Thorax II

Question 1

The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the _________ wall and houses the ________ viscera

Answer 1

thoracic, thoracic

Question 2

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into two _____ cavities that houses the ______ and a central _______ that contains the _______ cavity housing the ________ and _______ vessels

Answer 2

pleural, lungs, mediastinum, pericardial, heart, great

Question 3

The thoracic cavity is partitioned from the ________ cavity by the ___________

Answer 3

abdominal, diaphragm

Question 4

the pleural _______ house the pleural _____ housing the ________

Answer 4

cavities, sacs, lungs

Question 5

the pleural sac is a continuous ______ membrane consisting of the _______ pleura and ________ pleura

Answer 5

serous, parietal, visceral

Question 6

the parietal pleura lines the _______ cavity, the visceral pleura lines the surface of the _______

Answer 6

thoracic, lung

Question 7

the parietal and visceral pleura are separated by the ________ cavity containing _______ fluid

Answer 7

pleural, pleural

Question 8

___________ fascia is a thin _______ tissue layer between ________ pleura and _______ wall

Answer 8

endothoracic, connective, parietal, thoracic

Question 9

What is the pleural sleeve?

Answer 9

the area where the parietal and visceral layers come together surrounding the root of the lung

Question 10

what is the root of the lung?

Answer 10

main bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Question 11

the ________ ligament is a continuation of the pleural sleeve that extends inferiorly

Answer 11

pulmonary

Question 12

what is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 12

the large depressed area located near the center of the medial surface where structures forming the root enter and exit the lung

Question 13

the apex of the lung and cervical pleura extend into the ______ of the neck

Answer 13

root

Question 14

where does the base of the lungs rest?

Answer 14

diaphragm

Question 15

WHat are the two pleural recesses

Answer 15

costodiaphragmatic and costomedial

Question 16

what is the function of the pleural recesses?

Answer 16

potential spaces that the lung can expand into during inspiration

Question 17

what are the lobes of the right lung?

Answer 17

superior, middle, inferior

Question 18

How are the lobes of the right lung divided?

Answer 18

by the horizontal and oblique fissures

Question 19

what are the lobes of the left lung?

Answer 19

superior and inferior

Question 20

how are the lobes of the left lung divided

Answer 20

oblique fissure

Question 21

The _________ notch of the _________ lobe of the left lung accommodates the heart

Answer 21

cardiac, left

Question 22

The trachea enters the thoracic cavity via the __________ thoracic aperature from the neck

Answer 22

superior

Question 23

The trachea bifurcates at the _________ (level of the sternal angle) into _______bronchi, forming the ________ tree

Answer 23

Carina,primary, bronchial

Question 24

The trachea divides into ______ bronchi upon entering through the hila

Answer 24

secondary

Question 25

the left primary bronchi is ________ and more horizontal and passes ________ to the aortic arch

Answer 25

longer, inferior

Question 27

how many secondary bronchi are there? What are there functions?

Answer 27

5, 3 on right, 2 on left, supply the individual lobes of the lung

Question 28

The bronchi will continue to divide, until reaching the _________ bronchioles

Answer 28

terminal

Question 29

what do terminal bronchioles give rise too?

Answer 29

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 30

each lung lobe is divided into individual _______________ segments that are each supplied by specific _______ bronchi, why is this clinically relevant

Answer 30

bronchiopulmonary, tertiary, limits spread of infection

Question 31

The left and right _______ arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk at the level of the ______ angle and carry oxygen-________ blood to the lungs

Answer 31

pulmonary, sternal, poor

Question 32

pulmonary arteries pass through the _________ and branch into _____ and _______ arteries

Answer 32

hila, lobar, segmental

Question 33

Paired left and right pulmonary veins return oxygen ______ blood to the heart via _______ and _____ veins

Answer 33

rich, lobar, segmental

Question 34

left superior pulmonary vein drains the _______ _______ lobe, left inferior pulmonary vein drains the ______ ______ lobe, right superior pulmonary vein drains _____ ______ and _____ lobes, and the right inferior pulmonary vein drains the _____ _______ lobe

Answer 34

left superior, left inferior, right superior and middle, right inferior

Question 35

___________ arteries supply the supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura

Answer 35

bronchial

Question 36

Bronchial veins only drains blood near root of lung via the _________ and __________ veins, what is the rest drained by?

