Thorax II Flashcards
The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the _________ wall and houses the ________ viscera
thoracic, thoracic
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into two _____ cavities that houses the ______ and a central _______ that contains the _______ cavity housing the ________ and _______ vessels
pleural, lungs, mediastinum, pericardial, heart, great
The thoracic cavity is partitioned from the ________ cavity by the ___________
abdominal, diaphragm
the pleural _______ house the pleural _____ housing the ________
cavities, sacs, lungs
the pleural sac is a continuous ______ membrane consisting of the _______ pleura and ________ pleura
serous, parietal, visceral
the parietal pleura lines the _______ cavity, the visceral pleura lines the surface of the _______
thoracic, lung
the parietal and visceral pleura are separated by the ________ cavity containing _______ fluid
pleural, pleural
___________ fascia is a thin _______ tissue layer between ________ pleura and _______ wall
endothoracic, connective, parietal, thoracic
What is the pleural sleeve?
the area where the parietal and visceral layers come together surrounding the root of the lung
what is the root of the lung?
main bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels and nerves
the ________ ligament is a continuation of the pleural sleeve that extends inferiorly
pulmonary
what is the hilum of the lung?
the large depressed area located near the center of the medial surface where structures forming the root enter and exit the lung
the apex of the lung and cervical pleura extend into the ______ of the neck
root
where does the base of the lungs rest?
diaphragm
WHat are the two pleural recesses
costodiaphragmatic and costomedial
what is the function of the pleural recesses?
potential spaces that the lung can expand into during inspiration
what are the lobes of the right lung?
superior, middle, inferior
How are the lobes of the right lung divided?
by the horizontal and oblique fissures
what are the lobes of the left lung?
superior and inferior
how are the lobes of the left lung divided
oblique fissure
The _________ notch of the _________ lobe of the left lung accommodates the heart
cardiac, left
The trachea enters the thoracic cavity via the __________ thoracic aperature from the neck
superior
The trachea bifurcates at the _________ (level of the sternal angle) into _______bronchi, forming the ________ tree
Carina,primary, bronchial
The trachea divides into ______ bronchi upon entering through the hila
secondary
the left primary bronchi is ________ and more horizontal and passes ________ to the aortic arch
longer, inferior
how many secondary bronchi are there? What are there functions?
5, 3 on right, 2 on left, supply the individual lobes of the lung
The bronchi will continue to divide, until reaching the _________ bronchioles
terminal
what do terminal bronchioles give rise too?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
each lung lobe is divided into individual _______________ segments that are each supplied by specific _______ bronchi, why is this clinically relevant
bronchiopulmonary, tertiary, limits spread of infection
The left and right _______ arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk at the level of the ______ angle and carry oxygen-________ blood to the lungs
pulmonary, sternal, poor
pulmonary arteries pass through the _________ and branch into _____ and _______ arteries
hila, lobar, segmental
Paired left and right pulmonary veins return oxygen ______ blood to the heart via _______ and _____ veins
rich, lobar, segmental
left superior pulmonary vein drains the _______ _______ lobe, left inferior pulmonary vein drains the ______ ______ lobe, right superior pulmonary vein drains _____ ______ and _____ lobes, and the right inferior pulmonary vein drains the _____ _______ lobe
left superior, left inferior, right superior and middle, right inferior
___________ arteries supply the supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
bronchial
Bronchial veins only drains blood near root of lung via the _________ and __________ veins, what is the rest drained by?
