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histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of thick and thin skin

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2
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis that contains specializations like hair. It is connected through the basement membrane.

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3
Q

Hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue layer that is not part of the integument

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4
Q

Thin skin

A

Most of the body is covered with thin skin. It contains all layers of the epidermis except the stratum lucidum. The layer of corneum is very thin compared to thick skin.

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5
Q

Thick skin

A

Thicker layer of skin present in areas of the body like the palms of the hand and soles of the feet. It has a thicker stratum corneum and contains the stratum lucidum layer.

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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most abundant type of cell in the epidermis that is present within each layer. They contain keratin (intermediate fibers) filaments and are connected to each other by desmosomes.

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7
Q

Langerhan’s cells

A

Cells within the epidermis that can act as antigen presenting cells and phagocytes. They are derived from monocytes and act as early immunoresponders to bacteria that breaks through the skin.

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8
Q

Merkel cells

A

Cells within the epidermis that are associated with free nerves and have a sensory role in the skin.

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9
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells located within the stratum basale that give rise to pigmentation by synthesizing melanin contained in granules.

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10
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

From the bottom up:

  1. Basale
  2. Spinosum
  3. Granulosum
  4. Lucidum (thick skin)
  5. Corneum
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11
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest and most active (mitotically) layer that is attached to the basement membrane and separates the epidermis from the dermis. The cells are connected to each other by desmosomes (contains cadherin) and connected to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes (contains integrin).

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12
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Spiny cell layer of the epidermis. It is an artifact of tissue shrinkage during preparation because the cytoplasm shrinks during dehydration of cell prep. Desmosomes hold onto the adjacent cell which gives rise to the spiny appearance.

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13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Layer that contains granules in the cytoplasm. The two types of granules are keratohyalin and lamellar cells.

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14
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

First dead cell layer of the epidermis that is clear and contains compressed, dead squames. It is present in thick skin, but not thin skin.

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15
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer of the epidermis that contains dead keratinocytes. It acts as a barrier for desiccation and prevents infection from bacteria.
- It is thicker in thick skin, thinner in thin skin

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16
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Non-membrane bound granules within the stratum granulosum

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17
Q

Lamellar cells

A

Membrane bound granules within the granulosum. They secrete sheets of lipids (hydrophobic) between cells to act as a barrier to water and as an intracellular cement between the cells.

18
Q

Dermatoglyphics

A

Finger prints. Unique to individuals except in identical twins (nature vs. nurture gives slight variations).

19
Q

Functions of the epidermis

A

Abrasion resistance, physical-chemical barrier, and water proofing

20
Q

Tyrosinase

A

Enzyme that causes melanosomes to convert DOPA into dopaquinone and then into melanin within mature melanocytes

21
Q

Eumelanin

A

Most common type of melanin. They are black/brown, ellipsoid shaped granules.

22
Q

Pheomelanin

A

They are red/yellow, round shaped melanin granules

23
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma (basale), squamous (keratinocyte) cell carcinoma, and melanoma

24
Q

Layers of the dermis

A

From bottom up

  1. Reticular layer
  2. Papillary layer
25
Q

Papillary layer

A

Peg and socket layer that locks the dermis into the epidermis to prevent shear force from causing injury. It contains capillaries and Meissner’s corpuscles.
- Smaller than the reticular layer

26
Q

Reticular layer

A

Layer of the dermis that is mostly connective tissue, blood vessels, collagen fibers, fibroblast, elastic fibers. It contains arteriovenous shunts.

27
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Gives the papillary layer light touch sensory responses

28
Q

Arterio-venus shunts

A

Allow blood to flow into the papillary layer to regulate thermoregulation (facilitate evaporative cooling)

29
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Gives the reticular layer deep touch/pressure responses

- They have a cross sectioned onion appearance

30
Q

Hair

A

Originates in the epidermis and contains the shaft which grows above the epidermis and the root that is beneath the skin. The root consist mostly of the follicle and the bulb.

31
Q

Hair bulb

A

Structure at the bottom of hair that consists of a dermal papilla and cells of the germinal matrix that are rapidly proliferating.

32
Q

Hair papilla

A

Structure in hair bulb that gives nutrients to keratinocytes

33
Q

Hair follicle

A

Contains cuticles that anchor hair into integument and an external and internal root sheath.

34
Q

Arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle connected to hair that controls movement. It can act as partial insulation in the cold when it stands up and is activated during fight or flight.

35
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Simple branched acinar gland that occurs above the internal root sheath.

  • Contains lipid droplets
  • Holocrine mode of secretion
  • Contain sebum
36
Q

Eccrine swear gland

A

Glands that open onto all surfaces of body. They contain a secretory portion and excretory portion.

  • The have a merocrine mode of secretion
  • The secretory portion portion contains dark and clear cells.
  • The excretory portion contains ducts that transports fluid and contain stratified cuboidal cells.
37
Q

Apocrine sweat gland

A

Glands that are limited to the arm pits and growing areas of body. They secrete by a merocrine mode of secretion.

  • Apocrine glands contain dark cells
  • Open onto hair shaft
  • Larger lumenal diameter than eccrine glands
38
Q

Sebum

A

Located within sebaceous cells of the hair that maintain the corneum

39
Q

Dark cells

A

Produce mucous, pheromonal function

40
Q

Clear cells

A

Produce sweat

41
Q

Melanin granule movement into keratinocytes

A

Mature granules are transported to the tips of fingerlike projections of the melanocyte and are injected into adjacent keratinocytes. This leads to the accumulation of melanin at a location within the cytoplasm of keratinocytes between the nucleus and sunlight in order to protect the DNA from UV radiation/damage.

histology (26 decks)

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