Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary

Question 1

Pineal gland

Answer 1

Located in the 3rd ventricle. It regulates the circadian rhythm, regulates seasonal biorhythms, and suppresses gonadal functions

Question 2

Melatonin

Answer 2

Produced at night by the pineal gland

Question 3

Seratonin

Answer 3

Produced during the day by the pineal gland

Question 4

HIOM (hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase)

Answer 4

Converts seratonin to melatonin

Question 5

Superior cervical ganglion

Answer 5

Promotes melatonin synthesis. By direct autonomic sympathetic imput

Question 6

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus)

Answer 6

Inhibits melatonin synthesis. By visual input through here

Question 7

Pinealocytes

Answer 7

main cells of the pineal gland producing the serotonin and melatonin

Question 8

Corpora arencacea

Answer 8

unique feature of the pineal gland, called “brain sand”

Question 9

Nuclei

Answer 9

used to describe the cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 10

Ventro-medial nucleus

Answer 10

Projects to median eminence. Regulates appetite, sleep and wake center; emotions, behavior

Question 11

Supraoptic nucleus

Answer 11

Projects to the pars nervosa. They secrete vasopressin (ADH) to regulate water reabsorption in the kidney

Question 12

Paraventricular nucleus

Answer 12

Projects to the pars nervosa. They secrete oxytocin to regulate milk ejection in mammary gland and uterine contraction

Question 13

Medial eminence

Answer 13

Vascular bed that is a termination point for the medial nuclei. This is where the hormones drain into the pars distalis

Question 14

Primary capillary plexus

Answer 14

Fenestrated capillaries of the median eminence located within the pars tuberalis

Question 15

Pars nervosa

Answer 15

Termination point of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Contains the herring’s bodies

Question 16

Superior hypophyseal artery

Answer 16

Supplies the median eminence

Question 17

Herring’s bodies

Answer 17

Terminal dilations (secretory vesicles) of the inferior hypophyseal artery located within the neurohypophysis. Store oxytocin and vasopressin.

Question 18

Sella turcica

Answer 18

small cup-like portion of bone that contains the pituitary gland

Question 19

Neurohypophysis (neuronal)

Answer 19

Posterior pituitary containing the pars nervosa and infundibular stalk (stem and median eminence). It contains unmyelinated axons

Question 20

Adenohypophysis (epithelial)

Answer 20

Anterior pituitary containing the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

Question 21

Pars distalis

Answer 21

Main portion of the adenohypophysis

Question 22

Pars intermedia

Answer 22

Small section of the adenohypophysis that separates the pars distalis from the pars nervosa. Stains like basophils. Secrete MSH

Question 23

Pars tuberalis

Answer 23

Tube-like structure of adenophypophysis that wraps around the neuronal portion of the infundibular stalk. Stains like basophils. Secretes mostly LH and FSH

Question 24

Pituicytes

Answer 24

Highly branched glial cells in the neurohypophysis

Question 25

Chromophobes

Answer 25

Do not stain or stain poorly and they lack granules

Question 26

Chromophils

Answer 26

Stain intensely with different dyes and they contain secretory cells (acidophils and basophils)

Question 27

Acidophils

Answer 27

stain with eosin and orange G (stain yellow/orange) (simple proteins)

Question 28

Basophils

Answer 28

stain with hematoxilin and PAS (stain purple/blue) (glycoproteins)

Question 29

Hormones secreted by acidophils

Answer 29

Growth hormone and prolactin

Question 30

Hormones secreted by basophils

Answer 30

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, lipotropin, endorphin, MSH

Question 31

Rathke’s cysts

Answer 31

Located within the pars intermedia. Filled with colloid and lined by cuboidal epithelium

Question 32

Posterior hypothalamus

Answer 32

regulates sympathetic autonomic NS (↑heart rate, vasoconstriction)

Question 33

Anterior hypothalamus

Answer 33

regulates parasympathetic autonomic NS (↓heart rate, vasodilatation), and body temperature

Question 34

Epiphysis

Answer 34

Pineal gland

Question 35

Hypophysis

Answer 35

Pituitary gland