hemiazygous and azygous. Rest is drained via the pulmonary veins
all lymph from the lung leaves around the _______ of the lung, and drains into the ___________ or ___________ tracheobronchial lymph nodes which then form the right and left ___________ trunks that drain into the __________ duct and _______ _________
root, inferior or superior, bronchomediastinal trunks, thoracic, right lymphatic
The pulmonary plexus is a web of preganglionic ________ and postganglionic __________ fibers
parasympathetic and sympathetic
respiratory structures recieve _____ innervation
autonomic
parasympathetic stimulation causes _______ muscle bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction
smooth
sympathetic stimulation causes ________ muscle bronchodilation and vasodilation
smooth
The superior mediastinum spans from the ________ thoracic aperture to the ________ thoracic plane between T4-T5
superior, transverse
The mediastinum is the _______ compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two ________ sacs, and surrounded by _______ connective tissue
central, pleural, loose
The mediastinum acts as a ______ for structures traversing the thorax on their way to the abdomen
conduit
What are some structures contained within the mediastinum
heart and great vessels, phrenic and vagus nerves, trachea and esophagus, thymus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes
The inferior mediastinum spans from the _________ plane to the __________ and is subdivided into __ regions
thoracic, diaphragm, 3
the anterior inferior mediastinum is in front of the ________, the middle inferior mediastinum contains the ___________ and the posterior inferior mediastinum is behind the __________
pericardium, pericardium, pericardium
The superior mediastinum includes what structures?
thymus gland, branchiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch of the azygous, aortic arch and branches, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct
What does the anterior mediastinum include?
thymus, internal thoracic vessels, lymph nodes, sternopericardial ligaments, adipose tissue
what does the middle mediastinum include?
pericardium, heart, roots of great vessels, carina and phrenic nerves
what does the posterior mediastinum include?
esophagus, azygous venous system, descending aorta, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, thoracic splanchnic nerves
What is the pericardium?
a double walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels
What are the two layers of the pericardium, what are they seperated by?
fibrous and serous, separated by the serous fluid filled pericardial cavity
The heart is suspended by ________ pericardium fusing with tunica adventitia of the ________ vessels, central tendon of the ___________ and sternopericardial _________
fibrous, great, diaphragm, ligaments
the pericardial sac and therefore the heart, lies approximately _____ to the right of the midsternal line and ____ to the left
1/3, 2/3
aorta and pulmonary trunk exit the heart, space behind vessels is the ___________ pericardial sinus
transverse
superior and inferior ______ _____ and pulmonary veins enter the heart, space between the vessels and behind heart is is the _________ pericardial sinus
vena cavae, oblique
what does the transverse pericardial sinus allow for during cardiac surgery
allows clamping the aorta and pulmonary trunk to divert blood to cardiopulmonary bypass machine
The pericardium is supplied mainly from ______________ arteries (branches of internal thoracic arteries
pericardiacophrenic
pericardium drained venously mainly from ________________veins (anastamose with brachiocephalic veins)
pericardiacophrenic
pericardium is innervated by branches of _______ nerves, vagus nerves, and sympathetic trunks
phrenic
What are the four chambers of the heart?
left and right atria, left and right ventricles
What are the four valves of the heart
bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar
The heart consists of four chambers, four valves, _________ arteries and veins, and the _________ system
coronary, conduction
The right side of the heart receives oxygen poor blood via the superior and inferior ____________ and pumps blood into the lungs via the _________ trunk and arteries
vena cavaea, pulmonary
the left side of the heart recieves oxygen rich blood from the lungs via __________ veins and pumps blood to the body tissues via the _________
pulmonary, aorta
The heart wall consists of the ________ (external layer formed by visceral pericardium), _______ (thick middle layer composed of cardiac muscle), and ____________ (thin internal endothelial layer that also covers the heart valves
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The heart is situated _______ and consists of an apex, base, four ________ and four _________
obliquely, borders, surfaces
the ________ is formed by inferolateral portion of the left ventricle
apex
the ________ is formed mostly by the left atrium and a small portion of the right atrium
base
the ____________ surface is formed by the right ventricle
anterior
the ________ surface is formed by the left ventricle and a small portion of the right ventricle
inferior
the ________ ________ surface is formed by the left ventricle and produces the cardiac impression of left lung
left pulmonary
the ______ ________ surface is formed by the right atrium
right pulmonary
The _______ border is formed by the right atrium (between superior and inferior vena cava)
right
the __________ border formed by right ventricle and small portion of left ventricle
inferior
the ______ border is formed by the left ventricle and a small portion of the left auricle
left
the ___________ border is formed by the left and right atria and auricles inferiorly, and the roots of the great vessels superiorly
superior
