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Histology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the bone

A

Support, Movement, Protection, Hematopoiesis, Storage (calcium)

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2
Q

Bone

A

Specialized dynamic connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix (bone matrix)

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3
Q

Piezoelectric potential

A

An electrical potential generated by the bone that causes bone reabsorption because the bone is crystalized

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4
Q

Mechanical stress

A

responsible for the dynamic functions (compression/movement) and remodeling of the bone.

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5
Q

Type I collagen (bone matrix)

A

Makes up 90% of bone matrix and provides elasticity and tensile strength

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6
Q

Organic component of bone matrix

A

25% of bone matrix that consist of type I collagen, amorphous components (glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins), and osteoid.

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7
Q

Osteoid

A

Type I collagen-rich material secreted by osteoblast. This material undergoes calcification and hardens into a new organic matrix (non-mineralized)

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8
Q

Osteocalcin

A

High affinity calcium binding protein that is secreted by osteoblast. It is a vitamin K-dependent polypeptide.

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9
Q

Inorganic component of bone matrix

A

50-70% of bone matrix that provides compressive strength to bone and mainly consist of salts of calcium phosphate.

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10
Q

Hydration shell

A

Facilitates calcium exchange with fluids in the surroundings

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11
Q

Bone remodeling (turnover)

A

The process of bone resorption and formation. It helps maintain calcium homeostasis. The turnover rate describes the period of time bone takes to remodel. Much faster in children than in adults.

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12
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small canals connecting cells in the bone matrix. They contain the dendritic processes of osteocytes that radiate from each lacuna. The canals contain a small amount of interstitial fluid that allows diffusion of metabolites between osteocytes and blood vessels.

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13
Q

Methods to prepare bone sections

A

Decalcification (flexible tissue) and grinding

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14
Q

Osteocyte

A

Terminally differentiated cells located in the lacunae. They are differentiated osteoblast that were trapped in the matrix of the bone, but ultimately maintain it. The death of these cells trigger rapid matrix resorption and activity in osteoblast and osteoclast.

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15
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

Stem cells that are the mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells of the bone. They are located on the inner and outer linings of the bone and self renew as well as differentiate into osteoblast

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16
Q

Osteogenin

A

Bone morphogenic proteins that control the commitment of mesenchymal cells (osteogenic cells)

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17
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells that produce the organic components of bone matrix. They are located on the matrix surface and secrete osteoids between the osteoblast layer and the existing bone layer. Their high secretory activity is due to abundant RER and Golgi. When their activity is done, they differentiate into osteocytes, form bone lining cells, or apoptosis.

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18
Q

Filopodia

A

Small microvilli located in the canaliculi (gap junctions) that allow cells to communicate between each other.

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19
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, motile bone reabsorbing cells that break down the tissue in the bone and release minerals thus resulting in the release of calcium into the blood. They are multi-nucleated cells that are located within cavities in the matrix (Howship lacunae). Tissue is broken down through hydrolytic enzymes for proteolysis.

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20
Q

Howship lacunae

A

Also known as resorption lacunae, they are enzymaticallly etched depressions or cavities within the bone matrix that are the location of osteoclast.

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21
Q

Ruffled border

A

Bone resorption zone inside the Howship lacunae. They contain surface projections around the sealing zone that bind to the bone matrix.

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22
Q

Sealing (clear) zone

A

The membrane domain that contacts the bone during osteoclast activity. It allows the formation of a microenvironment where bone is resorbed between the matrix and osteoclast.

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23
Q

Proteolysis

A

Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

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24
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the outer surface of the bone with a fibrous layer of dense connective tissue containing type I collagen, fibroblast and blood vessels. It is attached to the bone by Sharpey’s fibers and it is a point of origin for Volkmann’s canals.

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25
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin , single layer membrane that lines internal surfaces of the bone and contains osteogenic cells. It is important for bone nutrition and maintenance.

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26
Q

Osteogenic periosteum

A

Inner cellular layer that contains osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

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27
Q

Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers

A

Bundles of periosteal collagen that penetrate the bone matrix and bind the periosteum to the bone. Also are within ligaments and tendons attached to bone.

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28
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

Perforating canals that zig-zag through lamellar bone. They are carrying blood vessels to the bone marrow and into the circulatory system.

29
Q

Chondroprogenitor

A

Mesenchymal cells that differentiate via a cartilage pathway (Chondroprogenitor -> Chondroblast -> Chondrocyte). They lack blood vessels.

30
Q

Bone proper

A

It includes woven bone and lamellar bone. It is an organization of collagen fibers in matrix.

31
Q

Woven bone

A

Primary, immature bone that is characterized by the random disposition of type I collagen fibrils. It appears in embryonic development and fracture repair but is only temporary and is replaced by lamellar bone in adults.