Answer 36

hemiazygous and azygous. Rest is drained via the pulmonary veins

Question 37

all lymph from the lung leaves around the _______ of the lung, and drains into the ___________ or ___________ tracheobronchial lymph nodes which then form the right and left ___________ trunks that drain into the __________ duct and _______ _________

Answer 37

root, inferior or superior, bronchomediastinal trunks, thoracic, right lymphatic

Question 38

The pulmonary plexus is a web of preganglionic ________ and postganglionic __________ fibers

Answer 38

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 39

respiratory structures recieve _____ innervation

Answer 39

autonomic

Question 40

parasympathetic stimulation causes _______ muscle bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction

Answer 40

smooth

Question 41

sympathetic stimulation causes ________ muscle bronchodilation and vasodilation

Answer 41

smooth

Question 42

The superior mediastinum spans from the ________ thoracic aperture to the ________ thoracic plane between T4-T5

Answer 42

superior, transverse

Question 43

The mediastinum is the _______ compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two ________ sacs, and surrounded by _______ connective tissue

Answer 43

central, pleural, loose

Question 44

The mediastinum acts as a ______ for structures traversing the thorax on their way to the abdomen

Answer 44

conduit

Question 45

What are some structures contained within the mediastinum

Answer 45

heart and great vessels, phrenic and vagus nerves, trachea and esophagus, thymus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes

Question 46

The inferior mediastinum spans from the _________ plane to the __________ and is subdivided into __ regions

Answer 46

thoracic, diaphragm, 3

Question 47

the anterior inferior mediastinum is in front of the ________, the middle inferior mediastinum contains the ___________ and the posterior inferior mediastinum is behind the __________

Answer 47

pericardium, pericardium, pericardium

Question 48

The superior mediastinum includes what structures?

Answer 48

thymus gland, branchiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch of the azygous, aortic arch and branches, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct

Question 49

What does the anterior mediastinum include?

Answer 49

thymus, internal thoracic vessels, lymph nodes, sternopericardial ligaments, adipose tissue

Question 50

what does the middle mediastinum include?

Answer 50

pericardium, heart, roots of great vessels, carina and phrenic nerves

Question 51

what does the posterior mediastinum include?

Answer 51

esophagus, azygous venous system, descending aorta, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, thoracic splanchnic nerves

Question 52

What is the pericardium?

Answer 52

a double walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels

Question 53

What are the two layers of the pericardium, what are they seperated by?

Answer 53

fibrous and serous, separated by the serous fluid filled pericardial cavity

Question 54

The heart is suspended by ________ pericardium fusing with tunica adventitia of the ________ vessels, central tendon of the ___________ and sternopericardial _________

Answer 54

fibrous, great, diaphragm, ligaments

Question 55

the pericardial sac and therefore the heart, lies approximately _____ to the right of the midsternal line and ____ to the left

Answer 55

1/3, 2/3

Question 56

aorta and pulmonary trunk exit the heart, space behind vessels is the ___________ pericardial sinus

Answer 56

transverse

Question 57

superior and inferior ______ _____ and pulmonary veins enter the heart, space between the vessels and behind heart is is the _________ pericardial sinus

Answer 57

vena cavae, oblique

Question 58

what does the transverse pericardial sinus allow for during cardiac surgery

Answer 58

allows clamping the aorta and pulmonary trunk to divert blood to cardiopulmonary bypass machine

Question 59

The pericardium is supplied mainly from ______________ arteries (branches of internal thoracic arteries

Answer 59

pericardiacophrenic

Question 60

pericardium drained venously mainly from ________________veins (anastamose with brachiocephalic veins)

Answer 60

pericardiacophrenic

Question 61

pericardium is innervated by branches of _______ nerves, vagus nerves, and sympathetic trunks

Answer 61

phrenic

Question 62

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 62

left and right atria, left and right ventricles

Question 63

What are the four valves of the heart

Answer 63

bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar

Question 64

The heart consists of four chambers, four valves, _________ arteries and veins, and the _________ system

Answer 64

coronary, conduction

Question 65

The right side of the heart receives oxygen poor blood via the superior and inferior ____________ and pumps blood into the lungs via the _________ trunk and arteries

Answer 65

vena cavaea, pulmonary

Question 66

the left side of the heart recieves oxygen rich blood from the lungs via __________ veins and pumps blood to the body tissues via the _________

Answer 66

pulmonary, aorta

Question 67

The heart wall consists of the ________ (external layer formed by visceral pericardium), _______ (thick middle layer composed of cardiac muscle), and ____________ (thin internal endothelial layer that also covers the heart valves

Answer 67

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 68

The heart is situated _______ and consists of an apex, base, four ________ and four _________

Answer 68

obliquely, borders, surfaces

Question 69

the ________ is formed by inferolateral portion of the left ventricle

Answer 69

apex

Question 70

the ________ is formed mostly by the left atrium and a small portion of the right atrium

Answer 70

base

Question 71

the ____________ surface is formed by the right ventricle

Answer 71

anterior

Question 72

the ________ surface is formed by the left ventricle and a small portion of the right ventricle

Answer 72

inferior

Question 73

the ________ ________ surface is formed by the left ventricle and produces the cardiac impression of left lung

Answer 73

left pulmonary

Question 74

the ______ ________ surface is formed by the right atrium

Answer 74

right pulmonary

Question 75

The _______ border is formed by the right atrium (between superior and inferior vena cava)

Answer 75

right

Question 76

the __________ border formed by right ventricle and small portion of left ventricle

Answer 76

inferior

Question 77

the ______ border is formed by the left ventricle and a small portion of the left auricle

Answer 77

left

Question 78

the ___________ border is formed by the left and right atria and auricles inferiorly, and the roots of the great vessels superiorly

Answer 78

superior