near the organs.