32
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Secondary, mature bone that is an organization of heavily calcified, parallel type I collagen fibers (lamellae). It can either be compact or cancellous and is a result of remolding woven bone.

33
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense, cortical bone that represents 80% of the total bone mass. It is located on the outer region of the bone and contains parallel lamellae and densely packed osteons.

34
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone with numerous interconnecting cavities. It makes up 20% of the total bone mass and is located on the inner regions of bones, adjacent to marrow cavities.

35
Q

Trabeculae

A

Network of irregular lamellae, also called spicules

36
Q

Anastomose

A

Fusion of trabeculae trapping blood and lymphatic vessels inside canals

37
Q

Haversian system (Osteon)

A

Cylindrical columns of 4-15 concentric lamellae surrounding the Haversian canal. It is constantly being remodeled.

38
Q

Epiphyses

A

Bulbous ends of long bones that are composed of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

39
Q

Diaphysis

A

Cylindrical part of long bones that is almost all compact bone, but has a thin region of cancellous bone on the inner surface around the central marrow cavity.

40
Q

Diploë

A

Thick layer of cancellous bone in the skull that separates the two layers of compact bone (plates) to form the calvaria (skullcap)

41
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

Promotes accumulation of inorganic phosphate in the osteoid

42
Q

Osteonectin

A

High affinity calcium binding glycoprotein. Similar to osetocalcin.

43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone resorption is greater than bone deposition which leads to a loss of bone mass. Common in elderly people.

44
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Bone deposition is greater than bone resorption which leads to an excess in bone mass. Due to abnormal osteoclast.

45
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Can result in altered collagen formation, fragile bone, fractures, and scurvy.

46
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Impaired intestinal absorption of calcium.

47
Q

Vitamin D excess

A

Abnormal calcification of soft tissues, toxic

48
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Results in skeletal deformities, slow bone growth, or premature epiphyseal closure

49
Q

Vitamin A excess

A

Slow cartilage growth and accelerated ossification

50
Q

Ossification canter

A

Area where osteoprogenitor cells arise, proliferate, and form incomplete layers of osteoblasts around a network of developing capillaries.

51
Q

Primary ossification center

A

Located in the diaphysis, it is the beginning of the formation of primary bone and bone marrow through expansion and remodeling.

52
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

Located in the epiphysis. Same process as the primary ossification center (invasion by epiphyseal artery, primary bone and marrow formation). Origin of the epiphyseal growth plate.

53
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate

A

Connects each epiphysis to the diaphysis. Allows for longitudinal growth through the zones of epiphyseal cartilage. Eliminated upon completion of bone growth in adulthood.

54
Q

5 Zones of epiphyseal cartilage

A
  1. Zone of reserve (resting) - hyaline tissue
  2. Proliferative zone - cell division by interstitial growth
  3. Zone of maturing - hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage - matrix calcification
  5. Zone of ossification - endochondral ossification
55
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Swelling up of chondrocyte cells. This process causes the cells to die and leave empty spaces within the calcified matrix for periosteal buds to fill during endochondral ossification.

56
Q

Bone repair

A

Endochondral ossification used to repair bone. A problem occurs (fracture/interruption of blood supply), then osteoprogenitor cells become chondrogenic. Cartilage forms (4 days), blood vessels reform, and then primary and secondary bone reforms (> 2 weeks). Mechanical stress and muscular activity necessary to restore bone shape.

57
Q

Synarthrose joint

A

Joints that permit little to no movement. Can be fibrous or cartilaginous.

58
Q

Synostoses

A

Immobolized, fused bone (skull)

59
Q

Synchondrose

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage (rib/sternum)

60
Q

Symphysis

A

Bones joined by fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)

61
Q

Diarthrose joint

A

Joints that allow movement between long bones. Contain articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and capsules. They are reinforced by ligaments and stabilized by muscles and tendons.

62
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous fluid that lubricates the joint, reduces friction on internal surfaces, and supplies nutrients & oxygen to articular cartilage

63
Q

Type A cells

A

Macrophage-like synovial cells. Removes debris from the synovial fluid.

64
Q

Type B cells

A

Fibroblastic synovial cells. Forms the synovial fluid

65
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of the joints and tissue around the joints

66
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PH)

A

Raises low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb bone matrix and release Ca2+

67
Q

Calcitonin

A

Reduces elevated blood calcium levels. Directly targets osteoclasts to slow matrix resorption and bone turnover. Produced in thyroid gland.

68
Q

Haversian canal

A

Contains blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. The central canal is the source of nutrients and oxygen.

Histology (26 decks)

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