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Histology > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular organisms that lack membrane bound nuclei or specialized organelles. They have no genetic diversity due to cytokinesis

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2
Q

Nucleoid

A

Location of DNA in the nucleus of a prokaryote

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3
Q

Eukaryote

A

Multicellular organisms that contain specialized organelles and a nuclear membrane

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4
Q

3 Domains of Life

A

Eubacteria, Archea, Eukarya

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5
Q

Eukarya

A

Animals, Fungi, Plants

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6
Q

Archaea

A

Bacteria that was invaded by eubacteria to form a eukaryotic organism

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7
Q

Phospholipid molecules (cell membrane)

A

Head groups are polar and hydrophilic. Inside is non-polar and hydrophobic.

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8
Q

Integral (transmembrane) proteins

A

pores and receptors

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9
Q

Peripheral (extrinsic) membrane

A

accessory proteins

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10
Q

Saccharides (cell membrane)

A

attached glycolipids and glycoproteins (glycocalyx)

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11
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Selectively permeable barrier that is a continuation of the ribonucleic membrane

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12
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Control what goes in and out of cell. Small molecules pass easily, but larger molecules need transport proteins to pass (chaperones)

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of RNA synthesis

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14
Q

Pars fibrosa

A

Area in the nucleolus that consist of primary rRNA transcripts

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15
Q

Pars granulosa

A

Area in the nucleolus where maturing ribosomal subunits accumulate

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16
Q

Pars amorpha

A

Nuclear organizer region of the nucleolus that consists of DNA sequences coding for rRNA.

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17
Q

Heterochromatin

A

heavy stained DNA

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18
Q

Euchromatin

A

light stained DNA

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA, Protein (histones, transcription factors)

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20
Q

Histones

A

Level of DNA packaging where DNA is bundled up in the nucleus

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis.

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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23
Q

Nascent Protein

A

A protein before it folds into its active shape.

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24
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Synthesis for cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins and proteins for import into the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes

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25
Q

Ribosomal components of the RER

A

Require further processing before incorporation into membranes.

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26
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Cleaves single peptides, protein folding, and attachment of oligosaccharides.

27
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids

Contains enzymes for detoxification

28
Q

Proteosomes

A

Destroys proteins that can not be folded

29
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Example of protein misfolding

30
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies, sorts, packages, and targets proteins to to organelles from there ER to the plasma membrane

31
Q

Cis face

A

Forming face. Site of protein synthesis and phosphorylation of sugars and lysosomal proteins

32
Q

Trans face

A

Maturing face. Site of protein sorting and distribution of lysosomes and secretory vesicles towards the plasma membrane.

33
Q

Coat protein (COP) II

A

Promotes forward movement of vesicles

34
Q

Coat protein (COP) I

A

Promotes retrograde movement of vesicles

35
Q

KDEL receptor

A

Mediates the retrieval of misfolded proteins from the Golgi back to the ER

36
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains an acidic environment that degrades debris from the cell.

37
Q

Mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6P)

A

Sorted by the Golgi. Targets proteins to lysosomal vesicles.

38
Q

Multi vesicular body

A

2 primary lysosomes fused together

39
Q

Secondary lysosome

A

A phagocytic vesicle fused with a lysosome

40
Q

Peroxisome

A

Produces hydrogen peroxide to break down harmful substances. Detoxifies alcohol and other harmful chemicals.

41
Q

Peroxisomal enzyme

A

Perform B-oxidation of long chain fatty acids (first step of catabolism)

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

Synthesize ATP during aerobic respiration and sequester excess cytoplasmic calcium. Formed from an symbiotic relationship with bacteria.

43
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Membrane bound lipid contains residues of lysosomal digestion (tertiary lysosome)

44
Q

Glycogen

A

Not membrane bound. Stores of glycogen are an energy source

45
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

degrades glycogen into glucose

46
Q

Lipids

A

Not membrane bound triglycerides (fat cells) in storage form

47
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest unit of cytoskeleton responsible for structure and support. Ex/ actin

48
Q

Actin

A

Responsible for intracellular movement and muscle contraction.
Consist of globular monomers that assemble in the presence of K+ and Mg2+. They form a double helix.

49
Q

Stress fibers

A

play a role in contractibility and motility of the entire cell and organelles within the cell

50
Q

Terminal web

A

Structure that microvilli and stereocilia anchor into. Attached to the zona adherens

51
Q

Filopodia

A

Active, motile finger-like projections of actin in migrating cells. They sense locomotion and cell-cell interactions.

52
Q

Microtubules

A

Membrane structures that exist in individual fibers, cilia, or in centrioles. Heterodimer of a and B subunits

53
Q

Axoneme

A

doublets of microtubules in the core of cilia (9+2 arrangement)

54
Q

Centriole

A

triplets of microtubules that form centrosomes and basal bodies (nucleates the axoneme of cilia)

55
Q

Mitotic organizing center (MTOC)

A

pairs of centrioles form this. They nucleate the mitotic spindle

56
Q

Nuclear lamins

A

Intermediate filaments that make up that makes a mesh between the nuclear envelope and chromatin in the nucleus.

57
Q

Vimentinlike proteins

A

Intermediate filament proteins that are located in muscle, neurons, glial cells.

58
Q

Neuronal intermediate filaments

A

Neurons

59
Q

Keratins

A

Intermediate filament that attaches with desmosomes (adhesion cells) to form a framework within the cytoplasm in the epidermis.

60
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Tight junctions. Prevent material from passing from the lumen to intercellular space of cells.

61
Q

Zonula Adherens

A

Intermediate junctions. They anchor cells together and form a belt between cells.

62
Q

Macula Adherens

A

Desmosomes, adhesion cells. They form “spot welds” for the attachment of cells to each other. They contain cadherin

63
Q

Hemi-desmosome

A

Anchors the basal cytoplasm to the basal lamina. Contains integrin

64
Q

Communicating Junctions

A

Gap junctions that mediate rapid communication between cells. They allow small molecules (Na, K, Cl) to pass through rapidly to mediate signal transduction for coordinated function.

Histology (26 decks)

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